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Environ Health Perspect

v.117(12); 2009 Dec

PMC2799476

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Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Dec; 117(12): A535.
Blacksmith Institute, New York, New York, E-mail:
gro.etutitsnihtimskcalb@relluf
Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, ?Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives?); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright.
Blacksmith Institute. Our Programs and Projects. 2009. [[accessed 4 November 2009]]. Available: http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/our-programs-and-projects.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interpreting and managing blood lead levels <10 μg/dL in children and reducing childhood exposures to lead: recommendations of CDC’s Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. [[accessed 4 November 2009]]; MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007 56 :1–16. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5608a1.htm [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] Haefliger P, Mathieu-Nolf M, Lociciro S, Ndiaye C, Coly M, Diouf A, et al. Mass lead intoxication from informal used lead acid battery recycling in Dakar, Senegal. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117 :1535–1540. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] Kaul B, Sandhu RS, Depratt C, Reyes F. Follow-up screening of lead-poisoned children near an auto battery recycling plant, Haina, Dominican Republic. Environ Health Perspect. 1999; 107 :917–920. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Concentrations of Lead in Blood. 2000. [[accessed 4 November 2009]]. Available: http://yosemite.epa.gov/OCHP/OCHPWEB.nsf/content/blood_lead_levels.htm
Articles from Environmental Health Perspectives are provided here courtesy of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Haefliger P, Mathieu-Nolf M, Lociciro S, Ndiaye C, Coly M, Diouf A, et al. Mass lead intoxication from informal used lead acid battery recycling in Dakar, Senegal. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117 :1535–1540. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Blacksmith Institute. Our Programs and Projects. 2009. [[accessed 4 November 2009]]. Available: http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/our-programs-and-projects.html [ Ref list ]
Kaul B, Sandhu RS, Depratt C, Reyes F. Follow-up screening of lead-poisoned children near an auto battery recycling plant, Haina, Dominican Republic. Environ Health Perspect. 1999; 107 :917–920. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interpreting and managing blood lead levels <10 μg/dL in children and reducing childhood exposures to lead: recommendations of CDC’s Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. [[accessed 4 November 2009]]; MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007 56 :1–16. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5608a1.htm [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Concentrations of Lead in Blood. 2000. [[accessed 4 November 2009]]. Available: http://yosemite.epa.gov/OCHP/OCHPWEB.nsf/content/blood_lead_levels.htm [ Ref list ]

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In “Mass Lead Intoxication from Informal Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling in Dakar, Senegal,” Haefliger et al. (2009) described a problem throughout the developing world that is both tragic and only now beginning to be understood with respect to its extent and effect.
Eighteen children (and more since) died from acute lead poisoning in late 2008 in Dakar. These poisonings occurred because the individuals recycling car batteries melted slag without appropriate controls and without having any understanding of the toxicity of lead. Most of these recyclers were women who brought their children to their work sites without knowing the risks.
These problems are not restricted to Senegal. Without much effort, investigators from Blacksmith Institute have identified another 22 sites worldwide that are similar to this one. The identified sites are in cities in poor countries, especially in the tropics (e.g., the Dominican Republic, Philippines, Panama, El Salvador, Guatemala, India, Ghana, Jamaica) ( Blacksmith Institute 2009 ).
Epidemiologic studies of exposed populations, such as the one in Senegal reported by Haefliger et al. (2009) , are urgently needed to characterize exposures and identify related health effects. An earlier example of such a study was conducted in the Dominican Republic at Haina (also known as Bajos de Haina), which has been called the “Dominican Chernobyl.” This community is near an abandoned lead-acid battery recycling smelter, and most of the residents showed signs of lead poisoning.
The Haina site, as well as the surrounding area, was the scene of severe lead poisoning in the 1990s. In March 1997, 116 children were surveyed, and 146 children were surveyed in August 1997. Mean blood lead concentrations were 71 μg/dL (range, 9–234 μg/dL) in March and 32 μg/dL (range, 6–130 μg/dL) in August ( Kaul et al. 1999 ). The study revealed that at least 28% of the children required immediate treatment and 5% had lead levels > 79 μg/dL, putting them at risk for severe neurologic sequelae at the time of the study. In the United States, the action level for blood lead concentration is 10 μg/dL ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007 ; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2000 ).
The scientific findings from Haina ( Kaul et al. 1999 ) drove a collaborative cleanup of this site, which has recently been completed. The Blacksmith Institute helped locate funding, worked closely with local authorities, and provided technical assistance to assure the cleanup was adequate. We are currently beginning a similar cleanup project in Dakar, at the site studied by Haefliger et al. (2009) .
Almost all large urban centers in the developing world have a problem with recycling used lead acid batteries, and hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of children are exposed to lead from battery recycling. In humid conditions, car batteries need to be replaced every 2 or 3 years, and car use is increasing throughout the world, which will result in even more used batteries. Thus, this problem deserves our immediate and serious attention.
Blacksmith Institute, a registered 501(c)3 non-profit organization, is committed to solving pollution problems around the world. R.F. is the founder and president of Blacksmith Institute.
Editor’s note: In accordance with journal policy, Haefliger et al. were asked whether they wanted to respond to this letter, but they chose not to do so.
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