GLYCOLYTIC OSCILLATION
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Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C6H12O6) into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glycolysis is a sequence of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes. The wide occurrence of glycolysis in other species indicates that it is an ancient metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that make up glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, can occur in the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes, catalyzed by metal ions, meaning this is a plausible prebiotic pathway for abiogenesis. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway, which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway. The glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: Investment phase – wherein ATP is consumed Yield phase – wherein more ATP is produced than originally consumed
In connection with: Glycolysis
Description combos: occurs refers Glycolysis in homofermentative can dinucleotide adenine is
Hans Victor Westerhoff (born 14 January 1953) is a Dutch biologist and biochemist who is professor of synthetic systems biology at the University of Amsterdam and AstraZeneca professor of systems biology at the University of Manchester. Currently he is a Chair of AstraZeneca and a director of the Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology.
In connection with: Hans Westerhoff
Title combos: Hans Westerhoff
Description combos: of professor Westerhoff biology Biology is professor University Biology
Tumor M2-PK is a synonym for the dimeric form of the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2), a key enzyme within tumor metabolism. Tumor M2-PK can be elevated in many tumor types, rather than being an organ-specific tumor marker such as PSA. Increased stool (fecal) levels are being investigated as a method of screening for colorectal tumors, and EDTA plasma levels are undergoing testing for possible application in the follow-up of various cancers. Sandwich ELISAs based on two monoclonal antibodies which specifically recognize Tumor M2-PK (the dimeric form of M2-PK) are available for the quantification of Tumor M2-PK in stool and EDTA-plasma samples respectively. As a biomarker, the amount of Tumor M2-PK in stool and EDTA-plasma reflects the specific metabolic status of the tumors.
In connection with: Tumor M2-PK
Title combos: PK M2 PK M2 Tumor
Description combos: Tumor than tumor can for such PK for Increased
A futile cycle, also known as a substrate cycle, occurs when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect other than to dissipate energy in the form of heat. The reason this cycle was called "futile" cycle was because it appeared that this cycle operated with no net utility for the organism. As such, it was thought of being a quirk of the metabolism and thus named a futile cycle. After further investigation it was seen that futile cycles are very important for regulating the concentrations of metabolites. For example, if glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were to be active at the same time, glucose would be converted to pyruvate by glycolysis and then converted back to glucose by gluconeogenesis, with an overall consumption of ATP. Futile cycles may have a role in metabolic regulation, where a futile cycle would be a system oscillating between two states and very sensitive to small changes in the activity of any of the enzymes involved. The cycle does generate heat, and may be used to maintain thermal homeostasis, for example in the brown adipose tissue of young mammals, or to generate heat rapidly, for example in insect flight muscles and in hibernating animals during periodical arousal from torpor. It has been reported that the glucose metabolism substrate cycle is not a futile cycle but a regulatory process. For example, when energy is suddenly needed, ATP is replaced by AMP, a much more reactive adenine.
In connection with: Futile cycle
Title combos: cycle Futile
Description combos: quirk gluconeogenesis Futile and regulating heat insect also because
In biochemistry, a glycolytic oscillation is the repetitive fluctuation of in the concentrations of metabolites, classically observed experimentally in yeast and muscle. The first observations of oscillatory behaviour in glycolysis were made by Duysens and Amesz in 1957. Glycolytic oscillations are typically induced in dense suspensions of cells exposed to glucose under anaerobic or semi- anaerobic conditions. The problem of modelling glycolytic oscillation has been studied in control theory and dynamical systems since the 1960s since the behaviour depends on the rate of substrate injection. Early models used two variables, but the most complex behaviour they could demonstrate was period oscillations due to the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem, so later models introduced further variables.
In connection with: Glycolytic oscillation
Title combos: Glycolytic oscillation
Description combos: but in first under made later were oscillations anaerobic
Matthias Heinemann (born July 1, 1972) is a professor of molecular systems biology at the University of Groningen. Heinemann leads an interdisciplinary lab of approximately 12 graduate students and post-doctoral scholars. Until 2019, he served as the chairman of the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, was a board member of the Dutch Origins Center and the coordinator of EU ITN project MetaRNA. Heinemann is a member of the Faculty of 1000.
In connection with: Matthias Heinemann
Title combos: Matthias Heinemann
Description combos: an Sciences Until graduate born the and the graduate
The classic Monod–Wyman–Changeux model (MWC) for cooperativity is generally published in an irreversible form. That is, there are no product terms in the rate equation which can be problematic for those wishing to build metabolic models since there are no product inhibition terms. However, a series of publications by Popova and Sel'kov derived the MWC rate equation for the reversible, multi-substrate, multi-product reaction. The same problem applies to the classic Hill equation which is almost always shown in an irreversible form. Hofmeyr and Cornish-Bowden first published the reversible form of the Hill equation. The equation has since been discussed elsewhere and the model has also been used in a number of kinetic models such as a model of Phosphofructokinase and Glycolytic Oscillations in the Pancreatic β-cells or a model of a glucose-xylose co-utilizing S. cerevisiae strain. The model has also been discussed in modern enzyme kinetics textbooks.
In connection with: Reversible Hill equation
Title combos: equation Hill equation Hill Reversible
Description combos: no same kinetics reaction terms since Hofmeyr inhibition there
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