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Medically reviewed by Sally Urang, R.N., CNM, M.S., midwife
A pregnancy is full-term at 39 weeks. At this point, your baby's organs are fully mature, she's likely to be a healthy weight, and she's most likely to thrive after delivery and in the years ahead. Delivery before 39 weeks should only be planned if your health or your baby's health is at significant risk.
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A pregnancy is considered full term at 39 weeks. This means it's best not to schedule your baby's delivery before that point unless there's a medical or obstetrical reason to do so.
On average, pregnancies last about 40 weeks (280 days) from the first day of a woman's last menstrual period. That's how your practitioner will most likely estimate your due date.
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Sometimes it's in the best interest of the mom or baby to schedule an induction or a c-section instead of waiting for labor to begin. Experts need to know the gestational age at which most babies are developed enough to be born healthy so caregivers can be confident they're not scheduling a delivery too early. Babies who reach this point are considered full term.
Caregivers previously believed that babies born between 37 and 42 weeks were equally likely to be born healthy. For that reason, experts considered pregnancies to be full term at 37 weeks.
Then in 2013 the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) reviewed the research and decided to change the definition of full term to 39 weeks.
Full term is now 39 weeks because research has shown that babies born at 39 to 40 weeks were less likely to have certain health problems than those born at 37 weeks.
Babies born at 39 or 40 weeks instead of 37 or 38 weeks:
Studies have also found an increased risk of learning problems and health problems later in life in babies born before 39 weeks.
One study looked at the records of more than 150,000 school-age children and found an elevated risk of poor child development in children delivered via a planned birth before 39 weeks. The study looked at physical health and well-being, language and cognition, social competence, emotional maturity, and general knowledge and communication.
What's more, your baby's gestational age can be off by as much as two weeks, even if you had an early ultrasound to date your pregnancy. If you schedule a delivery before 39 weeks and your due date is off by a week or two, your baby may be born before 37 weeks' gestation.
In the past, some caregivers scheduled delivery before 39 weeks for convenience or other non-medical reasons. Their patients may have been happy to avoid the discomfort of the last few weeks of pregnancy since they believed the baby was ready to be born anyway.
ACOG and SMFM want to make it clear that delivery should only be planned before 39 weeks when continuing the pregnancy would put the mother or baby at significant health risks.
Of course, sometimes delivery before 39 weeks can't be avoided, such as when your water breaks or contractions come early. If you go into labor between 37 and 39 weeks, your caregiver will not try to delay your labor since most babies born at this point are fine. That said, it's still best to wait until 39 weeks to schedule an induction or c-section.
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In other words, the risks of delivering a few weeks early are not great, but why take any risk at all with your baby's health, if you can avoid it?
No. Staying in the uterus past 41 weeks is not optimal for the baby's health either. That's why ACOG and SMFM now define a full-term pregnancy as one that lasts between 39 weeks, 0 days, and 40 weeks, 6 days. Babies born during this window have the best chance of being healthy, compared with babies born earlier or later.
In order to make this clearer, the two organizations developed these new labels for the last weeks of pregnancy:
Once you reach 41 weeks, the chances of your baby having problems starts to increase, and your caregiver will likely require you to come in for testing to make sure your baby is continuing to thrive in the womb. This is because the placenta is an organ that ages as the pregnancy progresses, and beyond 41 weeks it may not function as robustly in delivering oxygen and nutrients to your baby.
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If your pregnancy goes past 40 weeks and 6 days, your provider may recommend that you have a nonstress test or biophysical profile. If the tests show that the baby is not thriving, your caregiver may decide to induce delivery.
If you don't go into labor by 42 weeks, your caregiver will likely recommend inducing the labor. That's because the risks for you and your baby increase significantly after that point. After 42 weeks:
While you're thinking about the big day, you might enjoy our video series on childbirth. We cover the signs and stages of labor, pain management, medical procedures, decisions about your newborn, and more.
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ACOG. 2017 (reaffirmed). Definition of term pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion number 579. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2013/11/definition-of-term-pregnancy [Accessed December 2020]
Bentley JP et al. 2016. Planned birth before 39 weeks and child development: A population-based study. Pediatrics 138(6) e20162002. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/138/6/e20162002 [Accessed December 2020]
Hua J et al. Differentiating the cognitive development of early-term births in infants and toddlers: a cross-sectional study in China. British Medical Journal Open 9(4). https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/4/e025275.full [Accessed November 2020]
March of Dimes. 2018. What is full term? https://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/what-is-full-term.aspx [Accessed December 2020]
March of Dimes. 2018. Why at least 39 weeks is best for your baby. https://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/why-at-least-39-weeks-is-best-for-your-baby.aspx [Accessed December 2020]
MedlinePlus. 2020. When you pass your due date. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000515.htm [Accessed December 2020]
NIH. 2019. Moms-to-be. "Full term" has a new meaning. National Child & Maternal Health Education Program. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/ncmhep/initiatives/know-your-terms/moms [Accessed December 2020]
NIH. 2018. Exploring induced labor for full-term pregnancy. National Institutes of Health. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/exploring-induced-labor-full-term-pregnancy [Accessed December 2020]
Karen Miles is a pregnancy and parenting writer and mom of four. She has authored hundreds of articles in magazines such as Parenting, Baby Talk, and Better Homes & Gardens as well as a book, The Power of Loving Discipline.
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https://www.verywellfamily.com/what-does-it-mean-to-have-a-full-term-pregnancy-4174638
Перевести · 24.09.2020 · In the past, full-term was used to describe pregnancy that lasted from three weeks before the due date to three weeks after (approximately 37–42 weeks). In late 2012, it was …
https://www.babycenter.com/pregnancy/your-body/full-term-pregnancy_10407757
Перевести · 12.12.2020 · A pregnancy is considered full term at 39 weeks. This means it's best not to schedule your baby's delivery before that point unless there's a medical or obstetrical reason to do so. On average, pregnancies last about 40 weeks (280 days) from the first day of a woman's last menstrual period.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREGNANCY
Causes: Sexual intercourse, assisted reproductive …
Symptoms: Missed periods, tender breasts, nausea …
Treatment: Prenatal care, abortion
Deaths: 230,600 (2016)
Initiation
Through an interplay of hormones that includes follicle stimulating hormone that stimulates folliculogenesis and oogenesis creates a mature egg cell, the female gamete. Fertilization is the event where the egg cell fuses with the male gamete, spermatozoon. After the point of fertilization, the fused product of the female and male gamete is referred to as a zygote or fertilized egg. The fusion of female and male gametes usually occurs following the act of sexual intercourse. Pregnancy rate…
Initiation
Through an interplay of hormones that includes follicle stimulating hormone that stimulates folliculogenesis and oogenesis creates a mature egg cell, the female gamete. Fertilization is the event where the egg cell fuses with the male gamete, spermatozoon. After the point of fertilization, the fused product of the female and male gamete is referred to as a zygote or fertilized egg. The fusion of female and male gametes usually occurs following the act of sexual intercourse. Pregnancy rates for sexual intercourse are highest during the menstrual cycle time from some 5 days before until 1 to 2 days after ovulation. Fertilization can also occur by assisted reproductive technology such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation.

Fertilization (conception) is sometimes used as the initiation of pregnancy, with the derived age being termed fertilization age. Fertilization usually occurs about two weeks before the next expected menstrual period.

A third point in time is also considered by some people to be the true beginning of a pregnancy: This is time of implantation, when the future fetus attaches to the lining of the uterus. This is about a week to ten days after fertilization.

Development of embryo and fetus
The sperm and the egg cell, which has been released from one of the female's two ovaries, unite in one of the two Fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg, known as a zygote, then moves toward the uterus, a journey that can take up to a week to complete. Cell division begins approximately 24 to 36 hours after the female and male cells unite. Cell division continues at a rapid rate and the cells then develop into what is known as a blastocyst. The blastocyst arrives at the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall, a process known as implantation.

The development of the mass of cells that will become the infant is called embryogenesis during the first approximately ten weeks of gestation. During this time, cells begin to differentiate into the various body systems. The basic outlines of the organ, body, and nervous systems are established. By the end of the embryonic stage, the beginnings of features such as fingers, eyes, mouth, and ears become visible. Also during this time, there is development of structures important to the support of the embryo, including the placenta and umbilical cord. The placenta connects the developing embryo to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. The umbilical cord is the connecting cord from the embryo or fetus to the placenta.

After about ten weeks of gestational age—which is the same as eight weeks after conception—the embryo becomes known as a fetus. At the beginning of the fetal stage, the risk of miscarriage decreases sharply. At this stage, a fetus is about 30 mm (1.2 inches) in length, the heartbeat is seen via ultrasound, and the fetus makes involuntary motions. During continued fetal development, the early body systems, and structures that were established in the embryonic stage continue to develop. Sex organs begin to appear during the third month of gestation. The fetus continues to grow in both weight and length, although the majority of the physical growth occurs in the last weeks of pregnancy.

Electrical brain activity is first detected between the fifth and sixth week of gestation. It is considered primitive neural activity rather than the beginning of conscious thought. Synapses begin forming at 17 weeks, and begin to multiply quickly at week 28 until 3 to 4 months after birth.

Although the fetus begins to move during the first trimester, it is not until the second trimester that movement, known as quickening, can be felt. This typically happens in the fourth month, more specifically in the 20th to 21st week, or by the 19th week if the woman has been pregnant before. It is common for some women not to feel the fetus move until much later. During the second trimester, most women begin to wear maternity clothes.
• Embryo at 4 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 6 weeks)
• Fetus at 8 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 10 weeks)
• Fetus at 18 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 20 weeks)
• Fetus at 38 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 40 weeks)
• Relative size in 1st month (simplified illustration)
• Relative size in 3rd month (simplified illustration)
• Relative size in 5th month (simplified illustration)
• Relative size in 9th month (simplified illustration)

Maternal changes
During pregnancy, a woman undergoes many physiological changes, which are entirely normal, including behavioral, cardiovascular, hematologic, metabolic, renal, and respiratory changes. Increases in blood sugar, breathing, and cardiac output are all required. Levels of progesterone and estrogens rise continually throughout pregnancy, suppressing the hypothalamic axis and therefore also the menstrual cycle. A full-term pregnancy at an early age reduces the risk of breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer and the risk declines further with each additional full-term pregnancy.

The fetus is genetically different from its mother, and can be viewed as an unusually successful allograft. The main reason for this success is increased immune tolerance during pregnancy. Immune tolerance is the concept that the body is able to not mount an immune system response against certain triggers.

During the first trimester, minute ventilation increases by 40%. The womb will grow to the size of a lemon by eight weeks. Many symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy like nausea and tender breasts appear in the first trimester.

During the second trimester, most women feel more energized, and begin to put on weight as the symptoms of morning sickness subside and eventually fade away. The uterus, the muscular organ that holds the developing fetus, can expand up to 20 times its normal size during pregnancy.

Final weight gain takes place during the third trimester, which is the most weight gain throughout the pregnancy. The woman's abdomen will transform in shape as it drops due to the fetus turning in a downward position ready for birth. During the second trimester, the woman's abdomen would have been upright, whereas in the third trimester it will drop down low. The fetus moves regularly, and is felt by the woman. Fetal movement can become strong and be disruptive to the woman. The woman's navel will sometimes become convex, "popping" out, due to the expanding abdomen.

Head engagement, where the fetal head descends into cephalic presentation, relieves pressure on the upper abdomen with renewed ease in breathing. It also severely reduces bladder capacity, and increases pressure on the pelvic floor and the rectum.

It is also during the third trimester that maternal activity and sleep positions may affect fetal development due to restricted blood flow. For instance, the enlarged uterus may impede blood flow by compressing the vena cava when lying flat, which is relieved by lying on the left side.

Childbirth
Childbirth, referred to as labor and delivery in the medical field, is the process whereby an infant is born.

A woman is considered to be in labour when she begins experiencing regular uterine contractions, accompanied by changes of her cervix—primarily effacement and dilation. While childbirth is widely experienced as painful, some women do report painless labours, while others find that concentrating on the birth helps to quicken labour and lessen the sensations. Most births are successful vaginal births, but sometimes complications arise and a woman may undergo a cesarean section.

During the time immediately after birth, both the mother and the baby are hormonally cued to bond, the mother through the release of oxytocin, a hormone also released during breastfeeding. Studies show that skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn immediately after birth is beneficial for both the mother and baby. A review done by the World Health Organization found that skin-to-skin contact between mothers and babies after birth reduces crying, improves mother–infant interaction, and helps mothers to breastfeed successfully. They recommend that neonates be allowed to bond with the mother during their first two hours after birth, the period that they tend to be more alert than in the following hours of early life.

Childbirth maturity stages
In the ideal childbirth labor begins on its own when a woman is "at term". Events before completion of 37 weeks are considered preterm. Preterm birth is associated with a range of complications and should be avoided if possible.

Sometimes if a woman's water breaks or she has contractions before 39 weeks, birth is unavoidable. However, spontaneous birth after 37 weeks is considered term and is not associated with the same risks of a preterm birth. Planned birth before 39 weeks by caesarean section or labor induction, although "at term", results in an increased risk of complications. This is from factors including underdeveloped lungs of newborns, infection due to underdeveloped immune system, feeding problems due to underdeveloped brain, and jaundice from underdeveloped liver.

Babies born between 39 and 41 weeks' gestation have better outcomes than babies born either before or after this range. This special time period is called "full term". Whenever possible, waiting for labor to begin on its own in this time period is best for the health of the mother and baby. The decision to perform an induction must be made after weighing the risks and benefits, but is safer after 39 weeks.

Events after 42 weeks are considered postterm. When a pregnancy exceeds 42 weeks, the risk of complications for both the woman and the fetus increases significantly. Therefore, in an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy, obstetricians usually prefer to induce labour at some stage between 41 and 42 weeks.

Postnatal period
The postnatal period, also referred to as the puerperium, begins immediat
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