Галерея 2531726

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Conference: Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing
The increasing ubiquity of information and communication technologies has dramatically impacted interpersonal communication and relationship maintenance processes. These technologies remove temporal and spatial constraints, enabling communication at a distance for low to no physical costs. Research has established that technologies such as email supplement other forms of communication in relationship maintenance, but to what extent do newer technologies--which contain a unique set of affordances--facilitate these processes? Furthermore, do SNS users engage in different practices through the site and obtain different relational benefits based on specific characteristics of the tie? Findings from a survey of adult Facebook users (N=415) indicate that geographically distant Facebook Friends, as well as those who rely on the site as their primary form of communication, engage in relationship maintenance strategies through the site to a greater extent and perceive the site to have a more positive impact on the quality of their relationships.
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Facebook Makes the Heart Grow Fonder: Relatio nship
Maintenance Strategies Among Geographically Dispersed
and Communication - Restricted Connections
The increasin g ub iquity of information and communication
technologies has dramatically impacted interpersonal
communication and relationship maintenance processes .
These technologies remove temporal and spatial
constraints, enabling communication at a distance for low
to no physical costs. Research has established t hat
technologies such as email supplement other for ms of
communication in relationship maintenance , but to what
e xtent do newer technologies — which contain a unique set
of affordances — facilitate these processes? Furthermore, do
SNS users engage in different practices through the site and
obtain different relational benefits based on specific
characteristics of the tie ? Findings from a surve y of adult
Facebook users (N=415) indicate that geograp hically
distant Fac ebook Friends, as w ell as those who rely on the
site as their primary form of communication, engage in
relationship maintenance strategies through the site to a
greater extent and perceive the site to have a more positive
impact on the quality of their rel ationship s.
Facebook; relationship maintenanc e; social network sites ;
computer - mediated communica tion; inter personal
H.5.3. Group and Organization Interfaces – Web - based
R esearch over the last decade has established that
technologies such as email [2, 3, 23, 26 , 4 2 ] and instant
messaging [3 7 , 4 7] play an important role in the
relationship maintenance process , often supplementing
other forms of communication when physical di stance
prohibits frequent face - to - face communication. These
technologies have g enerally taken a back seat to “richer”
communication chann els such as phone calls and in - person
interactions, with mediated channels often — but not always
(e.g., [2]) — rate d as le ss imp ortant for ma intaining
relationship s. That said, a major difference exists between
email and IM, in w hich individu als comm unicate throug h a
more private channel and interactions are often one - on - one ,
and SNSs like Facebook, which prioritize public, o ne - to -
many communication. Facebook provides a low - cost
mechanism through which to connect and interact with a
wide range of people, and users appear to be embracing the
site’s many interaction - centric features, as seen in the high
frequency of daily and we ekly use of features such as
“ Liking ” content, commenting on status updates, and
commenting on photos by American adults [2 1 ].
Furthermore, communication technologies make it
increasingly easy to maintain relations hips at a dista nce
through a v ariety of ch annels. While keeping in touch with
friends who had moved away was once costly — both in
terms of time and financial investments — these
technologies ha ve removed temporal and s patial constraints
that once caused many lo ng - distance relationships to fade
away. Instead, friends are able to keep in touch through
emails, text messages, and Facebook posts, all for a
minimal investment. Even Robin Dunb ar [1 5] , who has
generally been dismissive of SNSs as a source of
meaningful interaction, conceded: “I suspect that
Facebook’s one great contribution has been to sl ow down
that rate of relationship decay by allowin g us to keep in
touch with friends over lo ng distances” (p. 83).
But can these technologies do more than simpl y “slow
down” relational decay? Instead, can sites meant to connect
people and facilitate communication benefit the relationship
maintenance process a nd, fo r some dyads, even i mprove
relat ional quality ? While face - to - face communication is
undoubtedly important for relationship maintenance, and
especially important for one’s closest ties [1 2, 13 ] ,
Facebook may serve an important role for those
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CSCW'14, February 15 – 19, 2014, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Copyright © 2014 ACM 978 -1- 4503 - 2540 - 0/14/02...$15.00.
http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1145/2531602 .2531726
connections for whom one cannot see in person bu t can stay
connected to through the site. Therefore, the present study
presents results from an empirical study of adult Facebook
users on their use of the site to stay connected with a
randomly 1 selected Facebook Friend. The data will be
analyzed to deter mine if there are main effect s of
geographic distance and communication channel on users’
engagement in a set of relationship maintenance strategies,
as well as the degree to which they perceive their use of the
site impacts the quality of their relationsh ip with that
Findings from this study expand research on new
communication technologies’ role in relationship
maintenance processes, especially among more casual
relationships, which a re an understudied group but
comprise the majority of relations hips on these sites.
How do people use computer - mediat ed communicat ion
(CMC) to main tain relationships with various types of
connections ? Early research focused on email and i nstant
messaging’s (IM) role in relationship maintenance ,
highlighting differences between email’s asynchroncity and
IM’s more natural, “real - time” interactions . For example,
Stafford, Kline, and Dimmick [4 2] found that email was
used more frequently for interpersonal communicat ion than
for personal gain, business, or gratification opportunities ,
while Johnson and colleagues [2 6] found a num ber of
differences in the maintenance strategies employed in
emails sent to family, friends, and romantic partners, but
few differences betwe en emails sent to recipients
geographically close versus those who lived much farther
away. Longitudinal research by both Ramirez and Broneck
[ 37 ] and Valkenburg and Peter [4 7] found that IM was
employed as a relationship maintenance m echanis m and
was posi tively correlated with vario us relational outcome
When considering long - distance relationships, statistics
suggest that millions of Americans are involved in long -
distance relationships at any given time [39 ], and CMC has
become a mainstay for ma intain ing these relationships
while partners are physically separated. Research has
established positive correlations between use of CMC in
long - distance relationships and increased levels of love and
intimacy [ 20 ] and trust [8]. More recent research by
Jo hnson and colleagues [2 7] found similarities in how
geographically close and long - distance friends defined
closeness, with a focus on “self - disclosure” and “help and
support,” both of which can be provided through C MC (as
opposed to other resources that may require physical
1 See Method section for details regarding how participants
selected the Friend they rated in the study.
Facebook and Relationship Maintenance
The emergence of social media — and specifically social
network sites — in recent years has further encouraged
relationship maintenance through online communication
channels. Tong and Walther [4 6] note four features of SNSs
that aid the relationship maintena nc e process: asynchronous
communication, which removes temporal constraints;
control over dissemination of content; features to foster
interaction, participation, an d feedback; and the ability to
share and embed multimedia messages, including photos,
links, and video. T hese features expand on previous forms
of communication in a number of ways, most notably by
simplifying the process of passively consuming content
produced by one’s Friends (via Facebook’s News Feed,
Twitter’s tweet stream , etc. ) and by provid in g diverse
communication methods that include both text - based and
audio - visual sources. And contrary to some recent
commentary (e.g., [1 5] ) suggesting these sites’ only
contribution to relationship maintenance is extending their
lifespan beyond what would h ave existed without the
technology, recent empirical data suggest that SNS users
have more close connections [2 1 ], more face - to - face
inte ractions with close friends [4] , more acquaintances [4],
and more diverse networks [2 1] than non - users.
Furthermore, relationship maintenance is consistently
referenced as a m ajor reason for use of SNSs across
different populations [ 28 , 29 , 3 3 ].
The most popular SNS, Facebook, curr ently maintains a
user base exceeding one billion active users worldwide.
Amon g Internet - using U.S. adults, 72 % have profiles on a
SNS [5] and 92% of SNS - using adults [21 ] (67% of all
Internet users [14]) have a Facebook profile. Relationship
maintenance occurs at a number of levels through
Facebook. At its most bas ic level, Friending another user
provides access to profile information and (typically)
increases the ability to interact w ith another user, as well as
to passively con sume information without formal
interaction. Users can comm unicate with each other throug h
public (st atus updat es, comments, and Likes) and private
(chat, closed groups, and messages) features, exchanging
personal information and providing resources such a s
support and information. Use of Facebook to send birthday
wishes is viewed by many as a form of relationship
maintenance [ 45 ] and in some cases, constitutes the only
directed communication between two Friends [ 48 ].
While communicati ng through Facebook is generally seen
as a supplement to other forms of interaction, mu ch as
email was in the work of Barry Wellma n more than a
decade ago [23 ] , resear ch has yet to address whether us ing
Facebook may function in a role beyond just “filling in the
gap” when other forms of communication are unavailable
or le ss des irable . In other words, researchers have yet to
empirically address whether specific uses of Facebook
improve the quality of users’ relationships with some of
their Facebook Friends and, if so, for w hom th ose
improvements are most likely to occur. For example,
Facebook may be the only communication channel
employed by some relational dyads. In these cases,
Facebook is not supplementing other forms of
communication; rather, it is the sole link ke eping the tw o
people connected. These questions will be addressed in the
Even though CMC researchers have pointed to the
affordances of technology in facilitating communication
and relationship maintenance am ong more cas ual
relationships, many research ers still focus on individuals’
closest ties — who also tend to be geographically proximate.
While it is like ly that peopl e use a greater quantity of
communication channels [2 4 ] and use certain channels with
more frequency whe n interacting with their closer ties, little
research has examined differences in communication
patterns across various types of relational dyads, with a few
notable exceptions (e.g., [1]). On Facebook, this is of
special interest, as users may be relying on the site as the
primary form of communication to stay in touch with more
geographically distant and weaker ties.
To determine how Facebook use affects individuals’
relationship m aintenance strategies — and how that use
varies across different types of rel ationships — a number of
analyses will be proposed. Specifically, research questions
and hypotheses will examine differences between
geographically proximate versus distant ties, as well as
between individuals who rely on Facebook as their sole or
primary co mmunicatio n method with a specific Friend
versus those who communicate through a wider variety of
channels (e.g., phone, email, face - to - face, IM).
At its most basic level, r elationship maintenance is a bout
communication and interaction between partners. As Dindia
[10] notes, “To maintain a relationship, partners mus t
communicate with one another… The end of a relationship
occurs when people stop communicating” (p. 1). While
various studies have established communication behavior s
individuals pe rform on the site (e.g., [2 1 ]), only Ledbetter
et al. [3 2 ] has exam ined differences in communication
across variations in ties, finding that frequency of
communication (both on Facebook and through more
traditional channels) positively predicted relational
closeness. In other words, as engagement in interaction
through Facebook’s many c ommunication features
increased, so did perceived emotio nal closeness ratings.
The present study will first determine if differences exist in
how Facebook users employ the site’s comm unication
features to interact with Friends who live both nearby (i.e.,
in the sa me town) and far away (i.e., more than a day’s
RQ1: Does frequency of Facebook communi cation vary
based on geographic proximity of the Friend?
A more rigorous evaluation of relationship maintenance on
Facebook requires examining the strategies users employ to
stay con nected with their Friends. Once formed,
relationships are maintained through a series of behaviors
and r outines [12] . The most commonly used mea sure for
relationship maintenance, Stafford and C anary’s
Relationship Maintenance Strategies Measure (RMSM)
[4 1] , includes five subsca les: positivity, openness,
assurances, networks, and shared tasks. As noted in the
Method section, this measure has a number of flaws when
applied to a setting such as Facebook, w hich includes
significant variance in both t he relational closeness of ties
[ 19 ] a s well as geographic proximity. Recent research by
Vitak [49] develope d a four - factor relationship maintenance
measure that accounts for both the specific affordances of
SNSs as well as the extensive previous work on relationship
maintenance in off line set tings. If Facebook is se rving a
supplemental or relationship - enhancing role, we would
expect to see geographically distant Friends more engaged
in these relationship strategies. Furthermore, because of the
site’s many communication features, w e would expec t that
Friends who live at a greater distance from one anot her
would perceive Facebook as having a greater impact on the
quality of the relationship than Friends who live near one
another (and can presumably meet up in person more
H1: Individ uals will report g reater engagement in
Facebook relationship maintenance strategies with a
geographically distant Facebook Friend than with a
H2: Individuals will perceive their use of Facebook as
having a more positive imp act on the quality of their
relationship with a geographically distant Facebook
Friend than with a geographical ly proximate Friend.
In addition — and perhaps c
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