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Although one of the tiniest nations in the Pacific, Tuvalu still has its fair share of weed problems. Addressing invasive species issues has been acknowledged as a key step towards strengthening the resilience of Pacific communities that are already beginning to experience the impacts of climate change. In March a stakeholder workshop to determine priorities was held in Funafuti, the capital of Tuvalu. It was agreed that leucaena Leucaena leucocephela , or tamalini as it is called there, should be a top priority to target with natural enemies. In Tuvalu, leucaena was deliberately introduced to Vaitupu atoll for soil improvement and accidentally to Funafuti atoll in soil contaminated with the seeds. It has subsequently become very weedy on both islands. Leucaena is native to Central America and has been widely introduced across the Pacific as an agroforestry crop. In New Zealand leucaena is currently only recorded at a small number of sites in the Auckland region but may become more problematic in the future. Leucaena can quickly outcompete and replace other vegetation, forming dense, impenetrable thickets that disrupt natural successional processes. Coastal areas, semi-natural areas, roadsides, waste ground, plantations, hedgerows, recreational areas, and agricultural land are all at risk. Biodiversity is reduced, and ecological processes such as nutrient cycling and soil chemistry are affected. Leucaena can also be toxic to animals and reduce growth in pigs. Its ability to rapidly colonise newly disturbed areas makes it particularly well suited to take advantage of changing environmental conditions, including those caused by climate change, so its harmful impacts are expected to increase in the future. Leucaena is difficult and expensive to control with conventional methods. It has a large root mass that can resprout vigorously if the plant is cut off at ground level, so additional treatments such as herbicide or a cutter bar operating below ground level are required to ensure plant death. This leaf-feeding psyllid is native to tropical America but has self-established throughout much of the Pacific following the spread of its host plant, leucaena. However, it has not yet found its way to some of the more remote islands. The psyllid only attacks plants in the Leucaena genus. Both nymphs and adults feed on, and damage, the soft new growing tips of leucaena, which can cause severe tree stunting and the death of seedlings. They insert their needle-like mouthparts into the leaf tissue and suck out the fluids, which causes leaf shrivelling and defoliation. Plants infested with psyllids look as if breadcrumbs have been sprinkled on their leaves. This is due to a mixture of the life stages: white skins shed during moulting, and honeydew droplets produced by the psyllids during feeding. Because the psyllid can be so damaging, hybrid forms of leucaena have been developed that are resistant to the psyllid. This meant the first thing to check was whether leucaena in Tuvalu is susceptible. Leucaena seeds were sent from Tuvalu and grown in our Auckland containment facility. No additional host testing was needed for Tuvalu, so the remaining step was to get clearance that the psyllids had a clean bill of health, and to apply for permission to introduce them. Image: collecting psyllid nymphs to release. Image: Leucaena in Tuvalu. Image: adult psyllid. Image: transferring nymphs onto plants. Key contact. Tags Weed biocontrol. Information for Education Teaching resources. Identification What is this bug? Invertebrates Plants Fungi. Resources Collections Databases Mapping. Contact us info landcareresearch.

All the Disappearing Islands

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Leucaena is a small tree, commonly growing to m in height but can reach up to 20 m in height. It is a fast growing, short lived years , nitrogen fixing plant that does well in a wide range of environments. Leucaena produces vast numbers of hard coated seeds which remain viable for at least years. These seeds allow the plant to spread rapidly and colonise new area. Leucaena can be used for timber, firewood, shade, fodder and erosion control, but intensive management is required to prevent it from becoming invasive. Leucaena can quickly outcompete and replace other vegetation, disrupting natural successional processes. Coastal areas, semi-natural areas, roadsides, waste ground, plantations, hedgerows, recreational areas and agricultural land are all at risk. Biodiversity is reduced and ecological processes such as nutrient cycling and soil chemistry are affected. Leucaena can be toxic to animals and can reduce growth in pigs. Therefore, the impacts of leucaena are expected to increase in the future if the plant cannot be better managed. Leucaena has a large root mass that can resprout vigorously if the plant is cut off at ground level. Additional treatments are required to ensure plant death include herbicide after felling or using a cutter bar operating at 30cm below ground level to cut through the root system. This makes control expensive and labour intensive, and environmental impacts of using herbicides needs to be managed. However, a natural enemy is available which offers new hope. A leaf sucking psyllid Heteropsylla cubana can be highly damaging to susceptible varieties of leucaena and will not attack other plants. This natural enemy can be used to reduce the invasiveness of leucaena. This leaf-feeding psyllid is native to tropical America but has become established throughout much of the Pacific following the spread of its host plant leucaena Leucaena leucocephala. Leucaena is used in agroforestry but has also become an invasive weed in many countries. In the psyllid was released on Funafuti in Tuvalu to control leucaena, or tamalini as it is known there. The psyllids develop through five wingless immature stages instars before becoming winged adults. The early instar larvae are pale yellow while older larvae develop black markings on the abdomen and head. The juvenile life stages are collectively known as nymphs. The adults are tiny mm long so can be hard to see. They will jump or fly off when provoked. Plants infested with psyllids look like breadcrumbs have been sprinkled on the leaves. This is due to a mixture of all the life stages, white skins shed during moulting, and honeydew droplets produced by the psyllids during feeding. The eggs take around days to hatch and the nymph stage lasts around 8 days. Females live for about a fortnight after reaching adulthood, with males a few days less. Each female can produce eggs. The eggs will be hard to see as they are so small 0. But if you have a magnifying glass you may see small yellowish-white dots on the upper leaf surfaces and in unfurled leaves. Usually, eggs are laid per leaflet but up to 16 eggs per leaflet can occur when population numbers are high. Both nymphs and adults feed on and damage the soft new growing tips. They insert their needle-like mouthparts into the leaf tissue and suck out the fluids which causes leaf shrivelling and defoliation. Nymphs initially feed together in the area where they hatch, later dispersing as they age. This psyllid only feeds on plants within the Leucaena genus. In a laboratory study the psyllids quickly destroyed the growing tips of small potted plants grown from seed sent from Tuvalu. Their impact post release in Tuvalu will be monitored. In other countries with susceptible leucaena the psyllids can rapidly kill seedlings. Repeated attacks lead to defoliation and occasionally the death of large plants. Flowering may also be prevented. The impact of the psyllid can be particularly severe when conditions are dry. Given how readily the psyllids have dispersed to many places to date, it is likely that they will spread to other islands in Tuvalu. However, if this does not happen quickly and redistribution proves necessary, the psyllids could be shifted by collecting leaves infested with nymphs and tying them to the new growing tips of leucaena plants at new locations. The natural enemies of leucaena in its native range have not been well-studied. A seed-feeding beetle Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus was released in South Africa but does not damage enough seeds to have a useful impact. A moth possibly Labdia sp. Weed control in the Pacific Target weeds and natural enemies Leucaena and the Leucaena psyllid Leucaena leucocephala and the Heteropsylla cubana. Scroll to. Back a level In this section Target weeds and natural enemies African tulip tree and its natural beetle and mite enemies Air potato Hoi and the air potato leaf beetle Hibiscus Bur and the Hibscus Bur lace bug Leucaena and the Leucaena psyllid African Tulip Mite. Leucaena, known locally in Tuvalu as tamalini, is a pan-tropical species native to Central America. It was deliberately introduced to many countries across Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and the Pacific for agroforestry and has also been an accidental introduction. In Tuvalu leucaena was deliberately introduced to Vaitupu and accidentally to Funafuti in soil contaminated with the seeds. Impacts Leucaena can quickly outcompete and replace other vegetation, disrupting natural successional processes. Control Methods Leucaena has a large root mass that can resprout vigorously if the plant is cut off at ground level. Leucaena Psyllid Heteropsylla cubana - a natural enemy of leucaena This leaf-feeding psyllid is native to tropical America but has become established throughout much of the Pacific following the spread of its host plant leucaena Leucaena leucocephala. How would I recognise a psyllid and what is its lifecycle? Nymphs, old skins and honeydew droplets. Adult right and early instar nymphs left. How does it damage leucaena? Will it attack other plants? How effective is it? Growing tip killed by psyllid attack. How can I get the most out of they psyliids? Are there other natural enemies for this weed? Key contacts. Robyn White Technician - Weed Biocontrol. Tags Weed biocontrol Pacific. Information for Education Teaching resources. Identification What is this bug? Invertebrates Plants Fungi. Resources Collections Databases Mapping. Contact us info landcareresearch.

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