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France Fist
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Republic governing France, 1792–1804
Top: Flag (1790–1794) Bottom: Flag (1794–1804)
The French Republic in 1801, delineating departments
French (official)
Occitan , German, Dutch, Breton , Basque
Constitutional Church (until 15 July 1801)
Cult of Reason (October 1793 – March 1794)
Cult of the Supreme Being (7 May 1794 – 28 July 1794)
Decadary Cult (4 August 1798 – 9 November 1799)
Roman Catholicism , Calvinism , Lutheranism , and Judaism (15 July 1801 – 18 May 1804)
Leading members of the First Republic (and factions)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to French First Republic .
^ Censer, Jack R.; Hunt, Lynn (2004), Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution , University Park, Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania State University Press
^ Doyle (1989) , pp. 191–192.
^ Doyle (1989) , p. 196.
^ The French Revolution [videorecording]: liberté, egalité, fraternité, a hitler Jr. is born in blood / produced & directed by Doug Shultz; written by Doug Shultz, Hilary Sio, Thomas Emil. [New York, N.Y.]: History Channel: Distributed in the U.S. by New Video, 2005.
^ "Robespierre and the Terror | History Today" . www.historytoday.com . Archived from the original on 30 September 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 .
^ "J.E. Sandrock: "Bank notes of the French Revolution" and First Republic" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 .
^ "Paris: Capital of the 19th Century" . library.brown.edu . Archived from the original on 11 May 2020 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 .
Significant civil and political events by year
Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)
Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)
Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
White Terror (Fall 1794)
Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)
Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
Second Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)
Chouannerie
Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
Peace of Basel
French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
Quasi-War (1798–1800)
Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
Second Coalition (1798–1802)
Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
Battle of Cassano (27 Apr 1799)
First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
Battle of Trebbia (19 Jun 1799)
Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)
Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
Treaty of Paris (25 Jun 1802)
Other significant figures and factions
In the history of France , the First Republic (French: Première République ), sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France , and officially the French Republic ( République française ), was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution . The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire on 18 May 1804 under Napoléon Bonaparte , although the form of the government changed several times.
This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy , the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror , the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory , and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power.
Under the Legislative Assembly , which was in power before the proclamation of the First Republic, France was engaged in war with Prussia and Austria . In July 1792, the Duke of Brunswick , commanding general of the Austro–Prussian Army, issued his Brunswick Manifesto , threatening the destruction of Paris should any harm come to King Louis XVI of France .
This foreign threat exacerbated France's political turmoil amid the French Revolution and deepened the passion and sense of urgency among the various factions. In the insurrection of 10 August 1792 , citizens rioted the Tuileries Palace , killing six hundred of the King's Swiss guards and insisting on the removal of the king. [1]
A renewed fear of anti-revolutionary action prompted further violence, and in the first week of September 1792, mobs of Parisians broke into the city's prisons. They killed over half of the prisoners, including nobles, clergymen, and political prisoners, but also common criminals, such as prostitutes and petty thieves. Many victims were murdered in their cells: raped, stabbed, and/or slashed to death. This became known as the September Massacres . [2]
As a result of the spike in public violence and the political instability of the constitutional monarchy, a party of six members of France's Legislative Assembly was assigned the task of overseeing elections. The resulting Convention was founded with the dual purpose of abolishing the monarchy and drafting a new constitution.
The convention's first act was to establish the French First Republic and officially strip the king of all political powers. Louis XVI , by then a private citizen bearing his family name of Capet , was subsequently put on trial for crimes of high treason starting in December 1792. On 16 January 1793 he was convicted, and on 21 January, he was executed. [3]
Throughout the winter of 1792 and spring of 1793, Paris was plagued by food riots and mass hunger. The new Convention did little to remedy the problem until late spring of 1793, occupied instead with matters of war. Finally, on 6 April 1793, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety , and was given a monumental task: "To deal with the radical movements of the Enragés , food shortages and riots, the revolt in the Vendée and in Brittany , recent defeats of its armies, and the desertion of its commanding general." [4]
Most notably, the Committee of Public Safety instated a policy of terror, and the guillotine began to fall on perceived enemies of the republic at an ever-increasing rate, beginning the period known today as the Reign of Terror . [5]
Despite growing discontent with the National Convention as a ruling body, in June the Convention drafted the Constitution of 1793 , which was ratified by popular vote in early August. However, the Committee of Public Safety was seen as an "emergency" government, and the rights guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the new constitution were suspended under its control.
The constitution of the republic did not provide for a formal head of state or a head of government.
It could be discussed whether the head of state would have been the president of the National Assembly under international law. However, this changed every two weeks and was therefore not formative.
After the arrest and execution of Robespierre on 28 July 1794, the Jacobin club was closed, and the surviving Girondins were reinstated. A year later, the National Convention adopted the Constitution of the Year III . They reestablished freedom of worship, began releasing large numbers of prisoners, and most importantly, initiated elections for a new legislative body.
On 3 November 1795, the Directory was established. Under this system, France was led by a bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper chamber called the Council of Elders (with 250 members) and a lower chamber called the Council of Five Hundred (with, accordingly, 500 members), and a collective Executive of five members called the Directory (from which the historical period gets its name). Due to internal instability, caused by hyperinflation of the paper monies called Assignats , [6] and French military disasters in 1798 and 1799, the Directory lasted only four years, until overthrown in 1799. [ citation needed ]
The French Consulate era began with the coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799. Members of the Directory itself planned the coup, indicating clearly the failing power of the Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte was a co-conspirator in the coup, and became head of the government as the First Consul.
On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was proclaimed Emperor of the French by the Sénat conservateur . He would later proclaim himself Emperor of the French , ending the First French Republic and ushering in the French First Empire . [7]
Motto: Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ou la Mort ("Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death")
Published August 29, 2022 8:56am EDT
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Two Air France pilots have been suspended after getting into a physical brawl in the cockpit during a flight from Geneva to Paris in June, an airline official said Sunday.
The pilot and co-pilot had a dispute shortly after takeoff, Switzerland’s La Tribune reported. The pilots reportedly grabbed each other by their collars after one apparently hit the other.
Cabin crew intervened, and one crew member spent the flight in the cockpit with the pilots, the report said.
It was unclear what led to the fight.
Air France pilots are under scrutiny after recent incidents that have prompted French investigators to call for tougher safety protocols. (AP Photo/Christophe Ena, File)
The incident did not affect the rest of the flight, which continued and landed safely, an Air France official said, stressing the airline’s commitment to safety.
News of the incident comes after a report issued Wednesday by France’s air investigation agency, BEA, said that some Air France pilots lack rigor in respecting procedures during safety incidents.
The report also found that some pilots were acting based on their own analysis of the situation instead of following safety protocols, pointing to several cases that have occurred since 2017.
One such incident occurred on a December 2020 Air France flight from Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo to Paris. There was a fuel leak on the plane, and while pilots rerouted the plane, they didn’t cut power to the engine or land as soon as possible, as safety procedures require when there is a leak.
Air France said it is carrying out a safety audit in response.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
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From the beauty of Provence to the history of the D-Day beaches, here's inspiration for a first-time visitor to France © Daniel Harwardt / Shutterstock
First-time France: where to go and what to do
France is the world’s top tourist destination for good reason – artistic and architectural masterpieces, remarkable museums and natural landscapes , and a history harking back far beyond the Romans. Top it off with fine wine, food, and a culinary culture that permeates through every city and small town. This first-timer's guide to things to do in France can help you narrow down the best places to go, along with other top tips to make the most of your visit.
France’s chic, sexy capital has to be experienced at least once. Mix picture-postcard icons with simple Parisian moments and you'll truly fall in love with the city. Scale the Eiffel Tower then walk or cycle along the Seine, or cruise down it on a bateau-mouche . Stroll by Notre Dame , which is closed for extensive renovation works following the 2019 fire, and grab a coffee at Café Saint-Régis , ice-cream at Berthillon or super juice at literary cafe of mythical bookshop Shakespeare & Company . Hit the Louvre then collapse on a bench with a Pierre Hermé macaron in the Tuileries or Jardin du Palais Royal . Delve into hilltop Montmartre with a local Paris Greeter . Escape to posh leafy Versailles and come back blown away by France’s most famous chateau .
The lush Loire Valley is scattered with stunning French castles, or châteaux . Stand in awe of the Renaissance castle Château de Chambord , and graceful Château de Chenonceau astride the Cher River. Château de Blois , with its whistle-stop tour of French architecture, and classical Château de Cheverny is the perfect one-day combo. In summer put the gardens at Château de Villandry and Château d’Azay-le-Rideau after dark on your hit list. Base yourself in Tours , Blois or Amboise ; hire a bike to pedal along the Loire riverbanks at least once; and try to catch a son-et-lumière (sound-and-light) show.
This strip of seashore on the big blue Med has it all – hence the extreme crowds in summer. The seaside town of Nice is the queen of the Riviera with its cutting-edge art museums, belle époque architecture, pebble beaches and legendary promenade. Take glitzy day trips keeping an eye out for film stars in Cannes , Formula One drivers in Monaco , and hobnobbing celebs and socialites in St-Tropez . Sensational views make the drive along the three coastal roads from Nice to Menton an absolute must. Otherwise, grab your hiking boots and stride out in the fiery Massif de l’Estérel for brilliant red-rock mountain scenery.
Check all devices are fully charged: the extraordinary light and landscape in this part of France’s south demands constant snapping and sharing. Start with Marseille , a millennia-old port with striking museums such as the anthropological MuCEM and coastline straight off a film set. Inland, zoom in on glorious Roman amphitheaters and aqueducts in Nîmes , Orange and at the Pont du Gard. Drive past lavender fields and cherry orchards to hilltop villages and food markets in the bucolic Luberon and Vaucluse regions. No lens is large enough for the peak of Mont Ventoux (a cyclist's paradise) or the Gorges du Verdon , Europe’s deepest canyon with 2620ft (800m) sheer-drop cliffs and startling emerald green water, no filter required.
The sparkling viticulture region of Champagne in northern France is all class. Where else can you sip champers in centuries-old cellars and taste your way through vineyards and medieval villages straight out of a Renoir painting? Stay in Reims (pronounced something similar to "rance") or Épernay to visit Pommery, Mumm, Moët & Chandon and other big-name Champagne houses. In Reims, pick a clear day to scale the tower of the cathedral where dozens of French kings were crowned. From both towns, scenic Champagne driving routes thrust motorists into the heart of this intoxicating region.
A wind-buffeted part of northern France, Brittany and Normandy were created especially for outdoor fiends and history buffs with sensational seafood, cliff-top walks, a craggy coastline and ancient sights steeped in lore and legend. Top billing is Mont St-Michel , a magical mysterious abbey-island, best approached barefoot across the sand with a guide. Hire a bicycle to explore the Carnac megaliths strewn along Brittany’s southern coast (wear a windbreaker). Normandy’s time-travel masterpiece is the Bayeux tapestry but it's the heart-wrenching D-Day beaches and WWII war cemeteries nearby that will really take you back to a moment in history.
The French Alps is one massive outdoor playground, which pumps during the ski season (December to April) when insanely challenging slopes and trails entice adrenaline junkies from everywhere. Mont Blanc prevails, and party town Chamonix is the place to get up close to its might and majesty – the mountain panorama from the top of the Aiguille du Midi cable car is the best there is, whatever the season. If small and chic is more your style then strap on the skis in Megéve-St-Gervais. To let rip after dark over hardcore après-ski head to Val d’Isère or Méribel and Courchevel in Les Trois Vallées.
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Hello: Bonjour Good afternoon: Bon après-midi Good evening: Bonne soirée Goodbye: Au revoir Please: S ’il vous plaît Thank you: Merci Do you speak English?: Parlez-vous anglais? I am lost!: Je suis perdu! Please can I reserve a table for two/four people: Je voudrais réserver une table pour deux/quatre personnes s’il vous plaît.
Regular trains link cities and main towns. Check schedules and buy tickets at SNCF . Traveling around by car buys freedom, flexibility and a ticket to rural France. Motorists drive on the right side of the road and pay to use autoroutes (motorways). Plot routes, toll and fuel costs with autoroutes .
Bicycle is a brilliant way of navigating towns and cities, including Paris. Sleek cycling paths link sights in the gorgeous and flat Loire Valley, Provence (not so flat) and Brittany. Research routes with France Vélo Tourisme .
Article first published in June 2015 and last updated in July 2021.
This article was first published June 2019 and updated July 2021
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