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What is Free Evolution?
Free evolution is the concept that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. This includes the appearance and development of new species.
This has been demonstrated by numerous examples of stickleback fish species that can live in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect species that have a preference for particular host plants. These mostly reversible trait permutations can't, however, be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans.
Evolution by Natural Selection
The development of the myriad living creatures on Earth is a mystery that has intrigued scientists for many centuries. The most widely accepted explanation is that of Charles Darwin's natural selection, an evolutionary process that is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more successfully than those that are less well adapted. As time passes, the number of individuals who are well-adapted grows and eventually develops into an entirely new species.
Natural selection is an ongoing process that is characterized by the interaction of three factors that are inheritance, variation and reproduction. Mutation and sexual reproduction increase the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance is the term used to describe the transmission of genetic characteristics, which includes recessive and dominant genes to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of generating fertile, viable offspring. This can be accomplished through sexual or asexual methods.
All of these factors have to be in equilibrium for natural selection to occur. For example when a dominant allele at one gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more frequently than the recessive allele, the dominant allele will become more prominent within the population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or decreases the fertility of the population, it will disappear. The process is self-reinforced, which means that an organism that has a beneficial trait can reproduce and survive longer than an individual with an unadaptive trait. The more offspring an organism can produce the more fit it is which is measured by its capacity to reproduce itself and survive. Individuals with favorable characteristics, such as a long neck in the giraffe, or bright white color patterns on male peacocks are more likely than others to live and reproduce which eventually leads to them becoming the majority.
Natural selection only acts on populations, not individuals. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which states that animals acquire characteristics through use or neglect. If 에볼루션 블랙잭 extends its neck in order to catch prey and the neck grows larger, then its offspring will inherit this characteristic. The differences in neck length between generations will continue until the giraffe's neck becomes so long that it can no longer breed with other giraffes.
Evolution by Genetic Drift
Genetic drift occurs when alleles of the same gene are randomly distributed within a population. At some point, one will attain fixation (become so common that it can no longer be removed through natural selection) and other alleles fall to lower frequencies. In extreme cases this, it leads to a single allele dominance. Other alleles have been virtually eliminated and heterozygosity been reduced to a minimum. In a small population, this could result in the complete elimination of recessive gene. Such a scenario would be called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that occurs when a lot of individuals migrate to form a new group.
A phenotypic bottleneck may also occur when survivors of a disaster like an outbreak or mass hunt incident are concentrated in a small area. The survivors will carry an allele that is dominant and will share the same phenotype. This situation could be caused by war, earthquakes, or even plagues. Whatever the reason the genetically distinct population that remains could be susceptible to genetic drift.
Walsh, Lewens and Ariew define drift as a deviation from the expected value due to differences in fitness. They cite a famous instance of twins who are genetically identical, have identical phenotypes, and yet one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces.
This kind of drift can be crucial in the evolution of an entire species. This isn't the only method of evolution. Natural selection is the most common alternative, where mutations and migration maintain the phenotypic diversity of a population.
Stephens asserts that there is a big difference between treating drift as a force or as a cause and treating other causes of evolution like selection, mutation, and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal process explanation of drift allows us to distinguish it from other forces, and this distinction is vital. He further argues that drift has both an orientation, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by the size of the population.
Evolution by Lamarckism
In high school, students study biology, they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution, also called "Lamarckism, states that simple organisms transform into more complex organisms through inheriting characteristics that result from the use and abuse of an organism. Lamarckism can be demonstrated by the giraffe's neck being extended to reach higher levels of leaves in the trees. This could cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to their offspring, who would then become taller.
Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology held at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he presented an innovative concept that completely challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. According Lamarck, living organisms evolved from inanimate materials through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this could be the case, but he is widely seen as being the one who gave the subject his first comprehensive and comprehensive analysis.
The popular narrative is that Lamarckism grew into an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection, and that the two theories battled each other in the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately prevailed, leading to what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited, and instead suggests that organisms evolve through the selective action of environmental factors, including natural selection.
Although Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance by acquired characters, and his contemporaries also spoke of this idea, it was never a central element in any of their evolutionary theories. This is partly because it was never scientifically tested.
However, it has been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age of genomics, there is a large amount of evidence that supports the possibility of inheritance of acquired traits. It is sometimes referred to as "neo-Lamarckism" or more often epigenetic inheritance. It is a variant of evolution that is as relevant as the more popular Neo-Darwinian model.
Evolution by the process of adaptation
One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is being driven by a struggle for survival. This view is a misrepresentation of natural selection and ignores the other forces that are driving evolution. The fight for survival can be more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment, which may include not just other organisms but also the physical environment.
To understand how evolution works it is important to think about what adaptation is. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows living organisms to survive in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physiological feature, such as feathers or fur or a behavior such as a tendency to move into shade in the heat or leaving at night to avoid cold.
An organism's survival depends on its ability to draw energy from the environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism should possess the right genes for producing offspring and to be able to access sufficient food and resources. The organism must also be able reproduce itself at a rate that is optimal for its specific niche.
These elements, along with mutations and gene flow can result in an alteration in the ratio of different alleles within the population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequencies can result in the development of new traits and ultimately new species.
Many of the characteristics we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, for example, lung or gills for removing oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to provide insulation, long legs for running away from predators, and camouflage for hiding. To comprehend adaptation, it is important to distinguish between behavioral and physiological characteristics.
Physiological adaptations like the thick fur or gills are physical traits, while behavioral adaptations, such as the tendency to search for friends or to move to shade in hot weather, aren't. It is important to note that the absence of planning doesn't cause an adaptation. A failure to consider the effects of a behavior even if it seems to be rational, could cause it to be unadaptive.