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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. The paper presents the results of study on four Parmotrema species in Poland, P. They are mainly known from southern part of the country, mostly in the Carpathians. For P. All the species seem to be rare and endangered in Poland. This work is the first part of a larger series which will present data on selected genera of the lichen family Parmeliaceae in Poland. Parmelioid lichens are a diverse and ubiquitous group of foliose lichens. Generic delimitation in parmelioid lichens has been in a state of flux since the late s with the segregation of the large, heterogeneous genus Parmelia into numerous smaller genera. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that some of these new genera were monophyletic, some were not, and others, previously believed to be unrelated, fell within single monophyletic groups, indicating the need for a revision of the generic delimitations. This study aims to give an overview of current knowledge of the major clades of all parmelioid lichens. For this, we assembled a dataset of specimens, including 31 of 33 currently accepted parmelioid genera and 63 of 84 accepted genera of Parmeliaceae. We performed maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of combined datasets including two, three and four loci. Based on these phylogenies and the correlation of morphological and chemical characters that characterize monophyletic groups, we accept 27 genera within nine main clades. We re-circumscribe several genera and reduce Parmelaria to synonymy with Parmotrema. Crespo is described as a new genus type: E. Nipponoparmelia Kurok. Moon, Y. A short discussion of the accepted genera is provided and remaining challenges and areas requiring additional taxon sampling are identified. Mycologia Wilhelm, G. Mycotaxon Philosophy of Spirituality, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Parmelia olivacea and the allied non-isidiate and non-sorediate corticolous lichens in the northern hemisphere Teuvo Ahti. A review of the lichen family Parmeliaceae - history, phylogeny and current taxonomy Arne Thell. The lichen family Parmeliaceae in Poland. The genus Parmotrema magdalena oset. The checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories: additions and corrections Teuvo Ahti. Parmeliopsis esorediata Degel. A first checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories, adopting revised generic circumscriptions and with indications of species distributions Teuvo Ahti. Gunnar Marklnnd: Die Taraxacum-Flora ylands. Hustich: Pflanzengeographische Studien im Gebiet der niederen Fjelde im westlichen finnischen Lappland. Runar Collander: The distribution of different cations between root and shoot. Wartiovaara: The permeability of Tolypellopsis cells for heavy water and methyl alcohol. Agnes Wernstedt: On the absorption of Iead into the cell of itella. Hans Lutber: Morphologische und systematische Beobachtungen an Wasserphanerogamen. Hustich: The Scotch Pine in northernmost Finland and its dependence on the climate in the last decades. Taxonomically important characters and key to the species. The species. Parmelia olivacea L. Parmelia septentrionalis Lynge Ahti n. Parmelia halei Ahti n. Parmelia huei Asah. Parmelia glabra Schaer. Parmelia multispora Schneid. Parmelia laciniatula Plag. Explanations to the lists of Iocalities, the figures and the plates. In Ontario I found that the commonest form of the species was smaller in size than is usual in northern Europe, and, in addition, I encountered an undescribed species that superficially resembles P. I n order to clarify the taxonomy and the ranges of the corticolous lichens which resemble P. Ahlner, Stockholm, Sweden. Degelius, Gothenburg, Sweden. Royal Betanie Gar den, Edinburgh, Scotland. Glasgow Art Gallery and :. V\[useums, Glasgow, Scotland. Hak Herb. HSI Dept. Klem Herb. Oscar Klement, Kreuzthal-Eisenbach, Germany. M MIN Dept. Ingvar Nordin, Uppsala, Sweden. Th Herb. TUR Dept. UAC Dept. WIS I am grateful to the curators and owners of these herbaria for loaning specimens, or for their help during my visits to them. I also want to thank: Dr. Jf elaenoparmelia Hue em. The status of this group, which may possibly deserYe the rank of subgenus cf. It is apparent that all the species treated here do not belong to one and the same section or subsection, although they superficially resemble each other. Among the European corticolous species of Melaenoparmelia that are lacking in soredia and normally '''ithout isidia also, although in some of them isidia or isidioid lobuli may occasionally be developed, only P. POELT In Asia three species of the group have usually been recognized, viz. In North America the situation is more complicated. In FI. He also recorded P. BERRY's paper is now completely out of date, especially with regard to M elaenoparmelia, and many of the distribution data of those species that are correctly treated are based on misidentifications. In the southern hemisphere the group in question is not well represented. In New Zealand there is one species, at least, but on the other hand, P. In fact, the type specimens of P. Taxonomically important characters and key to the species Externat morphology It is possible to leam to recognize the species of the P. Each species has a characteristic pattern of lobation and rugosity, which is not easy to describe because of the great range of variability according to the habitat and the age of the individual. The Iobes may be more or less discrete, contiguous, oYerlapping or even panniformly layered. Their ends may be flat , concave or conve:s:, the upper surface smooth to wavy or rugose, and the lower side smooth to reticulate. All these characters offer minor criteria for identification of the species. The ability to produce secondary lobules in central parts of the thallus is also a useful character. Somewhat similar marginal lobules may be present in P. These structures do not usually seem to be associated with parasitic fungi, although such fungi may induce galls in this group, particularly in P. H owever, nonparasitised individuals of P. Indeed, such structures are not usually mentioned in handbooks as being present in this group except in P. Vainioifllae, which includes e. Therefore, it was most surprising to find that small white to greyish pseudocyphellae are constant on the lobes as weil as on the apothecial margins of P. They are also present in several other species, although they are smaller and therefore less conspicuous than in P. They proved to be useful taxonomic criteria in the P. Anatomy This aspect was not studied very thoroughly, but as shown by RoSE l' and others, there are many taxonomically useful anatomical characters in Melaenoparmelia. However, it was clear from the material studied that the various layers in the thallus have characteristic thicknesses, although the range of variability is considerable. The measurements given in this paper are all original but are based on only a few specimens of each species. RoSE l'DAHL stated that there are several species of M elaenoparmelia that have only one pseudoparenchymatic layer of cells in the cortex. In the present paper P. However, in P. Bothofthese species produce smalllobes that probably serve as means of vegetative dispersal. Useful though variable taxonomic characters are offered by some parts of the apothecia , e. In general, the disc is shiny when immature but dull when the spores are ripe. The shape and size of the spores are very important specific characters in Melaenoparmelia. In the present group they areellipsoid to globose, but in no two of the species studied here are they fully identical. All the measurements given are original but. Statistical measurements of spores in lichens would be highly desirable, but are difficult to perform in many species with the usual sectioning techniques because the distinction between mature and immature spores is not always easy. In some species they are constant and abundant, while in some others of very sparse occurrence. In some cases the pycnidia seem to contain both cylindrical and bifusiform pycnoconidia. Also the size of the pycnoconidia may be of some taxonornic importance in this group. Chemistry The liehen substances and other chemical components of JI elaenoparmelia are known rather incompletely. In addition, there are some earlier, less reliable reports e. IDAHL , p. KROG HALE and Dr. The chemical components offer very useful taxonornic characters in the group and with improved knowledge their importance will undoubtedly be increased. As far as is known, in this group chernical and morphological variation are well correlated, so that it is probable that there are no distinct chemical strains. Loosely to closely appressed, up to cm in eliam. Apotheci a Yer y rare , Iobes thin, finely laciniate aloog margins and den sely beset with minnte isidioid lobnies aud fo1ioles, nnder siele pale brown; Europeau Closely to loosely appressed, ra ther thick. Iam ina! Plate 1 var. LIKi, no. Xorrlin H-Kyi,H. Troms: Bardu, Indset, 9. Lynge W,isoleetotype. UIL listed it und er protoeetrarie acid. In a ehromatogram made by Dr. Ahti n. Fuji, Jul y 6, 1 , Y. Asahina 51 TNS, lectotype; H, isolectotype. Diifers from var. However, these structures, which are more irregular than the warts of P. The colour is often yellowish brown, resembling that of P. The ends of the Iobes are usually more shiny and less pseudocyphellate than those of var. Reactions as in yar. Fumarprotocetraric acid present see var. Taxonomy P. Although P. Those in North American handbooks are usually based on clearly discordant elements. It is common, however, that in poor growing conditions the lobes arenot well-developed, making the pseudocyphellae sparse or difficult to observe. Also in var. The eastem American and westem and central Eurasian populations have a very uniform range of variability but the specimens of the Pacific coasts e. Alaska, Kamchatka, and Japan-show some differences, as is commonly the case with circumpolar species. I was unable to clarify their status very definitely, because the amount of material examined was relatively small and because I have not seen this type in field. However, some observations are discussed below. White dots pseudocyphellae are present in all populations of P. Such a t ype is not known t o me from elsewhere. It is the t rue f. TRASS , p. I agree that most of the Pacific specimens are peculiar, and that the variation is confusing. Almost all of them are very closely appressed to the substratum, even the lobe ends, t he Iobes are b road to narrow, very shiny t o more rarely du11, and the apothecia are smaller on an average than in Europe. No differences in the spores have been reported, and I have not observed any either with certainty, since in many specimens no spores could be found. If there is only one t ype in the Pacific a rea it is at most a variety which is provisionally accepted here as var. Among the rest of P. Its valid name at form Ievel is f. LYXGE , 1 stated that it is common in northern Jorway Troms and Finnmark , but is also found in southern Norway, though sparingly and poorly denloped. According to him the great er frequency in the north would indicate climatic causes. This difference in abundance is also true in Sweden and Finland. WEBER , pp. Such correlation also exists in the case of P. European mainly Finnish specimens, deposited in H , have been collected from the folloni. These data are sufficient to inclicate that f. Also the pruinose specimens are often more robust and thicker than usual, but this is not always the case. Distribution Figs. SuzA , pp. It is also uncertain so far, whether it occurs continuously through the North American continent; probably it does not. In any case, it ranges from northem Europe over Russia and Siberia to Japan, Kamchatka, and Alaska where it is represented by var. In eastem North America most records are from the areas araund Lake Superior, although it may not be very abundant there e. AHTI , pp. Zonally P. In Europe it is most abundant in the northem boreal or upper oroboreal zones conceming the meaning of the zonal terms used here, see AHTr and \]ALAS , but still common down to the hemiboreal zone. South of it, in the temperate boreomeridional zones, it becomes very rare. The Asian records seem to fit to this scheme. In North America the situation is similar, with the exceptions that no records apparently come from either northem boreal or temperate zones, most of them being from southem boreal to hemiboreal forests. In all three continents isolated more southem mountain stations are sparse. Distribution of Parmelia olivacea L. The circles on the Pacific coast are var. Ahti; the r est are yar. Ratehing indicates continuous, more or Jess common occurrence. In Bavaria and elsewhere in Germany P. The fairly recent records fo r Hungary e. Crurrzoru Aberdeenshire and the Clyde I s. The Aberdeenshire locality was apparently based on a misidentification see p. If present in the country, P. Sweden Very common in northern and centrat p a rts but less common in the south and rare in Scania and on west coast e. Finland Common throughout the country. Denmark Rare. One additional record: Jutland : Viborg, leg. Branth U PS. T euvo A hti: Parmelia oliyacea and allied liche! Switzerland FREY , pp. Fimbe rta l, Boden a lp, m, Bet. Italy Montes Euganei, leg. It is possible that this old spec imen is mislabelled. The Iit erature r ecords usu a lly mean P. Probably not known from Slovakia. Absent or ,-ery r a re in the south e. Estonia Common e. Lab-ia Moricsala, B et. Lithuania Not uncommon e. Tm1m to nry rare in the south. Several specim ens LE, a. Ukraine Dr. The older, apparently unreliable records e. The specimens examined by :Uakare,;ch are m entioned h ere a lthoug h some of them m ay belang to P. Shatsk area, n ear Pulemetsk, Bet. Oksn er KW. Chernob y l' a r ea, Pa rysh eYsk aya lesn aya d acha, Bet. Mak ar evich KW. Arkhimovich KW. P elash enko K W. Ma ka r evich KW. Ch erninsk aya and Zhukinsk aya Jesn aya d acha , P inus, leg. Oksner KW. Gorodn yansk a rea, Snovsk , Bet. Priluki a r ea, L eYki, leg. P ersidskiy K W. I saeva K W. Chern yaev U PS; cf. FRIEs Vyzhnitsk a r ea, n ear Sh ep ot, on R. Sh ep ot , m, A lnus incana, leg. Russia Appa rentl y common throu ghout m ost of the r epubli c, but absent in the very a ri d p a rts a nd tund ras, a nd probably n ea r t h e P acific coast. Som e southernmost r ecords in the Ur a l Mts. Ufa, S h ch. T yuka linsk , Kitayla, Bet. Mari yn sk a rea, Bet. K rasnoyarsk T er r itory. Minusinsk a r ea: R. Matur, Abaksh a, Bet. R y bn aya, Brt. Aginskoye steppe, , M. See a lso va r. C a n a da Saskatch ewan Higginson L. Obla t e L. L ittle W hite R. Pa rk, San d R. Cochrane, Li! P a rk, Bet. Timagami: Kokoko L. Portage, Bet. Gull L. Bear I. A lgon q uin Prov. P a rk, h eadwaters of N. Chaplea u , Racine L. P rov. Iacoun :; 11 p. Geraldton, K enoga misis L. W of Marathon, Little PieR. E of Rossport, White Sand Prov. W of Rossport, , Erbiscb 8 12 p. Gowganda , Bet. L abrador , Capila n I. H a ie p. R a in y Lake City, Bei. Lak e Co. X of Two H a rbors, Encampment R. Gran ite H eights, , Thomson 4 14 7, 4 1! Tomahawk L. Ru sk Co. L adysmitb , 1, Dennisto n WIS. Ca lumet, Qtt. Iran Co. Park: 15 loc. Rock H a r bor , Bet. R a rper p. Hay Bay, Bet. D ee r Park, B et. Porcupine Its. X ew York E sse x Co. Chilson L ak e, 1. Russia All t h e Far East specimens of P. Yak' I A. Andir between Y a kutsk and Aldan R. Zeya , Bei. AYacha, Bei. Amgun valley, 19 10 leg. Asahi op. Fukus bim a: Mt. Iide, 2. Mae-shirane op. H akusek i, 2. Fuji, n ear K o mitake Sbrin e, Ainus, 2. Fuji, I chigome, 2. Rabbit Cr. Road, 19 5 ;, Krog 1 0. SkiJak L. S of Fishhook Cr. Beaver Cr. H abitat ecology It is a frequently stated fact that P. In other areas the proportians are somewhat different, but a general feature is that towards the southern margins of its range it becomes more and more confined to birch, and particularly to birches of open swampy forests, as in northem Germany e. It is also well-known that P. Having also a good cold-resistance, it is understandable that P. In the Scandinavian mountain birch forests P. However, in the middle boreal forests and south of them it can be hardly used as such an indicator, since there it is usually not very abundant on lower trunks of trees, but is concentrated on upper trunks, which are better illurninated. Along the edges of fields and open peatlands and on lake shores it is also commonly found on lower parts of trees, however. Here the status of this community and the use of P. Of course, the epiphytic communities may be also and perhaps more properly understood as synusial types. The abundant members are Parmelia olivacea, P. KLEMEKT suspected that the variant or subassociation according to his usage parmelietosum furfuraceae is a mixture. It is dominated by Parmelia furfuracea and Hypogymnia physodes and is only found on smooth trunks of birch locally in the Sumava district of the Bohemian Forest alt. Similar communities are also common in e. A possible explanation is that the coast is unfavourable because of denser woods, thicker snow, and frequent periods with temperatures above oac in thewinter. By the edges of fields and in open peatlands or on the shores of lakes they are also found on Alnus, Sorbus , and Salix. The tree species affect the composition of such communities, resulting in subassociations in addition to the variants controlled by the macroclimate. In conclusion, all the communities with abundant P. Even on the Pacific coasts, e. In North America I only found P. Parmelia septentrionalis Lynge. Trom s: :. N ormannii Lynge in scheel. Foliose, tightly appressed to the substrate, a t the peripheiJ- as weil as in the centre, forming rounded rosettes Exsiccat i examined all distributed as P. Alpium 96 H, f,S ; R. Hak, ill, OULU ,! Any of these characters may seemingly overlap those of P. The difficult specimens seem usually to be depauperate P. In both the localities known to Lynge, P. I have also seen a great number of mixed gatherings in herbaria. In these cases the two species are generally easily distinguishable. I haye hesitated to designate P. In addition, there are a great number of different though not fully conclusive characters separating them, and their distribution and ecology are not identical. In fact, P. A good description in Swedish was found with one of his specimens. His numerous excellent specimens of P. Pruinose specimens of P. H owever, some examples have been collected in Finland, iberia several localities , and Alaska. PoELT, who took up P. In northern Emope it has been collected relatiYely little, apparently because of the abundance of the similar P. In the interior parts of the continents it may be commoner than on the coasts. It hardly extends beyond the hemiboreal zone in the south, and may be most abundant in the northern boreal regions. The specimens examined a great number of them a re t o be found under P. H a llo rmsstadaskogur, Bei. LYXGE 19'. Yery rare in the country cf. Brandbu , , Lynge Th. H ol: Geilo, Bei. U p plan d. Greta Du Ri etz. Xord, CPS. Holmsund : l:me! Y, Petsasts, Sorbu s aucuparia, , G. Eriksson 2H Herb. Eriksson a Herb. Finland A l an d i a. Lieto: l. Ny land i a. Kullhem H. Sine loco, , :lfalmgren H. Tava s tia au s trali s. H a k, :li, OULG. Kolmisoppi , Alnus incana, 19 3:! Ilomautsi: Patrikka, Bei. H a k, :li, OGLl. KaresuYanto, SakkaraYaara, Bet. Inari: Laanila , Laau. Hakulinen b Hak. Pro v. Xylande r H. W ; leg. Anerswald LE. Sine loco, Bet. W; v ery old sp eci m en. Alpium 96 H, M, S ; 1. CzechosloYaki a B o h e m i a. Estonia Tartu, , Aasamaa 3 p. Ukraine S um y D is t. Russia Murman s k D is t. Salla, E end of L. Koneheze ro, 1 , P olyanskiy 42 LE. Arkhang e lsk Dist. Obozerskaya Sta. Lakhta, B et. H, not mapped. Vologda, Pribyrkovo? Kom a rovo, , E lenkin LE. Czerm aek LE. R oss. I 04e FH. Kirzh aeh , R. Kirzh ach, Ainus glutinosa, 1, Kuznetsov LE. Tatar A. Sa lekha rd Obdorsk , Bet. Along the Yenisey R. H ; Tolstoy n os, marker on a graYe, nos. S ; Dudinka, no. S , p. H ; Turukhansk, no. I e S ; Anisovo, no. S ; Podporozh enskaya d erevnya, Bet. S , f p. S ; Ve rshininsk oe, Ainus viridis, no. K ostman ov T U R-V. Zhiga nsk , Bet. Telet skoye, m outh of R. K oldor, P runus, 1, Shishkin L E. Vall ey of R. Tutu ra, m o uth of R. L E ; Kh argan, B et. K erchinsk , , Stukov 22 L E. Grea t Bea r L. Anderson R. E t Then I. F ort R elian ce, Bei. Artill ery L. R oss L. Ahti H. Desp er atio n L. T altson R. Rutl edge L. Gagnon L. Th ekult hili L. CAN, FH. Brit ish Columbia Sin e loco, 18i5, Macoun , F l. Black wat er R. Sask atchewan Higgi nson L. Offset L. Oblat e L. Coehraue R. Lake Superio r Prov. P a rk : S of Baldhead R. S of Agawa R. Rideau Park, I 89i, JHa eo un p. Cochrane, Lillabelle L. Ga rdiner , Ainus and Sx, , W etmo re 5i;5, 5i86 Atta wapisk at, Larix iaricina, , Ahti 43 I 2 H. SE of Kenora, Ethelma L. Algonquin Pro v. P a rk, Deer L. Tim agami , Bear I. Ivanhoe L. Park, Ainus, , W etmor e 6 Chapleau , R a cine L. Kipigon R. Sibley Prov. I gnaee, St. I gnaee H ar. Dis t. L ieh. H ervey-J on ct io n Chemin lllask etsy. New Brunswick We s Im o r i an d Co. Kewfo undland H ttmber Ea st D is t. Cormack, Ainus rugosa, 6, Ahti H. SkiJ ak L. H enne p in Co. Hubbar d Co. Gcorge, Fraxinus, leg. Haie US. J o ochiching Co. Koochiching, 1, Fink p. Haie 22 11 3 CS. Lake Co. Lak e of lhe Woods Co. Louis Co. Forcst, , D e nni ston WIS. Dewey, Bel. Near S t. Croix L. R anger Sta. Lincoln Co. Sayn e r :. Stell a L. Baraga Co. Calumet, Qu. I sle Royale K a t!. Park: 9 loc. Rock Harbour, , E. Lttce Co. Mackin a c Co. S of Cedar R. Between Ma nistique and Munising, Qu. MlNGS et al. Albion, Qu. Roekport, summit of Bear Hili, Bet. Ya rren, , Fasse tt WIS. Buekfield, Acer, , Parlin 'i FH. Freedom, Prtmtts, , Parlin? Kew Y ork Esse x Co. Chilson L a k e, 1. Atnus, 1 , Burt 13 FH. Brandon, Acer, 19 11, Dutton FH. New H ampshire Ca r rot t Co. Choeorua, 1 9 11 , Farlow, R e!. Summit of Mt. Washington, Bet. North Woodst oek , 1 , Cummings 10 UC. Tuckerman , Re!. Habitat ecology The majority of the specimens of P. In most cases it seems to occur as scattered individuals or in small patches. I have observed it forming more extensive cover on thin twigs of Salix and Larix. However, it is much less strong in competition with other lichens than P. It is commonly overgrown by e. Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata or P. In the surroundings of Helsinki P. It is usually associated with P. It is notevYorthy that it is very rare on the birches present in the same stands. In general, P. Parmelia subolivacea Nyl. Plate 2B. Los Angeles Co. Hasse H-Kyl no. Coneerning the typifieation see below. Foliose, appressed, more rarely somewhat aseending at the margins, forming irregular rosettes ea. Lobes ea. Apothecia eommon and frequently abundant, mainly in the eentre but also at the periphery, in diameter , very short-stalked, disc dark to pale brown; margin usually thin, er enate to smooth, pseudoeyphellate, subhymenium p. X p. Xo acids identified. Hasse r el. The majority of them were found under P. This is due to the similarity in habit of P. The only locality of P. This kind of confusion is possible, because HAssE collected a! It may be absent from the highly oceanic coastal areas, although in centrat and southern California it comes close to the coast. Saskatchewan Cypress Hills Park, 3. Goldendale, , Foster p. Pul Iman, 2. Idaho I da h o Co. S of Stites, 1. Park: Appekunny Creek Trail, 5. Trail , 5. Roosevelt 'atl. E of Custer, Custer State Park, '.. NW of Hot Springs, 4. H; with Parmelia ulophyllodes. Rapid City, 1 89 1, Williams XY. California Kern Co. N of Caliente, Qu. Lassen Co. San Antonio Canyon, Qu. Tamalpais, Qtt. Parish, H erb. Hasse a XY. Devil 's Canyon, 2. H erre p. Goose Valley, leg. Baker CC. Shasta, Hotlum Sta. L'tah \] an e Co. Nayajo L. Fish L. N of Sundance, Beaverdam Creek, 4. Chromo, 8. Evans, Palmer Lake, Qtt. W of Palmer Lake, 7. Hermosa, 18 99, Baker, PI. Southern Colo. Big Thompson R. Canyon, 3 mi. P a rk , Spru ce Canyon, 6. N at urit a, 6. EXTS, Crypt. Grand Canyon X a tl. Lem m on, 9. Tucson, 8. X ear Albuquerqu e: Sandia Crest, E of Albuqu erque, W sid e of Sa ndia R a nge , 8. M c Kinl ey Co. S of Gallup, , Hubricht B 1J!. O FH , Bll 'olb H. H er mit's P eak, E I Po rvenir Creek , 1. W of Sands, 6. H oly Ghost Canyon Ridge , Aspen B asin, H abitat ecology P. U11like the other species trea t ed in this paper it is comm on on conifers, e. It seems tobemostabundant in warm and dry, open forests, such as oak woodlands, and the Pinus ponderosa - Pseudotsuga forests in the mountains of Arizona DARROW , pp. Plate 2A. Type: U. Main e. Aroostook Co. Foliose, usually closely appressed, formin g roundish or irregular rosettes commonly 10 cm in diameter; Iobes yellowish to greenish brown, Lobes p. Contains atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid confirmed by Dr. HALE with chromatography. FH, NY ; Re!. Taxonomy The most useful diagnostic characters of P. It is undoubtedly a distinct species rather than an intraspecific taxon of P. Distribution Fig. It has been collected particularly frequently in the Great Smoky lVIountains. Distribution of Parmelia halei Ahti. A disjunct station is on east shore of L ak e Superior , m the hemibOieal zone. Essen1ially, however , it seems to belong to the so-called Appalachian element. The specimens examined: Can a d a Onta rio A l g o m a Di s t. Fundy Natl. Fra ncis, 1 Am er. FH, NY. Camden : 1 , Merrill FH. Pleasan t , Qu. Sumner, F agus, 1 , P a r! K at ahdin »Kt aa dn» , , Blak e XY. N ewcomb, 1 , H ou se FH. Tra il t o P anther L. Vermont Chi t t en d en C o. Mansfield, U nderhill, N ew H ampshire Ca r roll. Chocorua, 1 W ashington, leg. Pringle FH , leg. Willey US. T u ckerman B:-I ; A. Camp, 1 , t U. Greylock, 3. W a ltham, 1 , Gerritson FH. West Goshen , , underwood NY. Panther Knob, Qu. Kuob, 1 95 7. Spruce Tennessee Ca r t er Co. Se vier Co. H, US. Border of Swain Co. Xorth Carolina Ave r y Co. Forn ey Ridge, 1. H abitat ecology I have not seen P. Jraseri, often in deep shade see e. Thus the ecological requirements are very different from those of P. Plate 3A. Kai: Lakeside of Yamanaka, , Y. Asahina 10 17 TX S, lectotype; H, isolectotype. Faurie W, isotype. Foliose, closely appressed to the substra tum , forming circular rosettes up to 10 cm in diameter; d eeply incised, Iobes mm broad, appressed or very slightly ascend ing a t tb e end s, very sbiny, smooth; the centre h eavily rugu lose papilla t e, lobul ate a nd rid ged , dark to light brown, dull; laminal pseudocyphellae fairly abundant; m edulla white to yell ow; lower surface black to dark brown, rbizin at e up to the very margins, rhizines black to b rown, ca. Lobes ca. The description of the apothecia of P. IN 6a, as P. Kuril Is. Nemuro: Nemuro, Sx op. I wate: Morioka op. Esashi-gun, Asai, Mt. Maeda op. Fukushima: Mt. Bandai, 1. Gumma: ::llt. Akagi, , Tsunoda 1 76 W. Oze Basin op. Pre f. This area is highly oceanic e. The P. The association mentioned was regarded as favoured by a greater light supply than the other epiphytic communities found in this area. It has been also collect ed on M orus bombycis, Alnus japonica and probably Abies holophylla. Plate 3B. Teuvo A hti: Parmelia oli vacea and allied Iichens P. Budapest, R emeteh egy, Quercus, 7. Gyelnik S-Yr, isotype. Concerning other infraspecific epith et s, th e types of whi ch w er e n ot examined, a nd oth er n omenclatur al combin ations, see Z. Lob es ca. Exsiccati examined: Agric. P athol. I ; DES!. France , as P. Franche-Corute 19, as P. H asse r el. H elv. P olo n. Veneta 44, as P. Taxonomy In Europe P. H owever, a great number of specimen s clearly belanging to P. However, there is a problematic saxicolous liehen in western North America referred to P. He also found that the saxicolous specimens are lacking the hair cover characteristic of P. I have examined several specimens of this glabrous type, and in my opinion they are not P. However, the status of four varieties is discussed here. It is said to be wholly glabrous. However, the type is distinctly pubescent andin other ways it fully agreeswithP. A form consisting of numerous small lobuli instead of well-developed radiately lobed rosettes, f. However, in my opinion it is a modification without any taxonomic value. I have seen neither the type nor other specimens fitting to the description. It is doubtful whether it really is lacking in lecanoric acid. The northernmost localities on the Volga in Russia, in southern Poland, Bohemia, Bavaria, and southern France are probably situated in the middle parts of the temperate boreomeridional zone. SuzA characterized P. He also stated that it is Frc. Distribution of Parmelia glabra Schaer. On the other hand, in Switzerland FREY , it is reported to be confined to the montane and lower subalpine forest belts, ascending up to ca. In the beech forests of the eastern Carpathian Mts. It is absent from the most humid oceanic areas of westem Europe. However, a curious isolated station is in Scotland. However, it is best known in such forests in Europe. WERNER referred it to the subarctic-alpine element, which must be based on some misunderstanding. The Asian localities in Caucasia, Iran, the Himalayas and central China are probably in climatically very similar areas, as is also the American range, which is concentrated at lower elevations below 1. Great Britain 5. It seems to be very common in some a r eas, as in Doubs, Jura and Haute-Savoie. Portugal Apparently r a r e. S 19t,5, p. Spain Probably widespread and locally common, according to Iiter ature e. NAvAs , as P. Also reported for the Canary Is. Germany In southe rn Bavaria fairly common acco rding to Iiterature and numerous specimens PI exam ined. Also known from the Black Forestand Saxony. Poland R are , only in the south, e. SUZA 1 , pp. Hungary Common in most of the country according to numerous floristic p apers e. Probably r ath er common in m ost of the country except high mountains. Yngoslavia At lower eievatians in Dalmatia common according to many auth ors e. Bnlgaria Several localities r eported by Yarions authors e. Greece A few Iiter a ture r ecords e. Algeria Widespread, e. AGEY Rehovot, Div. Sad Village, 9. Pengi, 8. Lolab Valley, 1. Ukraine Common in the Zakarpatskaya Dist. It is also found in parts of Crimea e. Elsewhere Dr. Drogobychk a rea, near Slonskoe, Qu. Vladimirskaya lesnaya dacha, leg. Postrygan' KW. Certainly r are even in southern Russia e. Georgia A number of localities h ave been reported by several authors e. Common at least locally. Azerbaidzhan Severallocalities were mentioned on Mt. His P. Si-kutzui-san, ,, Giraldi W. Kuan-tou-pin, , Giraldi W. Also P. California Butte Co. E of Chico, Qu. Canyon of Big Chico Creek, Qu. Bear Creek, , Macbride UC. S of Ladoga, Qu. Contra Co s t a Co. Diablo, , Howe NY. W of Elk Creek, Qu. Kern Co. Caliente, , Wilson 60 NY. Rubis Canyon, 1 , Kingman FH. Evey Canyon, 2. Cucamonga Canyon , shaded cliff, 4. Y ose mite, 1 , leg. Auburn Sierras, Qu. San J acinto Mts. Sa n Berna rdino :IIts. Corra l H ollow Road, near Al a m ed a Co. Stillwater, leg. B a ker UC. Habitat ecology P. In Europe it is especially found on the bark of Fraxinus spp. More rarely it grows on conifers, e. Barkman even designated it as a faithful species of the alliance Xanthorion parietinae, in which it would be present particularly in the variant parmelietosum glabrae of the association Physcietum ascendentis and in the eucontinental subvariant of the var. Plate 4A. I daho. Bonner Co. L eiberg NY, preliminary lect otype, as tP. Parmelia olivacea var. Ca liforni a. Santa Cla ra Co. Herre 4. No substances could be identified by crystal t ests, aithough a residue is obtained by acetone extraction and crystals may sometimes appear n GE and other solutions. Taxonomy Although P. The taxonomic importance of the number of spores - usually 16, which was at one time thought to be unique in the genus - has been doubted by some authors; e. Otherwise P. Sometimes P. However, the distinctly veined lower surface and different chemical constituents of P. In his original description of P. Neither the number nor the size of the spores conforms with the data given by most later authors, including myself. Nevertheless, the specimen! In addition, no Anzia spp. In my examination of the three duplicat es of this partiewar gathering that were available to me, none of them proved to contain 50 to spores. Distribution of Parmelia multispora Schneid. It is most frequent near the coast and on the coastal mountains, and is probably common in some areas e. H ERRE Near the sea it extends as far as the south coast of Alaska. Ahti t, 9, 79, 1 H. Cook Inlet a r ea, Knik R. R a inbow Tra il , 3. Gold enda le, Qu. Ca thl amet , A cer circinatum, 1 90 7, P ost er FH. Pull man: , Piper 55 p. T eko a Mts. Oregon Union Co. Ca lkins, X Am. I daho Bonne r Co. Columbia Falls, , Williams 25a XY. Glacier Natl. Park, L. Granite Co. Lolo Natl. La ke Co. I gnatius, 2. Rainbow Falls, , Williams 25 p. California H um b o l d t Co. Rieb Gulch, 3. Between Simmler and Santa Margarita, 2. Baker UC. Sisson, B et. Alders e. Alnus rhombifolia, A. In British Columbia I found it most abundant on Alnus tenuifolia, in a thicket by a brook. P armelia trabeculata Ahti n. Plate 4B. Type : Canada. Ontario: Cochrane Dist. Ahti H, h olotyp e; CAN, 0, isotypes. Thallus foli aceus, fuscobrunneus, orbicularis, adnatus, vulgo cm in diametro, lobatus; lobis mm la tis, conve Contains atranorin det. One chemical test was m ade by Dr. Taxonomy This n ew species is nry distinct from P. It is easy to distinguish from P. Distribution of Parmelia trabewlata Ahti. Elsewhere its range is poorly known, but it is apparently a strictly North American species with a transcontinental boreal range. However, the few records from the east and west coasts indicate that it may be somewhat continental. The specimens examined: Canada Ontario Co c h r an e Dis t. Martison L. Park, Popult's balsamifera, , W etmore p. Attawapiskat, P icea glattca, 1 , Ahti H. Ger a ldton, K enogamisis L. Slate Is. W of Rossport, B et. Newfoundland Labrador No r t h Di s t. Grand Falls area, nknown R. Northwest River, Grand L. K enai Pen. Cook Inlet area: Rabbit Creek road, 7, Krog 0. Knik R. White Mts. Snowbank Lake a r ea, , Fink 84 8! Amygdaloid I. H abitat ecology The ecology of P. The former seems to prefer tree species with eut rophic bark Populus balsamif era, P. This may be due to secondary enrichment of the bark, in some cases at least, as is indicated by its occurrence in mixed stands with Physcia aipolia on conifers in northem Ontario. All the stations in Ontario in which I saw t his species were situated on the shores of lakes or rivers in mesic to moist forests. Pannelia laciniatula Flag. In several handbooks and keys P. Among them, P. In east Asia and Alaska a d istinct variety, var. The two species with 16 spores per ascus are also exclusively Korth American: P. Methodus qua OHmes detectos Lichenes secundum organa carpomorpha ad Genera, Species et V arietates redigere atque observationibus illustrare. Stockholmi ae. AHTI, T. Macrolichens and their zonal distribution in boreal and a rctic Ontario, Canada. Distribution and ecology of some South Scandinadan Iichens. Engler's bot. The Iichen flora of the Dakotasandstone in north-central Colorado. Bryologist 21, Two new species of Parmelia from western U nited States. Bryologist 1. Lichens of Japan. Genus Parmelia. Trudy In st. Nauk A zerbaydzh. SSR Zur Kenntniss einiger Usneion-Assoziationen in Europa. Phytosociology and ecology of cryptogamic epiphytes including a taxonomic survey and description of their vegetation twits irJ Europe. A monograph of the genus Parmelia in North America. Summary: Contributions to the liehen flora of Denmark I. T idsskr. L icMnol. Quelques Lichens interessants de Roumanie. Flora lich enilor foliosi si fruticulosi epid endri si epixili din R om a nia. F orest. CRmmiE, J. Observation s on Parmelia olivacea and its British allies. A second Anzi a in North Am erica. Brittonia DAUL, E. On the u se of Iich en chemistry in Iichen systematics. L icluJnol. Th e arboreal Iichen fl or a of southeastern Arizona. A mer. Flechten a us Kordfjord und Sunnfjord X orwegen. Bergens J! Rekke 3: J- 3 1. The Iich en fl ora of the Gr eat Smoky ::llo unta ins. Th e epiphytic Iich en fl or a of th e birch stands in Iceland. Acta H orti Gotob. D ucos L es Iichens pinicoles en Basse-ProYence et! Sven sk Bot. T idskr. Flora lish ay nikov Sredney R ossii. Li ch enes florae Rossiae ::lledi ae. Sheremetevoy 3: 8 Flechtenflora von Nordwestdetttschland. Th e liehen flora. AGEY, C. Catalogue des Lichens de I'Aigerie. FREY, E. P orost y Bieszczad6w Za chodnich. Summ a ry : Lich ens of the W est ern Bi eszcady. Nauk 21! I Catalogus Lichemmz Germaniae. Ad a tok? J n garns II. Folia Cr,-pt. Parmelia glabra Sch ae r. R esum e: L es fo rm es du Parmelia glabra Schaer. Magyar Bot. Lapok 1 5- Additament a ad coguitionem P a rmelia rum. Continuatio prima. F eddes R epert. Additamenta ad cognition em Parmeliarum. Continuatio secunda. A second checklist of th e Iichens of the contin enta l U nited States and Ca n ada. Bryologist 1 i2. IIALE, ::li. Studies on P a rmelia subgenus Parmelia. H erb. Zon a tion of the mountain birch forests in northernmost Fennosca ndi a. M edd. L ichens de France. P a ris. New species of Iichens from south ern California as determined by Dr. Nylander and the late Dr. Stizenbe rger. Torrey Bot. Club 24 : ',. L ichens of southern Calijornia. Los Angeles, Calif. The Ii chen flora of Southern California. A Iist of Iichens from southeastern Alaska. The Parmelias of California. Dudley H erb. Stanford Univ. La v egetation epiphyte de Ia Boheme. Charles Parmelia ceae. L ichens of the state of Washingto Seattle, W ash. H uE, A. Adden danova ad lichen ographlam europaeam. Lichenes extra-europaei. Paris, Ser. B iol. Flora Italica Cryptogama. L ichenes. Rocca S. Cascia no. Licheni cin esi raccolti allo Shen-si negli anni , da! Padre Missionario G. Nuovo Ciorn. D eutsch. Zur F lechtenflora Schwabens. Augsburg 5: 43 - 9 1. F eddes Repert. Zur Soziologie subarktischer Flechtengesellschaften. Nova H edwigia 1: 1 3 Ein flechtensoziologisch er Streifzug durch das Fimbertal. Dechenia11a II ;: ' H elsinki. Can we find a common platform for the different schools of forest type classification. S ilva Fenn. KROG, H. Microchemical studies on Parmelia. Nytt Mag. A contribution to the liehen flora of Alaska. F lechten. I nst. F inl. Lichens from Tanabu-mati and Higasidori-mura of Simakita P eninsula. Lichens of Simakita Peninsula. LAMB, I. A lichenological excursion to the west of Scotland. Tran s. Edinburgh Index Herbariorum. Part I. The herba ri a of the world. R egnum V eget. Flechten aus Mitteleuropa XII. Feddes Repert. Species plantarum etc. Neue Flechten aus Norwegen. Bergms Mus. Studies on the lieh en fl or a of Korway. Lichens from l eela nd collected by Norwegian botanists in 19 37 and Norske Vid. ReYision of the Iich ens of the Netherlands. Svensk Bot. Lishayniki, zybrany v Radyartiskikh Skhydnikh Karpatakh v r. Nauk URSR 4. Analiz likhenoflory Ukrainskykh J arpat. Stockholmstraktens bruna Parmelia-arter. Memorie lichenografiche con un' appendice alle Rice1'Che su ll' autonomia dei Licheni crostosi. Contribution a Ja flore lichenologique des environs de Kazan. Hedwigia 18 1. K poznaniyu lish aynikoY okrestnostey Kazani. Trudy Bot. Nauk 93 Spisok lishaynikov Kryma. Lichen notes Ko. Bryologist Lichens de Chine. L ichinol. Porosty Lichenes. The epiphytic communities of beech forest in J apan. Kobe Univ. NAvAs, R. Liquenes de Arag6n. Die Vegetation und Flora des Sylenegebietes. Die Yegetation. Flora K a reliae Onegensis II. Addenda nova ad Lichenographiam europaeam.

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