GUERRA A MUERTE
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The Decree of War to the Death, in Spanish Decreto de Guerra a Muerte, was a decree issued by the South American leader Simón Bolívar which permitted murder and any atrocities whatsoever to be committed against civilians born in Spain, other than those actively assisting South American independence, and furthermore exonerated people from the Americas who had already committed such murders and atrocities. The phrase "war to the death" was used as a euphemism for these atrocities. The decree was an explicit "war of extermination" in Bolívar's attempt to maintain Venezuelan independence in the war with Spain, since he felt that the Spanish Army's use of atrocities against those who supported the First Republic of Venezuela had contributed decisively to its defeat.: 142–143 Bolívar promulgated the decree on June 15, 1813, in the Venezuelan city of Trujillo.
In connection with: Decree of War to the Death
Title combos: the to to the War of Decree Death War
Description combos: to American than decree The Trujillo atrocities people in
The Chilean War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de la Independencia de Chile, 'War of Independence of Chile') was a military and political event that allowed the emancipation of Chile from the Spanish Monarchy, ending the colonial period and initiating the formation of an independent republic. It developed in the context of the Spanish American Wars of independence, a military and political process that began after the formation of self-government juntas in the Spanish-American colonies, in response to the capture of King Ferdinand VII of Spain by Napoleonic forces in 1808. The First Government Junta of Chile was formed for that purpose. But then, it began to gradually radicalize, which caused a military struggle between Patriots, who were looking for a definitive separation from the Spanish Crown; and Royalists, who sought to maintain unity with her. Traditionally, Chilean historiography covers this period between the establishment of the First Government Junta of Chile (September 18, 1810) and the resignation of Bernardo O'Higgins as Supreme Director of Chile (January 28, 1823). It is also subdivided into three stages: the Patria Vieja (1810–1814), Reconquista (1814–1817) and the Patria Nueva (1817–1823). The war itself began in 1812 and lasted until the end of the 1820s, when the last royalist forces were defeated in the Chiloé Archipelago in 1826 and in Araucanía in 1827. A declaration of independence was officially issued by Chile on February 12, 1818 and formally recognized by Spain in 1844, when full diplomatic relations were established.
In connection with: Chilean War of Independence
Title combos: of War Chilean War of of Independence War Chilean
Description combos: defeated Chile 12 Spanish Chilean 1827 the First maintain
Galvarino (died c. November 30, 1557) was a famous Mapuche warrior during majority of the early part of the Arauco War. He fought and was taken prisoner along with one hundred and fifty other Mapuche, in the Battle of Lagunillas against governor García Hurtado de Mendoza. As punishment for insurrection, some of these prisoners were condemned to amputation of their right hand and nose, while others such as Galvarino had both hands cut off. Galvarino and the rest were then released as a lesson and warning for the rest of the Mapuche. Mendoza sent him to inform general Caupolicán of the number and quality of the people which had entered their land again, to put some fear into him, among other means that were tried, so that he might submit without coming to blows. When returning to the Mapuche, he appeared before Caupolicán and the council of war, showing them his mutilations, crying out for justice and a greater rising of the Mapuche against this Spanish invader like the one of Lautaro. For his bravery and gallantry, he was named by the council to command a squadron. With knives fastened on both mutilated wrists replacing his hands, he fought next to Caupolicán in the following campaign until the Battle of Millarapue, where his squadron fought against that of governor Mendoza himself and he was able to strike down the number two in command. He came commanding as a sergeant and animating his men this way: "Ea, my brothers, see that you all fight very well, you do not want me as I am without hands, so that you will not be able to work nor to eat, if you do not give it to them!" And he raised those arms on high, showing them to cause them to fight with more spirit and saying to them: "Those that you are going to fight with cut them, and also will do to whichever of you they take, and nobody is allowed to flee but to die, because you die defending your mother country." He moved ahead of the squadron a distance, and said with a loud voice that he would die first and though he no longer had hands, that he would do what he could with his teeth.Jerónimo de Vivar, Crónica, Capítulo CXXXIII. "My Brothers, why have you stopped attacking these Christians, seeing the manifest damage that from the day which they entered our kingdom until today they have done and are doing? And they still will do to you what you see that they have done and they are doing? And still they will do to you what you see that they have done to me, cut your hands off, if you are not diligent in making the most of wreaking destruction on these so injurious people for us and or our children and women."Pedro Mariño de Lobera, Crónica del Reino de Chile, Libro 2 Capítulo IV However, Mendoza's command broke Galvarino's division after over an hour of combat and won the battle, killing three thousand Mapuche and capturing more than eight hundred including him. Mendoza ordered him to be executed by being thrown to the dogs. In the book La Araucana, written by Alonso de Ercilla, he explains that the real death of Galvarino was by hanging.
In connection with: Galvarino
Description combos: and thrown Vivar As among Capítulo was so others
Guerra a muerte (lit. English: War to the death) is a term coined by Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna and used in Chilean historiography to describe the irregular, no-quarter warfare that broke out in 1819 during the Chilean War of Independence. After the royalists had been expelled from all cities and ports north of the Bio-Bio River, Vicente Benavides organized royalist resistance in La Frontera with the aid of Mapuche chiefs. The aid of the Mapuches was vital to the royalists since they had lost control of all cities and ports north of Valdivia. Most Mapuches valued the treaties they had with the Spanish authorities, while many other Mapuches regarded the matter with indifference and played both sides against each other. The Pincheira brothers, a future outlaw group, served Benavides in the Guerra a muerte by defending the Cordillera. As result of the Guerra a muerte the government of nascent republic begun to distrust the Franciscan missionaries of Chillán who were regarded as representatives of the old regime. This led to the recruitment of a new contingent of missionaries for Chillán in the 1830s.
In connection with: Guerra a muerte
Title combos: Guerra muerte
Description combos: of to and Cordillera the of regarded and republic
Mañil or Magnil was a Mapuche lonko who fought in the 1851 Chilean Revolution and led an uprising in 1859. He was the main chief of the Arribanos and the father of Quilapán who led Mapuche forces in the Occupation of Araucanía. Mañil had a long-running enmity with lonko Juan Lorenzo Colipí dating back to their participation in the Guerra a muerte (1819–1821) phase of the Chilean War of Independence. In 1834 and 1835 he survived a large malón by Colipí and was later able to rebuild his forces. When Colipí died in 1850 it was said he had been poisoned by Mañil's men. In 1852 Mañil had two of Colipí's sons, among them his heir Pedro Colipí, killed. Manuel Montt, as President of Chile, passed a law on December 7 of 1852 that created the Province of Arauco, a territory intended to administer all territories south of the Bío-Bío River and north of Valdivia Province. In a letter to Manuel Montt Mañil denounced the plunder of graves in search of Mapuche silver, arson of Mapuche houses and other abuses against Mapuches that were happening in the newly created province. Mañil further accused intendant Villalón con Salbo of becoming rich by cattle theft. The encroachment over time of settlers advancing from the north across Bío Bío River into Mapuche territory and the appearance of German settlers in the south of the Mapuche territory led chief Mañil in 1859 to call for an uprising to assert control over the territory. Most Mapuches responded to the call, except the communities at Purén, Choll Choll, and the southern coastal Mapuches who had strong links with Valdivia. The towns of Angol, Negrete and Nacimiento were attacked. A peace proposal made by settlers was accepted in 1860 during a meeting of several Mapuche chiefs. The agreement established that land transfers could only be made with the approval of the chiefs. The 1859 uprising reinforced the Chilean view of Mapuches as a dangerous threat to the emerging settlements in Araucanía and influenced public opinion in Chile to push for the complete incorporation of Araucanía into Chile. These events contributed to the Chilean authorities' decision of occupying Araucanía.
In connection with: Mañil
Description combos: uprising and River administer said made to forces 1834
Juan Lorenzo Colipí (Mapudungun: Kolüpi) was a Mapuche lonco active in the politics and warfare in Araucanía in the first half of the 19th century. He participated in the Guerra a muerte (1819–1821) phase of the Chilean Independence War. The influence of Colipí stemmed from his role as an intermediary between various Mapuche tribes and Chilean authorities. In 1834–35 he launched a large malón against Juan Mañil, that temporarily weakened Mañil's faction. Colipí's use of Chilean soldiers in his raids against rival Mapuches created much resentment. His role as broker between Mapuche and Chilean authorities declined as Franciscans and Capuchin missionaries began to assume that role in the 1840s. At the time of his death, he was said to have lost much of the influence he once held among Mapuches. His death in 1850 was said to have been by poisoning ordered by rival chief Juan Mañil. He was succeeded as lonco by his son Pedro Colipí, who was killed by the men of Mañil in 1852.
In connection with: Juan Lorenzo Colipí
Title combos: Colipí Lorenzo Colipí Lorenzo Juan
Description combos: Mapuche created that Pedro intermediary Mañil in of authorities
José Orlando Henao Montoya (5 May 1953 – 13 November 1998), also known by the nicknames 'Don H' and El Hombre del Overol (English: The Overall Man), was a Colombian drug lord who was one of the leaders of the notorious Norte del Valle Cartel along with his brothers and associates like Iván Urdinola Grajales. During his career he was considered an extremely cunning criminal and in the words of his former associates the Rodriguez Orejuela brothers "more bloodthirsty than Pablo Escobar".
In connection with: José Orlando Henao Montoya
Title combos: Henao Orlando José Henao Orlando Montoya Henao Orlando José
Description combos: 1953 May an 1953 who the Colombian Don Overall
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