Галерея 2786937

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Галерея 2786937
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The present disclosure relates to aircraft nacelles.
Large aircraft often include turbofan engines enclosed by nacelles. The nacelles comprise a number of rotatable cowls that provide access to the turbofan engines for maintenance. Manual operation of large and heavy cowls presents difficulty for maintenance personnel. Currently, large and heavy engine cowls are operated with the aid of electric or hydraulic powered actuators. Electric powered actuators are powered by an onboard or ground electric power source. Hydraulic powered actuators are powered by electric motor pumps or manually operated pumps, such as hand pumps. These types of systems are a source of added complexity, cost, and maintenance for the aircraft manufacturer and airline. Accordingly, there is a need for purely manually operated systems to facilitate operative opening of large and heavy cowls by maintenance personnel.
EP0393259 discloses an aircraft engine cowling interlock system for sequencing the closure of adjacent overlapping cowlings. The cowling interlock system includes a telescoping rod that holds an overlapping thrust reverser cowling in an open position; a locking mechanism that locks the telescoping rod and the thrust reverser cowling in the open position; and a connecting assembly that connects the locking mechanism to an overlapped core cowling, such that the locking mechanism locks the telescoping rod in the open position when the core cowling is in an open position to prevent closure of the thrust reverser cowling, and the locking mechanism unlocks the telescoping rod when the core cowling is in a closed position to allow closure of the thrust reverser cowling.
US5865497 discloses a vehicle including a body component and an additional body part, particularly a hatch door, which is movably mounted on the body component. The hatch door can be mounted on a power-assisted pivoting axis by means of a pneumatic spring or strut hinged by connection elements to form a pneumatic spring assembly. The vehicle has a component, particularly a trunk compartment cover, which moves simultaneously with a hatch door by means of a connection. The connection is mounted between the component and the pneumatic spring assembly.
The invention is depicted by the features of independent claim 1. Aircraft nacelle assemblies include a frame, a cowl that is rotatably and operatively coupled to the frame, and a biasing member operatively coupled between the frame, at a first coupling, and the cowl, at a second coupling. The cowl is configured to move about a joint axis between a closed position, in which the cowl at least substantially covers an engine housed within the aircraft nacelle assembly, and an open position, in which the cowl at least substantially uncovers the engine. The biasing member is configured to provide a biasing force to the cowl. When the cowl is in or near the closed position, the biasing force coupled with the weight of the cowl results in a first net force that urges the cowl away from the open position, and when the cowl is in or near the open position, the biasing force coupled with the weight of the cowl results in a second net force that urges the cowl away from the closed position. The first coupling is configured to be on one side of a line from the joint axis to the second coupling when the cowl is in the open position and on the opposite side of the line when the cowl is in the closed position. In some embodiments, the biasing member assists in the
manual opening of the cowl and the manually closing of the cowl. In some such embodiments, a force of less than about 80 lbs. is required to open and/or close the cowl.
Aircraft nacelle assemblies are disclosed herein, with the aircraft nacelle assemblies being configured to facilitate manual opening and closing of the nacelle's cowls. More specifically, nacelle assemblies according to the present disclosure may be described as having a manual-assist mechanism that facilitates the manual opening and closing of a nacelle cowl, even when the nacelle cowl is heavy, such as in the range of about 175-1,100 newtons (N) (approximately 40-250 pounds (lbs.)). Accordingly, aircraft nacelle assemblies according to the present disclosure may facilitate engine maintenance, because a cowl is easier to operate with the included manual-assist mechanism than without it, such as just utilizing brute force to overcome the weight of the cowl.
In Fig. 1 , an example aircraft 90 is illustrated; however, other types and configurations of aircraft are within the scope of the present disclosure. As schematically indicated in Fig. 1 , aircraft 90 may include nacelle assemblies 10 associated with turbo-fan engines, with each nacelle assembly 10 typically including one or more cowls 14, such as one or more nacelle fan cowls 96 and optionally one or more other cowls 97, such as (but not limited to) nose cowls and/or thrust reverser cowls. A cowl may more generally be described as a rotatable member 14 and is operable to provide access to the engine housed within the nacelle, for example, for maintenance thereon.
Figs. 2-4 are schematic representations of nacelle assemblies 10, cowls 14, and component parts thereof according to the present disclosure. While the present disclosure is generally directed to nacelle assemblies, other apparatuses that include rotatable members may incorporate similar structures and are considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, aircraft structures other than nacelles may incorporate rotatable members and associated structures according to the present disclosure, such as (but not limited to) nose cones, radomes, access panels, doors, etc.
As schematically illustrated in Figs. 2-4 , nacelle assemblies 10 include at least a frame 12, a cowl 14 operatively coupled to the frame through a rotatable joint 16, and at least one biasing member 20 operatively coupled to the frame at a first coupling 22 and to the cowl at a second coupling 24. The cowl is configured to move about the rotatable joint in a range of positions, including a closed position 30 and an open position 32. Fig. 2 schematically illustrates the cowl in the closed position, Fig. 3 schematically illustrates the cowl in the open position, and Fig. 4 schematically illustrates the cowl in a neutral position 31 between the open position and the closed position, as discussed in more detail herein. As schematically illustrated, the biasing member 20 is housed within the nacelle assembly when the cowl is in the closed position. When the cowl is in the closed position, the cowl is generally in the proximity of the frame 12, defining an outer aero-surface of the nacelle assembly, and access to the engine is restricted. On the other hand, in the open position, the cowl is pivoted away from the frame, permitting access to the engine.
In nacelle assemblies 10, the frame 12 represents any suitable structure or structures of the nacelle assembly to which the cowl may be operably and rotatably coupled and to which the biasing member, or members, 20 may be operably coupled, including (but not limited to) cowl support structure, turbo fan structure, air frame structure, engine support structure, engine structure, pylon strut structure, fan case structure, etc. When the cowl is opened by an operator, the frame is stationary, and the cowl and the biasing member move relative to the frame. Additionally or alternatively, the frame may be described as the body, or base, of the nacelle assembly and/or associated power plant, or engine, while the cowl represents an access door that is configured to provide selective access to an interior of the nacelle assembly. That is, as used herein, a nacelle assembly may include more than just a nacelle, for example, additionally including portions of the engine or related structure, to which the biasing member is operatively coupled.
The arrangement of the rotatable joint 16, the first coupling 22, and the second coupling 24 is configured to produce forces and/or torques on the cowl to assist motion of the cowl to the closed position 30 and to the open position 32, with these forces and torques schematically represented in Figs. 2-3 . When the cowl is in or near the closed position, a first net force 62 on the cowl urges the cowl away from the open position 32 and/or toward the closed position. When the cowl is in or near the open position, a second net force 66 on the cowl urges the cowl away from the closed position 30 and/or toward the open position. These net forces are a combination of a weight 61 of the cowl and a biasing force 60 imparted by the biasing member 20 to the cowl, and in Figs. 2-3 are schematically represented at a theoretical center of mass of the cowl for purposes of illustration. When the cowl is in or near the closed position 30, the first net force 62 and the resulting first net torque 70 about the rotatable joint 16 may be described as being directed away from the open position 32 and/or as urging the cowl away from the open position and/or toward the closed position, thereby assisting the closing of the cowl. When the cowl is in or near the open position 32, the second net force 66 and the resulting second net torque 72 may be described as being directed away from the closed position 30 and/or as urging the cowl away from the closed position and/or toward the open position, thereby assisting the opening of the cowl by a user. When the cowl is in the neutral position 31, which is between the closed position 30 and the open position 32, the net torque on the cowl about the rotatable joint 16 axis is zero. Accordingly, the net torque on the cowl in the neutral position neither urges the cowl toward the open position nor urges the cowl toward the closed position. This neutral position additionally or alternatively may be described as a crossover position, because as the cowl passes from one side of the neutral position to the other side of the neutral position, the net torque changes direction. In the schematic illustrations of Figs. 2-4 , the net torque changes from a clockwise direction to a counter-clockwise direction as the cowl passes through the neutral position 31 from the closed position to the open position.
The rotatable joint 16, about which the cowl is configured to operably rotate, may be and/or include any mechanism, device, or configuration that allows the cowl to rotate relative to the frame. Rotatable joints include those where the cowl is coupled through a fixed axis. Illustrative, non-exclusive examples of rotatable joints include hinges, rotary joints, articulated joints, pinned joints, and ball joints.
The rotatable joint 16 allows the cowl 14 to rotate relative to the frame 12 about a joint axis. As discussed, the cowl 14 is configured to move or rotate about the joint axis between at least two distinct positions, the closed position 30 and the open position 32. The cowl may be configured to not move beyond the closed position and/or the open position. For example, if both the closed position and the open position are limits of motion, the cowl is restricted to move only between the closed position and the open position.
As discussed, nacelle assemblies 10 include at least one biasing member 20. Each biasing member 20 is configured to apply a biasing force 60 to the cowl 14, generally performing work on the cowl as the cowl changes positions, such as between the closed position 30 and the open position 32. Nacelle assemblies 10 are configured such that the forces to operatively open and close the cowl 14 are supplied by the biasing member 20, an operator, and gravity.
In some embodiments, the first net force 62 results in a stable equilibrium at the closed position 30. The stable equilibrium may result from configuring the biasing member to yield a net force upon the cowl that is directed toward the closed position when the cowl is near the closed position. Additionally or alternatively, the closed position may be at a limit of motion of the cowl. Thus, a stable equilibrium is established because a force away from the open position urges the cowl toward the closed position, and the limit of its motion.
In some embodiments, the second net force 66 results in a stable equilibrium at the open position 32. The stable equilibrium may result from configuring the biasing member to yield a net force upon the cowl that is directed toward the open position when the cowl is near the open position. Additionally or alternatively, the open position may be at a limit of motion of the cowl. Thus, a stable equilibrium is established because a force away from the closed position urges the cowl toward the open position, and the limit of its motion.
Additionally or alternatively, nacelle assemblies 10 may be described in terms of the arrangement of the positions of the rotatable joint 16, the first coupling 22, and the second coupling 24. Generally, the first coupling 22 and the second coupling 24 are both spaced away from the rotatable joint 16. The line from the rotatable joint 16 to the second coupling 24 when the cowl 14 is in the closed position 30 is denoted herein as the first position line 100 and is schematically presented in Fig. 2 . The line from the rotatable joint 16 to the second coupling 24 when the cowl 14 is in the open position 32 is denoted herein as the second position line 104 and is schematically presented in Fig. 3 . In some embodiments, the first coupling 22 may be arranged to be on the opposite sides of the first position line 100 and the second position line 104 depending on whether the cowl is in the closed position or the open position. That is, as seen in Fig. 2 , the first coupling 22 is positioned above the first position line 100 when the cowl is in the closed position, and as seen in Fig. 3 , the second coupling 22 is positioned below the second position line 104 when the cowl is in the open position. Such an arrangement facilitates the biasing member imparting a biasing force 60 so that the cowl is biased toward the closed position when on the closed side of the neutral position and toward the open position when on the open side of the neutral position. Stated differently, in this arrangement, the displacement of the first coupling 22 from the first position line 100, denoted the first displacement 102 in Fig. 2 , has the opposite sign of the displacement of the first coupling 22 from the second position line 104, denoted the second displacement 106 in Fig. 3 . As used herein, displacement of a point from a line is a vector quantity that describes the minimum distance and direction from the line to the point.
The biasing member 20 may be configured to apply a biasing force 60 throughout the range of motion of the cowl 14 or only at a subset of the range of motion, so long as the biasing member 14 applies a biasing force at or near the closed position 30 and a biasing force at or near the open position 32. The nacelle 10 may be configured such that a force of a substantially constant magnitude is required to move the cowl between the closed position and the open position, or some subset of the range of motion of the cowl. In some embodiments, the force required to move the cowl from the closed position to the open position and/or from the open position to the closed position is low enough to facilitate manual manipulation of the cowl by an operator, for example, a force of less than about 356 N (approximately 80 lbs.). Additionally or alternatively, some nacelle assemblies may be described as being configured to permit manual opening and closing of a cowl, for example, without the aid of an electric or hydraulic powered actuator.
In some embodiments, the weight of the cowl in the open position is significantly supported by the biasing member, at least when the joint axis associated with the rotatable joint 16 is substantially horizontal, inclined from vertical, or substantially non-vertical. The biasing force 60 may significantly counteract the weight of the cowl when it is in the open position. Additionally or alternatively, the biasing member may support substantially all the weight of the cowl when it is in the open position.
The first coupling 22 and the second coupling 24 may couple the biasing member 20 with a rotatable coupling. Rotatable couplings may include such couplings as hinges, rotary joints, articulated joints, pinned joints, and ball joints.
Nacelle assemblies 10 may include more than one biasing member 20 associated with a single cowl 14. A plurality of biasing members may be useful to reduce the force required of each individual biasing member, to distribute the force applied to the cowl, and/or to provide redundancy in case one of the biasing members fails. When present, the plurality of biasing members may be configured to apply substantially equal forces to the cowl in the closed position, the open position, and/or as the cowl transits between the closed position and the open position. Additionally or alternatively, the plurality of biasing members may be configured to apply substantially unequal forces to the cowl in the closed position, the open position, and/or as the cowl transits between the closed position and the open position. Each biasing member may be configured to apply a force to the cowl in the closed position, the open position, and/or as the cowl transits between the closed position and the open position.
Turning now to Fig. 5 , a somewhat less schematic representation of a nacelle assembly 10 according to the present disclosure is presented, with a cowl 14 in an open position 32 and a cowl 14 in a closed position. As illustrated, the frame 12 may include distinct structure that is spaced part from each other and to which the cowls and biasing members are separately attached. Accordingly, the frame 12 may be described as including a cowl support 50 and a biasing member support 52 that is spaced inward from the cowl support. As an illustrative, non-exclusive example, the cowl support may correspond to a fan cowl support beam, and the biasing member support correspond to an engine support or other structure that is internal of the nacelle assembly. Other configurations also are within the scope of the present disclosure.
In some embodiments, the nacelle assembly 10 may be configured to at least temporarily affix the cowls 14 in their closed positions 30 and/or in their open positions 32. Thus, the cowls may be at least temporarily secured from rotation. For example, as schematically illustrated in Fig. 5 , the cowls 14 may be affixed in the closed position by a fastening mechanism 48 that is configured to selectively and at least temporarily retain the cowls in the closed position. Illustrative, non-exclusive examples of fastening mechanisms include latches, clasps, pins, and ties. Additionally or alternatively, the biasing member 20 may include a locking mechanism 86 that is configured to selectively and at least temporarily fix the length of the biasing member. Accordingly, when the locking mechanism is actuated, or otherwise configured to restrict the increase or decrease in length of the biasing member, the cowl may be restricted from rotating relative to the frame. When present, the locking mechanism may facilitate selective locking of the cowl in the open position, with such an optional configuration being desirable, for example, so that a gust of wind does not cause the cowl to close on an operator.
As schematically illustrated in Fig. 5 , biasing members 20 may include a biasing mechanism 84 among other components. Additionally or alternatively, a biasing member 20 may include a biasing mechanism 84 that supplies the biasing force of
Домохозяйка пригла на кастинг и позирует голой
Кудрявая красотка приходит на порно кастинг ей предлагают удовлетворить двух похотливых жеребцов
Галерея 3487418