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What is Free Evolution?
Free evolution is the concept that the natural processes of living organisms can lead them to evolve over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species.
Many examples have been given of this, including various varieties of fish called sticklebacks that can be found in salt or fresh water, as well as walking stick insect varieties that favor particular host plants. These typically reversible traits do not explain the fundamental changes in the body's basic plans.
Evolution by Natural Selection
The evolution of the myriad living organisms on Earth is an enigma that has fascinated scientists for many centuries. The most well-known explanation is Darwin's natural selection, a process that is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more successfully than those that are less well-adapted. As time passes, a group of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually creates a new species.
Natural selection is a cyclical process that involves the interaction of three elements that are inheritance, variation and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction both of which increase the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance is the transfer of a person's genetic characteristics to his or her offspring that includes dominant and recessive alleles. Reproduction is the process of creating fertile, viable offspring. This can be accomplished via sexual or asexual methods.
Natural selection can only occur when all of these factors are in balance. If, for instance the dominant gene allele makes an organism reproduce and last longer than the recessive gene allele The dominant allele will become more prevalent in a population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or decreases the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. The process is self reinforcing which means that an organism with an adaptive trait will live and reproduce more quickly than those with a maladaptive feature. The more offspring an organism can produce, the greater its fitness, which is measured by its capacity to reproduce and survive. People with desirable characteristics, such as the long neck of the giraffe, or bright white patterns on male peacocks, are more likely than others to live and reproduce, which will eventually lead to them becoming the majority.
Natural selection only acts on populations, not individual organisms. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which states that animals acquire characteristics through use or disuse. If a giraffe stretches its neck to catch prey, and the neck becomes longer, then the children will inherit this characteristic. The length difference between generations will persist until the giraffe's neck becomes too long to no longer breed with other giraffes.
Evolution through Genetic Drift
In the process of genetic drift, alleles within a gene can be at different frequencies in a population through random events. Eventually, one of them will reach fixation (become so common that it cannot be eliminated through natural selection), while the other alleles drop to lower frequencies. This could lead to a dominant allele at the extreme. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity decreases to zero. In a small population this could lead to the complete elimination of the recessive gene. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect and is typical of the evolution process that occurs when an enormous number of individuals move to form a group.
A phenotypic bottleneck could occur when survivors of a disaster such as an epidemic or mass hunting event, are condensed into a small area. The survivors will be largely homozygous for the dominant allele which means they will all have the same phenotype and will therefore have the same fitness traits. This may be caused by a war, an earthquake or even a cholera outbreak. The genetically distinct population, if it remains, could be susceptible to genetic drift.
Walsh, Lewens and Ariew define drift as a deviation from the expected value due to differences in fitness. They provide the famous case of twins that are genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype. However one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other continues to reproduce.
This type of drift can play a significant part in the evolution of an organism. However, it's not the only way to progress. Natural selection is the primary alternative, in which mutations and migration maintain phenotypic diversity within the population.
Stephens argues that there is a significant difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or as a cause and considering other causes of evolution such as mutation, selection and migration as causes or causes. 무료에볼루션 claims that a causal process account of drift permits us to differentiate it from these other forces, and that this distinction is vital. He further argues that drift has a direction, that is it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by the size of population.
Evolution by Lamarckism
When high school students study biology, they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution, also referred to as “Lamarckism” which means that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms through adopting traits that result from the use and abuse of an organism. Lamarckism is typically illustrated with the image of a giraffe that extends its neck longer to reach the higher branches in the trees. This would cause giraffes to give their longer necks to offspring, who would then get taller.
Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In click through the following article for his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he presented an original idea that fundamentally challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. In his view living things had evolved from inanimate matter through the gradual progression of events. Lamarck wasn't the first to make this claim however he was widely considered to be the first to provide the subject a comprehensive and general overview.
The dominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism fought during the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately won, leading to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired traits can be passed down through generations and instead argues organisms evolve by the influence of environment factors, including Natural Selection.
Lamarck and his contemporaries believed in the idea that acquired characters could be passed on to the next generation. However, this notion was never a key element of any of their theories about evolution. This is due in part to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.
It's been more than 200 years since the birth of Lamarck and in the field of genomics there is a growing evidence-based body of evidence to support the heritability of acquired traits. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more generally epigenetic inheritance. It is a version of evolution that is just as relevant as the more popular neo-Darwinian model.
Evolution through the process of adaptation
One of the most widespread misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a type of struggle to survive. This is a false assumption and ignores other forces driving evolution. The struggle for survival is more effectively described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment, which can be a struggle that involves not only other organisms but as well the physical environment.
Understanding how adaptation works is essential to understand evolution. It is a feature that allows a living thing to live in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physiological structure, like feathers or fur, or a behavioral trait like moving to the shade during the heat or leaving at night to avoid cold.
An organism's survival depends on its ability to draw energy from the environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism must possess the right genes to generate offspring, and it should be able to locate sufficient food and other resources. In addition, the organism should be capable of reproducing at an optimal rate within its niche.
These factors, along with mutation and gene flow can result in changes in the ratio of alleles (different forms of a gene) in a population's gene pool. As time passes, this shift in allele frequencies can lead to the emergence of new traits and eventually new species.
A lot of the traits we admire in plants and animals are adaptations. For instance lung or gills that extract oxygen from air, fur and feathers as insulation, long legs to run away from predators, and camouflage to hide. To comprehend adaptation it is crucial to differentiate between physiological and behavioral traits.
Physiological adaptations like thick fur or gills are physical characteristics, whereas behavioral adaptations, such as the tendency to seek out companions or to move to the shade during hot weather, aren't. Furthermore, it is important to remember that a lack of thought does not make something an adaptation. A failure to consider the effects of a behavior even if it appears to be logical, can make it inflexible.