Галерея 3119758
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Галерея 3119758
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использует защитную технологию, которая является устаревшей и уязвимой для атаки. Злоумышленник может легко выявить информацию, которая, как вы думали, находится в безопасности.
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1 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo 14214.
G Camussi et al.
J Exp Med .
1987 .
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1 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo 14214.
Bussolino F, Camussi G, Baglioni C.
Bussolino F, et al.
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Review.
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Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1981;370:119-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb29727.x.
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PMID: 7023317
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Ma QX, Zhu WY, Lu XC, Jiang D, Xu F, Li JT, Zhang L, Wu YL, Chen ZJ, Yin M, Huang HY, Lei QY.
Ma QX, et al.
Nat Metab. 2022 Jan;4(1):106-122. doi: 10.1038/s42255-021-00520-6. Epub 2022 Jan 24.
Nat Metab. 2022.
PMID: 35075301
Jiang Q, Li Z, Tao T, Duan R, Wang X, Su W.
Jiang Q, et al.
Front Pharmacol. 2021 Nov 2;12:740057. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.740057. eCollection 2021.
Front Pharmacol. 2021.
PMID: 34795583
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Visser MJE, Tarr G, Pretorius E.
Visser MJE, et al.
Front Immunol. 2021 Jul 16;12:688861. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688861. eCollection 2021.
Front Immunol. 2021.
PMID: 34335591
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Riaz MS, Kaur A, Shwayat SN, Behboudi S, Kishore U, Pathan AA.
Riaz MS, et al.
Front Microbiol. 2020 Jun 10;11:1046. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01046. eCollection 2020.
Front Microbiol. 2020.
PMID: 32587578
Free PMC article.
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Semin Neonatol. 1997 Nov;2(4):255-262. doi: 10.1016/S1084-2756(97)80032-2. Epub 2006 Dec 24.
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Murine tumor necrosis factor (mTNF) stimulates production of platelet-activating factor (PAF) by cultured rat peritoneal macrophages in amounts comparable to those formed during treatment with the calcium ionophore A23187 or phagocytosis of zymosan. The cell-associated PAF that was released into the medium was identical to synthetic PAF, as determined with physicochemical, chromatographic, and enzymatic assays. Furthermore, de novo synthesis of PAF by macrophages was demonstrated by the incorporation of radioactive precursors such as [3H]acetyl-coenzyme A or [3H]2-lyso-PAF. Macrophages incubated with mTNF for 4 h synthesized PAF only during the first h of treatment. At this time, the amount of cell-associated PAF was approximately equal to that released into the medium. The cell-associated PAF decreased afterwards, whereas that in the medium did not correspondingly increase, suggesting that some PAF was being degraded. The response of rat macrophages to different doses of mTNF and human TNF (hTNF) was examined. Maximal synthesis of PAF was obtained with 10 ng/ml of mTNF and 50 ng/ml of hTNF. This finding may be explained by a lower affinity of hTNF for TNF receptors of rat cells. The hTNF stimulated production of PAF by human vascular endothelial cells cultured from the umbilical cord vein. The time course of PAF synthesis was slower than that observed with macrophages, with maximal production between 4 and 6 h of treatment. Optimal synthesis of PAF was obtained with 10 ng/ml of hTNF. Only 20-30% of the PAF synthesized by endothelial cells was released into the medium, even after several hours of incubation. Synthesis of PAF in response to TNF was also detected in rat polymorphonuclear neutrophils, but not in human tumor cells and dermal fibroblasts. Therefore, production of PAF is a specialized response that is transient in macrophages continuously treated with TNF, and that appears to be controlled by unidentified regulatory mechanisms.
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METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING ACETYLENE Jan. 28, 1964 Filed Jan. 30, 1962 INVENTOR.
J4 flee/er K. 095/204 A 3,1 Patented Jan. 28, 19%4 3,119,758 METHQD AND APPARATUS FUR PRQDUCHNG AQETZLENE Harry K. Grhach, Corona del Mar, Calih, assignor to Mill) Research, lne, Newport Beach, Calit., a corporation oi Caiiiornia Filed San. 30, 1962, er. No. 169,9tl 17 (Claims. (Cl. 204-171) This invention has to do generally with improved methods and apparatus for the production of acetylene by high temperature conversion of selected feed in an electric arc created in so-called plasma-jet type of equipment.
Employing the plasma technique, appropriate teed material or materials are fed into the high temperature atmosphere of an electric arc under conditions causing formation of acetylene in the plasma or gaseous eflluent from the arc zone. Because of the high temperature range of the efliuent, problems arise in achieving maximum acetylene yield due to the dissociation tendencies of formed acetylene, and also in using desirably ordinary materials for the equipment chamber which receives the hot arc efliuent.
My primary object is to solve such problems by subjecting the hot acetylene-containing jet stream to quenching in a manner that will serve for rapid cooling without undesirably affecting the stream. Specifically, the invention contemplates efi'icient quenching of the hot gas stream without introduction of foreign materials or dilution of the stream, by using a cooled and recirculated portion of the stream itself.
The exclusion of oxygen-containing materials is particularly important for several reasons. First, they tend to form peroxy acids with higher acetylene homologues which in turn tend to cause polymerization of the acetylene, causing loss of product, plugging of the equipment and are dangerously reactive with air. Secondly, use of materials such as water for the quench tends to lower the efficiency of commonly-used purification solvents such as dimethyl formanide. Thirdly, any carbon dioxide formed in the quench operation constitutes an undesirable contaminant which is difficult to remove. The use of inert or hydrocarbon materials to quench the reaction products tends to dilute the acetyleneadversely affecting the economics of the process by requiring a larger and perhaps more complicated purification system.
As will appear in greater detail, the invention contemplates cooling the effluent from the arc in two steps; first, by positively directing a portion of the cooled product gases into said efiluent to bring the resulting mixture slow the decomposition temperature for acetylene and to allow further cooling of the mixture in the second step to be carried out in conventional indirect heat exchange equipment capable of remaining in continuous service for long periods of operation. The second cooling step provides both cool gases for the first step and a means for recovering heat from the arc cfiluent by using cold process feed materials as said coolant.
Structurally, the invention contemplates direct connection with the arc discharge passage, of a chamber With which is associated means for positively directing a cooled recirculated portion of the gaseous eilluent into the hot stream emanating from the arc, all in a manner which provides for rapidly quenching of the stream quickly following its arrival at peak temperature. Cooling of the gas for quenching recirculation may be effected in the initial receiving chamber by directed recirculation within the chamber, or a cooled and divided portion of the chamber effluent may be recirculated for the quenching.
All the features and objects of the invention, as Well as the details of illustrative embodiments, will be given further explanation in the following description of the diagrammatic showings of the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a sectional View showing one embodiment of the invention which operates to quench the plasma stream by effluent recirculation within a chamber receiving said stream;
FIG. 2 is a cross-section on line 2-2 of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a view similar to FlG. 1 showing a variational embodiment of the invention, according to which quench= ing is accomplished by recirculating cooled gas split from the eilluent taken from the receiving chamber.
Referring to the drawing, the structure generally indicated at it) may be regarded as illustrative of any suitable plasma jet type or" equipment capable of causing conversion to acetylene of appropriate feed material or materials, in a high temperature electric arc. Accordingly, the equipment shown at it) is to be regarded as being merely illustrative of any of various known specific forms of plasma jet apparatus usable for acetylene production, including those where a plasma is formed in part of the feed stream and subsequently mixed with the remainder of the feed.
According to the simplified form shown, the plasma jet apparatus comprises a tubular wall ll defining an annular passage 12 about a concentric electrode 13 insulated at 14 from the passage wall. Passage l2 discharges through a reduced outlet 15 into which may be projected at 16 the are from the tip of the electrode 13. These passages may be cooled as by enclosure within a jacket 17 to which an appropriate coolant, such as Water, is introduced at 18 to leave through outlet 19. The high temperature electric arc may function to cause the formation of acetylene from any of various appropriate feeds known to those familiar with the art. As illustrative, the feed may comprise hydrogen introduced to passage 12 through ine 2%), and one or more hydrocarbons within the C to C range, or heavier, fed to the passage through line 22. The intimately admixed feed streams react in the high temperature atmosphere or" the arc, to produce acetylene which typically may constitute around 5 to 20 percent of the eiliuent from passage 15.
This eilluent ordinarily will have a temperature of around 900 to 1500" (3., within which temperature range the initially formed acetylene may be unstable or tend to dissociate it allowed to remain at that temperature over any substantial period of time. My object, therefore, is to effect such quick quenching or temperature reduction of the efiiuent from the are so as to arrest acetylene dissociation and therefore maintain maximum acetylene in the product gas.
According to the showing of FAG. l, the efiiuent from passage 15 is discharged into an enlarged chamber 21, the Walls of which are cooled by enclosure within a jacket 5d through which is circulated an appropriate coolant, such as Water, introduced to the jacket through line 23 and discharged through the outlet 24. With the chamber so jacketed, gases sweeping the chamber walls are onestively cooled by indirect heat exchange with the jacket water. Provision is made for both cooling and positively recirculating the gas within chamber 21, and for bringing the cooled, recirculating gases into intimate and quenching contact with the effluent leaving passage 15. Chamber 21 has an outlet 25 above which is positioned a baflle 2.5 so shaped, proportioned and spaced at 27 from the outlet as to deflect and cause recirculation as in the paths of the arrowed lines 23 of sufficiently large proportion of the gas to serve its quenching purposes. Alternate means of causing the internal recirculation such as the appropriate length to diameter to surface area ratio of chamber 21 may be used. FIGURE 1 is only illustrative of one means. The recirculated gas is positively directed into both cooling contact with the wall of the chamber and into the hot eifiuent from passage .15, by providing within the chamber an assembly or" radial, circularly spaced ballles 39. Those portions of the gas received between the baffles are directed by the latter into intimate sweeping Contact with the chamber wall, and are further directe
Ебабельная худая индианка
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Лечение богатой женщины от фригидности