Галерея 2600453

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Галерея 2600453
I. N. WEINGART AETHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING HEAT IN I R. I HOT MACHINING PROCESSES June 17, 1952 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 25, 1949 IN VENTOR.
RICHARD l. N. WEINGART June 17, 1952 R. l. N. WEINGART 2,600,453
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING HEAT IN HOT MACHINING PROCESSES Filed June 25, 1949 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 ,f-Ri 5.
June 17, 1952 R. I. N. WEING ART 2,600,453 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING HEAT IN HOT MACHINING PROCESSES Filed June 25, 1949 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 DCAMPLIFIER 77 VII 7.
INVENTOR. RICHARD I. N. WEINGART A ATTORNEY.
I. N. WEINGART METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING HEAT IN June 17, 1952 R HOT MACHINING PROCESSES 6 SheetsSheet 4 Filed June 25, 1949 R E W L P M A CONTROL MACHINE GENERATOR TOOL INVENTOR. RICHARD l. N. WEINGART fl K M V ATTORNEY.
June 17, 1952 R. I. N. WEINGART 2,600,453 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING HEAT IN HOT MACHINING PROCESSES Filed June 25, 1949* 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 REiTbIJEIER AMPLIFIER REGULATOR I05 4O) as A.C. BRIDGE 30 4o ,Tti gas 4 8 34 D.C. 33 AMPLIFIER II V I I'll' so III I I I I I I 40 $1119. 14'. I |l4 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER INVENTOR. RICHARD L N. WEINGART r ATTORNEY.
I. N. WEINGART METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING HEAT IN June 17, 1952 R HOT MACHINING PROCESSES 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed June 25, 1949 INVENTOR.
RICHARD a. nfwsmsmu' ATTORNEY l atented June 17, 1952 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CON- TROLLING HEAT IN HOT MACHIN- ING PROCESSES 20 Claims. 1
This invention relates to the art of machining materials topredetermined sizes and shapes by the use of a tool after portions of the material about to be removed have been heated to a temperature below the melting point by the use of a controlled source of heat.
The invention relates more particularly to novel means for controlling the application of heat by utilizing the strain between the tool and the work during the cutting operation.
This invention is a continuation-in-part of a former application filed February 8, 1949, Serial No. 75,158, now abandoned and a continuationin-part of a second application filed May 10, 1949, Serial No. 92,326, now abandoned.
When portions of a material such as metal about to be removed from the parent body are heated to a desired temperature the shear strength of the metal is reduced and the cutting proceeds with great facility. The temperature will vary with different metals and as the tool becomes more dull more heat must be applied. The use of thermometers and other temperature responsive instruments is completely unsatisfactory since they measure only the temperature at the surface. Moreover, reduction in shear resistance to the tool is the important consideration so that even if the surface temperatures could be accurately measured, and were known, they would still not consistently and accurately reflect shear resistance of the metal to the tool, because of variable factors, such as tool condition, depth of heating, etc.
It has been discovered that the degree of reduction in shear resistance in the material is accurately reflected in the strain on the cutting tool so in one embodiment of the invention a strain gauge is affixed to the tool which measures its bending strains. Heat is applied to the work and the cutting operation commences. When the shear resistance is reduced below a desired optimum value, a control unit connected with the strain gauge reduces the amount of applied heat and the cutting continues until the strain gauge indicates a shear resistance above the desired optimum value at which time the amount of applied heat is increased. In this manner the amount of applied heat is regulated directly by the bending strains on the tool. The variation of the applied heat may be accomplished by a number of controlling structures, several of which will be described in detail hereinafter.
The application of heat to the work to be machined may be made by any of the well known heating methods. It has been found that heating the work by means of a high frequency induction coil is a convenient method which permits of accurate control. Also, heat may be applied by the use of one or more torches and the variation of heat controlled by varyin the distance between the work and the torch assembly or by varying the amount of combustible gas fed to the torches.
In either of the above arrangements the heating of the material is accurately and automatically controlled. The control system prevents overheating of the material at the base of the out which is highly undesirable for a number of reasons including the fact that it sets up metallurgical changes in those portions of the work which remain in the finished product. The control system also prevents underheating which deprives the hot machining process of all its advantages.
Finally the strain control system accomplishes a result which can be accomplished in no other manner and eliminates completely the guesswork which has characterized all hot machining processes in the past.
Fig. 1 is a broken top plan view of a lathe showin an application of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a broken section taken along line 2-2 of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is an end elevation of a helical heating coil which surrounds the work.
Fig. 4 is a side elevation of the helical coil of Fig.
Fig. 5 is a diagram of connections, some of which are shown in block form of a circuit by which a strain gauge may control the position of a heat applicator.
Fig. 6 is a diagram of connections showing how a hydraulic strain gauge may be used to control the position of a heat applicator.
Fig. '7 is a diagram of connections to be used in conjunction with Fig. 5 and illustrates a method of controlling the power input to a high frequency induction coil by the use of a strain gauge. This control method employs no moving Fig. 9 is a schematic view, partly in section showing how a hydraulic strain gauge may be used to vary the amount of high frequency power derived from an output coil.
Fig. is a side view, partly in section, showing how a hydraulic strain gauge may be used to control the amount of gas flowing through a conduit.
Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of connections, parts of which are indicated by blocks, of a method of controlling the amount of heat applied to a metal part by using the electrical power input to the driving motor as a means of control.
Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram of connections of a control system whereby the strain gauge controls the direct current in the field coils of a high frequency generator.
Fig. 13 is another diagram of connections showing how a strain gauge may be used to run a motor to control the arm of a rheostat' in the field circuit of an alternating current generator.
Fig. 14 is another diagram of connections showing how a strain gauge may be used to control the applied heat delivered to a piece of metal to be machined by the use of a sensitive galvanome' ter and two photoelectric cells. 7
Fig. 15 shows an application of the present invention as applied to a milling cutter wherein a strain gauge is affixed to the work.
Fig. 16 shows an application of the present invention as applied to a boring operation.
In Figs. land 2 there is shown a lathe including a bed 10 and a carriage l l which is arranged to be moved longitudinally of the bed by a lead screw (not shown). A hand wheel [2 on shaft I3 is provided for moving a tool support 14 toward and away from the work. The tool support carries a tool post I 5 in which the tool 16 is mounted and secured by a set screw 20. v V
The work or cylindrical blank is shown at 2| and is supported at one end by a headstock assembly 22 which carries a face plate 23 and dog 24 At its opposite end the work is supported bya tail stock assembly 25 provided with a hand wheel 26. All of the foregoing is conventional.
Back of the work and partly enclosing some of its surface is mounted an induction heatingcoil supported by terminal rods 3!. This coil is initially formed as a flat spiral and then bent to a shape which will more efliciently induce currents in the work. The are of the coil should extend over substantially 180 and should be the arc of a circle having a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the work. The coil is mounted on a slide 32 mounted for reciprocating movement on the carriage II. A lead screw 33 journalled on the carriage is driven by a reversible motor 34 (shown in more detail in Figs fi and 6), the thread of the screw being engaged by a finger 35 on the slide. This is one convenient means of moving the coil toward and away from the work. In some instances the arcuate coil may be replaced with a more conventional type of coil of helical shape shown in Figs. 3 and 4, which is disposed concentrically of the work.
.Upon the upper surface of the tool [6 a strain gauge36 is mounted, and is included in an electric circuit which controls the position of the coil with reference to the work. One method of control is shown in detail in Fig. 5 and is illustrated in block form in Figs. 1 and 2. It includes a control circuit 40, a preheat switch 42 and tl\.e reversible motor 34. In this form of variable distance control the high frequency power is kept at a constant full load value generated by any of the well known generators H and connected to the coil 30 by flexible leads 43.
The type of coil illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 may also be used with this control arrangement. In Fig. 3 the work 2| is shown concentric with the coil turns at which position it receives the minimum amount of applied heat. When the strain gauge indicates that a higher temperature should be provided the coil base 32 is moved toward the work as indicated by the relative positions of the coil and the work shown in dotted lines. This applies an excess of heat to the portion of the work nearest the coil but since the work is revolving rapidly, the heat is evenly distributed.
Referring now to Fig. 5 which shows the control circuit 40 in greater detail, the strain gauge 36 is connected in one arm of a conventional Wheatstone bridge arrangement which includes fixed resistor 45 and an adjustable resistor 46. A battery 41 supplies direct current to the bridge and a direct current amplifier 48 of conventional design receives the unbalance voltage as an input and delivers an amplified current to an armature 49 of the reversible motor 34. A power supply 50 and an output meter 5| complete the amplifier circuit. The reversible motor 34 is supplied with a direct current supply 52 for the fields, the value of which is not changed by the control circuit 40.
A source of alternating current may be substituted for the battery 41 and an alternating current amplifier may be substituted for the direct current amplifier 48 provided a rectifier circuit 53 (see Fig. 11) and a direct current balancing circuit 54 be included in the amplifier output.
The operation of the above described structures is as follows: A short time before the cutting operation is to start the high frequency power is turned on with preheat switch 42 open. Since there is no load on the tool the strain gauge will indicate zero strain and the bridge 40 will be unbalanced. The amount of unbalance will be indicated on the output meter 5| and produce a measurable check on the apparatus to show if it is working properly. At this time, the adjustable resistor46 may be set to determine the desired depth of cut in conjunction with the desired operating temperature. Next, the tool is advanced to the work and thecutting operation'started. This puts a strain on the tool which is at once shown on the. meter. The depth of cut may be adlusted by this observation. To start the automatic control, the switch 42 is closed and thereafter the amount of heat applied to the work is controlled by the circuit. If the temperature is too low the strain gauge resistance will increase and unbalance the bridge, thereby applying an amplified current to the armature of motor 34 which has been adjusted to move the coil 30 toward the work and increase the temperature to the desired value.
If the temperature of the work is too high, the strain gauge will be lowered in resistance, again unbalancing the bridge but this time in the 0pposite direction and producing an unbalance voltage of oppositely polarity. The motor 34 will then receive a reverse current and turn in the oppositedirection to move the coil away from the work.
The control unit illustrated in Fig. 6 makes use of a different form of strain gauge. It comprises a heavy base section 55 and a thinner top plate 55. The two components are sealed where they join, forming a fiat disk-like cavity between the plates which is filled with a liquid. A flexible tube 51, also filled with a liquid, is
motor 34. 'leads through the switch'42 to the-center point of the battery 7!. work is so low that a large increase of applied tens attached Y to the bottom fsection andterminates in a pressure measuring element-"which"maybe a" bellows '58 as shown in'Fig. 6 "or a' Bourdon gauge as shown in Figs. 9 and 10.
At the central-portion of the'top platss "contact button SO-acts as a partial supportfor the cutting tool 16. An increase in'the-shea'ring load-onthe'tool forces the tool down slightly,
iiexes the top plate section'56 and forces someof the enclosed liquid out through the tube'to'open ate the gauge element 58. v
The control-means shown in'Fig; fi'includes a'rocking contact member 6i operated by a rod 82 attached to'the movable'end' of*bel1ows 58. A
contact point 63' moves through anarc to make engagement with a series of springmounted'c'ontact points 64 and 65. The springs which-support the contact points'are anchoredto a movable rocker plate '66; the position of which is 'made adjustable by aworm gear; turned by a knurled hand wheelSR. -Between'each pair of the right hand springs 64 and the left hand springs 65 a resistor 10 is connected. The end springs of both series are connected to a battery -i I and the center point of the battery is connectdrawing, making contact with none of the contact springs. Next, the switch '42 is closed and the automatic control operates to adjust the coil position 30 to assure a constant strain on the cutting tool I6.
If the temperature is too lowthe'strain causes a further depression of the liquid in the hydraulic strain gauge 55, 58 and by-means of the bellows 58 moves the contact-"63 into engagement with the adjacent contact 64. This completes a circuit from the right hand portion of battery *7 I, through both right hand resistors 19, through "the touching contacts to 'arm' Bl, over a conductor to one of the brushes in -the reversible From the other brush thecircuit If 'the temperature of the heat is necessary, the arm 6l'will be rockedto the right until two or three of the contact points (i l are touching. This action sends current through the motor armature as-before but since one or more resistors have been'short circuited the current is higher and the automatic control action is faster.
The circuit shown in Fig. 7 illustrates a method of controlling the power input to a high frequency heating" coil without the-use ofmechanical motion. *The electrical strain gauge 36; bridge 40, D. C. amplifier 48 are thesame asdescribed in Fig. 5. The output of the amplifierisapplied to the terminals of a variableresistorfi inthe control electrode circuit of atrlodeelectron discharge =device 16 which in this arrangement generates the high frequency power for the induction heating element. The 'generating circuit may be any of'thewellknown' oscillating circui-ts, the only requirement being th'at a variation of and move the'link 84 to the left.
the potential oi the control 'electrode' variesthe output-power. Such an arrangementis easytc assemble and adjust, the scheme oiconnections shown in Fig. 7 being one of the simplest circuits.
The operation is as follows: After preliminary adjustments have been made and the pro-heat switch closed, adecrease in the work temperature will'cau'se greater strain on the tool and asphsequent amplified unbalance'-c-urrent applied to the resistor--15. This increases the potential of thef contro1 electrode (makes it more positive) and the generator" delivers more power-to --'-t-he induction coil, transferred bymeansof an-in- *ductor TI. If the temperatureis*too high the "current-appliedtoresistor 15 causes the- 'control electrode to become'more negative and the power output-of the generatorisreduced. -Su'ch a-sys- "t'em obviously does not require a coil mountwith movablebase. e The arrangement shown in' Fig. 8' is similar to the system shown in Figs. 1 and 2 except that the "heating unit is composed of oneer more torches '80. The torch units are mountedin an arcuate'position around the-axis of 'thework piece 2| and are supplied-With the' usual combustible materials by means of a fl'exible 'hose 8i joinedto a supplytank 82. The'method'oi' control for the'torch'arrangement is substantially the same as that described in-'connection-with Figs. 1" and 2' and comprises the usualstrain gauge 36fan amplifier 40, and reversiblemotofu. Some installations use astrain-"ga'uge- =39 mounted on the tool post as indicated in-*Figt*8.
This arrangement is-more convenient'as itper- I mits'removal'of the tool for sharpening-without disturbing the strain gauge'or itsel'ectricalconnections. The change in conductivity is lessfor tool'post installations but this condition is'-rectifled 'by increasingthe gain of amplifier -40"to provide'the desired output control power.
f Fig. 9 illustrates an alternate method of controlling the amount of heat applied to the work by using a hydraulic strain gauge'55,*56 to control the position of a Bourdon tube 83. The movable 'end'of' the tube is attached to a link '84 which,
in turn; is attached to an arm'ii5 which issecured to a'shaft 86 attached to a rotatable inductance coil 81 which revolves inside a stationarycoirafl,
the combination comprising anair 'coredtransformer. If the output of the high frequency generator is connected to either one of thecoilsa'nd the'heating coil 30 connected'to'the" other coil,
a workable control is effected which'variesfthe heat applied tothe work in the same automatic fashion as theother"described'method. -An in- "crease'of strain on the tool increases the pressure within the hydraulic strain gauge- 55*and56 therebycausing the Bourdon tube-83 to expand This action rotates the movable coil B'I'in' a clockwise direction, increases the coupling between the coils and delivers more power to "the "work coil itl,
which: applies more heat'andredu'ces the cutting shear strength to a workablewalue.
The arrangement shown in FigJ-lOisusedwith atorch' which uses liquid or gas as fuel.- A hycrammed-am gauge 55, 56, a tube 51,'a'nd a B'oinx. don tube is connected'to a link 90 and alever 9i which is pivoted 'toan extension92 on the pipe "or conduit '93 in which combustible "gas or liquid'is'flowing. 'A'need1efl94 is'connected'to the lever 9i and is operatedby it. "The'upper pointed portion "of the needle is directed toward. orifice" 9 5 and depending upon "ther'elative "posi- 7 liquid flow in the conduit is regulated. Such a control valve may be placed in the conduits which carry the oxygen and the acetylene. In either case a variation of the tool strain causes a variation of the combustible gas flowing to the torch.
The arrangement shown in Fig. 11 is somewhat different from the other described arrangements in that no strain gauge on or under the cutting tool is used. In this case the amount of current flowing to a motor 96 which runs a machine tool 91 is a measure of the cutting strains involved. The input current to the motor is measured by inserting a small resistor 98 in the A. C. line. The value of this resistor need not be over /2 ohm. An A. C. amplifier I amplifies the voltage across the resistor and appl
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Галерея 2612245