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A researcher, a biologist, and a diver reflect on the many different routes needed for conservation. C onservation can be complex, controversial, and polarizing. But it can also bring together different people from very diverse backgrounds who all want to make a difference. Jim Ritterhoff knows this to be true: As the leader of Force Blue, a marine conservation nonprofit that employs ex-Special Operations soldiers, he believes conservation work can serve a higher, human good beyond just rewilding an island, or restoring a species to health. Challenger is part of the Environmental Awareness Group and is a conservation biologist from Antigua and Barbuda. Her work focuses on protecting endangered species and rewilding these islands. Jeannot, of Lancaster University, is a Ph. Together, they talked about why tents can be essential tools for marine conservation, and how rewilding work can inspire even the most unlikely partners. That gives me the advantage of diving into the topics that interest me the most, and one of these topics is coral reef fish. I was always fascinated by their complexity, beauty, unique role in ecosystems, and the people that depend on them. And they are thriving. They build nests, they raise chicks, lay their eggs, and produce massive amounts of guano. And this guano is full of nutrients that make their way to soils, to plants, and more unexpectedly perhaps, into the marine environments. There, these nutrients serve to fertilize the algaes and corals, and even feed the fish, promoting growth and recovery after disturbances and keeping the reef systems healthy. But unfortunately, in some of the Chagos Islands, there are invasive species. Rats are perhaps the most invasive species in that they practically destroy the ecosystem they enter into. They eat the seabird chicks, the eggs, and sometimes even the adult birds. Another threat to the seabirds on some of the islands is habitat destruction, and on tropical islands that often means coconut plantations. Although we live in an era of unprecedented biodiversity loss, there are still things to be found. The fish benefit from seabird nutrients. Aside from their small size, they have another trait in common which is that they live very fast. They are very tiny, very unassuming, and almost transparent, and they hold the world record for the shortest lived vertebrate on Earth. They live about two months, during which they hatch from their egg, find a mate, reproduce, lay their eggs, and die. These fish are the fuel of coral reef systems. What happens to these fish determines what happens to the coral reef community. One of the few things we know about cryptobenthic fish is that they are very sensitive to local environmental changes, including the nutrients they receive and in particular, seabird nutrients. For example, rat eradication and restoring seabird habitat would likely benefit the cryptobenthic communities. So if we target these populations of fish, we might be able to have an even bigger impact on larger islands and they might benefit from these healthy fish populations, too. Jeannot: We take a camping tent underwater. And then underneath the tent, we put a solution with clove essential oil in it which acts like a fish anesthetic. And so all the fish affected by the anesthetic fall out at the bottom of the tent and we can pick them up with little tweezers and bring them back to the surface to count and study. Doing this can lead to some fascinating discoveries. It might be a brand new species. So although we live in an era of unprecedented biodiversity loss, there are still things to be found and discovered and admired. Turning now to Shanna Challenger—can you tell us more about the Environmental Awareness Group and your work in the Caribbean? Now, Environmental Awareness is our name, but conservation is our game. Our conservation story began on Great Bird Island. On this small island off the northeast coast of our country, we began our conservation efforts in to try and save a critically endangered snake, the Antiguan racer. This harmless and daring reptile was found all across Antigua and Barbuda, but the invasive species that came in during colonization made their numbers plummet. At one point, their numbers were so low, they were actually declared extinct. But then, 50 individuals were found on the Great Bird Island. And so the Environmental Awareness Group and its partners decided to try and save this species from extinction and embarked on the first rat eradication in the Eastern Caribbean, starting on Great Bird Island. Challenger: The racers doubled in numbers, and that was great. But then we realized that the lizards they feed on, the birds that are around there, the vegetation … everything started to thrive. We thought to ourselves: Could we do it again? And we have. Since , we have rewilded 16 additional offshore islands that are mainly made of coral. But we wanted to upscale what we were doing. Redonda is the third island of Antigua and Barbuda. So despite looking like a moonscape and not having much biodiversity left, it was still designated as a key biodiversity area and an important bird area because even though there were very few trees there were still seabirds, including masked boobies that nest there. The cause of all this? Invasive alien species. We believe that these goats were introduced to Redonda during the seabird guano mining era, because there was once a mine there that took the guano, which is high in nitrogen, and sold it for use in different industries, such as for making fertilizer. Once the rats and goats were established, they completely took over and decimated the vegetation, the seabirds, and more. So we thought to ourselves: Can we rewild this island? We sent a team of staff and volunteers to stay for two months on this island and put down rat bait. Within a year, we saw an increase in the vegetation biomass and the diversity of plant species that were there. We also saw an impact on the wildlife, including an increase in the seabirds nesting there; the lizards liked it, too. We also looked at the marinescape around Redonda. And in September we got the Redonda ecosystem reserve declared as a protected area spanning about 74, acres. And, Jim Ritterhoff, can you explain what Force Blue is, and introduce yourself? It is the only nonprofit organization, that we know of anyway, that retrains and redeploys former Special Operations veterans, all of whom are military trained combat divers, to work alongside scientists and environmentalists on marine conservation missions. We think of our mission as a two-part mission. One is to heal the ocean. And the second is to heal ourselves. For me, it was an inspiration to want to get into the ocean and get involved in marine conservation. But something that few people know about Jacques Cousteau and his crew, is that they were all trained as part of the Commando Hubert, which were the French frogmen. So we are taking that same idea of using the same skill set for marine conservation. And since we began in and in the seven years since, we have deployed dozens of Special Operations veterans on more than 30 impact missions around the United States and throughout the Caribbean. These are companies that got involved in marine conservation because of our story. The veteran angle can be the spoonful of sugar that helps the medicine go down for a lot of people who might not be initially interested in marine conservation. You go to places of sacrifice and suffering. A team and a mission can help you get past all of that. The scientists and marine biologists on the front line here, they are under-resourced. But as a military force with a sense of mission and purpose, we can bring our skills to bear and focus less on veteran problems, and more on veteran potential. What role do zoos, aquariums, and museums play in your work, and how could they play a role in the future? Ritterhoff: When we were out in Arizona doing the invasive snail project, we teamed up with the OdySea Aquarium in Scottsdale. The kelp forest project we did in California was with an aquarium that is in the Los Angeles Harbor. Our first question is always who, in the local area, are the subject matter experts? Who has a project we can get involved in? But we need the scientists to collaborate with us. Just going further into the work of public aquariums, we know that millions of people go to zoos and aquariums each year. And partnering with them can get projects a lot of exposure, right? Jeannot: Cryptobenthic fish are perfect subjects for aquariums. Gathering public interest about these critters would be the first step to getting people interested in doing the work and getting more funding. We need new research ventures to try and find new species and understand their underlying mechanisms. Aquariums are a great place to go for this. But we do rely heavily on partnerships to get our work done. Re:wild, to name one. In conservation, having these collaborations and partnerships is crucial. We relied on the private sector, the community, and other partners to see that come to fruition. Can you tell us more about that? We have a project called a floating classrooms initiative, for example. A lot of people have never been on a boat before. So the floating classroom takes students out of the regular classroom and to the water. So they can touch, smell, taste, feel these ecosystems, feel the species that are there and have these lasting experiences that can, we hope, change their hearts and minds. One of our key collaborations is with the Ministry of Education. Our information and work on our offshore islands is now in the primary school curriculum. This knowledge is going to a new generation. We want the next generation of conservationists to paint a vibrant masterpiece of hope, resilience, and community stewardship for their ecosystems. It resonated a lot with me. Challenger: One idea I really resonated with was that for some conservation projects with seabirds on islands, you need to do more than eradicate rats or whatever invasive species—you need to also reintroduce the birds. And then, showing how an atoll or an offshore island is connected to the mainland, that is very important. It can be hard showing people who live on the mainland why the offshore islands matter, so if we can show how they influence their lives, that will help change hearts and minds. And it is important to share those wins. But to get to that point, you need to fail many times. In science, we often only publish research where we achieve something or find something new. Can you share any unique ways or ideas to get the word out about the projects you and other conservationists are doing? Ritterhoff: Every time we deploy we bring a camera crew. And our story is unique enough, we can usually get eyeballs. But about every two years or so I get a call from someone who wants to do a TV show about Force Blue because it sounds sexy: Special Operations veterans doing marine conservation work! But then I start to tell them what we actually do: coral outplanting, invasive species removal, or marine debris removal. Can you tell us if other Caribbean countries are getting involved in the work you are doing, using Antigua and Barbuda as a model? Challenger: Yes, for example, Anguilla, St. Lucia, St. A silver lining of the COVID pandemic in was that we had to really stop relying on people coming from overseas. Luckily for my organization, we had this local conservation capacity and our work never stopped. We also offer regional exchanges. For example, recently members of the St. Lucia National Trust came over to help with our Antiguan racer snake census. Can you tell us about your work with scientists and the knowledge exchange that you have with scientists? Ritterhoff: We always have a scientific partner when we go on a mission, but beyond just teaching them something or sharing something, we try to build community. I am reminded of a turtle researcher we worked with. What we share is a belief in serving the planet and making the world a better place, but also we want to give people a sense of belonging to something bigger than themselves. Give people a mission for good, and it is intoxicating. Posted on August 30, He joined the Frost Museum after four decades at the New England Aquarium as an aquarist and curator of fishes. Access unlimited ad-free stories, including this one, by becoming a Nautilus member. Access unlimited ad-free stories like this one, and support independent journalism, by becoming a Nautilus member. To read this story, sign up for the free Nautilus newsletter: science and culture for people who love beautiful writing. Nautilus Members enjoy an ad-free experience. Log in or Join now. Communication The Varied Roads to Rewilding A researcher, a biologist, and a diver reflect on the many different routes needed for conservation. Sign up for the free Nautilus newsletter:. Sign up for free. Steven Bailey Posted on August 30, Get the Nautilus newsletter Cutting-edge science, unraveled by the very brightest living thinkers. Join now. There is not an active subscription associated with that email address. Already a member? Log in.

The Varied Roads to Rewilding

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