Fragrance Of His Wife

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Mrs. Spring Fragrance
“Mrs. Spring Fragrance” is the title story in Sui Sin Far’s first and only collection of short stories, Mrs. Spring Fragrance, published in 1912. The collection also contains twenty stories about children, collectively known as “Tales of Chinese Children.” As a whole, the collection discusses issues of racism, assimilation, and the alienation of Chinese Americans in North America. The title story describes the matchmaking tendencies of a recent arrival to the United States, who eagerly assimilates American customs and language and meddles in the lives of her neighbors. Through this character sketch of a young married Chinese woman, Far also subtly satirizes the patronizing attitude of the policies of the United States government and its citizens towards Asian immigrants. Mrs. Spring Fragrance’s wry and insightful observations of the incidents in her neighborhood are heavily ironic.
The other stories in Mrs. Spring Fragrance also express the struggle of Chinese Americans to find identity in an oppressive society, particularly from a woman’s point of view. Sui Sin Far, a pseudonym of Edith Maude Eaton, was born of a Chinese mother and a British father and moved to the United States at a young age, eventually becoming a journalist in the Pacific Northwest and in Canada. Keenly aware of her heritage, Far embraced her Chinese roots in an era when many were quick to become as American as possible. Writing under the pseudonym Sui Sin Far instantly identified her as an immigrant, and lent credence to her writings, which were often social commentaries on the state of immigrant life in the still-growing United States.
Sui Sin Far was born in England in 1865 as Edith Maude Eaton. She was the eldest of fourteen children born to an English shipping merchant, Edward Eaton, and Grace Trefusis Eaton, a Chinese woman whom Edward met on his frequent business trips to Shanghai. Proud of her Chinese heritage, Far’s mother often went by the name Lotus Blossom. Far’s father had studied art in France, and her mother was an orphan raised by Christian missionaries in China. The Eaton family lived primarily in England and Canada, where Far went to school. Even though her given name was British, and her appearance was not markedly Chinese, Far she proudly claimed her Chinese identity. She recounts the painful anxiety of being a Eurasian in her 1909 autobiographical sketch, Leaves from the Mental Portfolio of an Eurasian, first published in the New York newspaper The Independent:
The question of nationality perplexes my little [childhood] brain. Why are we what we are? I and my brothers and sisters? Why did God make us to be hooted and stared at? Papa is English, Mamma is Chinese. Why couldn’t we have been either one thing or the other? Why is my mother’s race despised. I look into the faces of my father and mother. Is she not every bit as dear and good as he? Why? Why?. . . I do not confide in my father and mother. They would not understand. How could they? He is English, she is Chinese. I am different to both of them—a stranger, tho their own child.
Living in Canada, her family suffered several financial setbacks and Far had to leave school at the age of ten to work. Though her formal education had ended, she spent several hours a day with Mrs. William Darling, a family friend, who tutored her in French and music. In a 1912 article in The Boston Globe, entitled, “Sui Sin Far the Half Chinese Writer, Tells of Her Career,” Far recalled: “I, now in my 11th year, entered into two lives, one devoted entirely to family concerns; the other, a withdrawn life of thought and musing.” She spent her adolescence occupied in odd jobs like crocheting lace and selling her father’s paintings. She suffered a debilitating illness at age 14 that required a lengthy period of bedrest and which she describes as, “affect[ing] both head and heart and retard[ing] development both mentally and physically.” This illness made her prone to attacks of fever for the rest of her life and exacerbated her later development of inflammatory rheumatism.
At age eighteen, Far got a job at The Montreal Star as a typesetter and later worked in several law offices as a stenographer. She traveled to Jamaica as a reporter and lived in San Francisco, Seattle, Los Angeles, and Boston, returning often to Montreal to visit her family. All the while, Far was writing short stories and nurturing her ambition to write a book about the Chinese-American experience. She met many influential figures in the various offices in which she worked, and they encouraged her to publish her stories in local papers. Her early fiction was published in newspapers such as The Montreal Daily Witness, The Montreal Daily Star, The Dominion Illustrated, Texas Liftings, and The Detroit Free Press. Not all of these stories dealt with the Chinese immigrant experience, but the few that did often expressed controversial opinions such as “The Land of the Free,” which later became an entry in Mrs. Spring Fragrance. Far was able to express her opinions because she often did not sign her newspaper submissions. In her later writing career, Far, who had been writing under the name Edith Maude Eaton, took on her pen name and definitive identity as a Chinese-American woman and dedicated her works to exploring—and vindicating—the Chinese American experience.
In San Francisco, Far immersed herself in Chinatown, the largest concentration of Chinese people outside of China. Far commented in her Boston Globe article that life in San Francisco nearly cured her weak health: “I fell in love with the City of the Golden Gate . . . the place in which all the old ache in my bones fell away from them, never to return again.” She moved to Seattle where she worked in a Chinese mission school, to Los Angeles, and then finally to Boston where she hoped to work on her book. Far commented in the Boston Globe on her final conviction to dedicate herself to writing her book on Chinese Americans: “a shock of sudden grief so unfitted me for mechanical work [stenography, typesetting etc.] that I determined to emancipate myself from the torture of writing other people’s thoughts and words with a heart full of my own.” She wrote this article in May of 1912 and was anticipating the publication of Mrs. Spring Fragrance as well as the forthcoming The Dream of a Lifetime, which was never published. Far died in
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1914, two years after the article was printed. Of her sojourn to Boston, Far wrote: “I came here with the intention of publishing a book and planting a few Eurasian thoughts in Western literature.”
Although Mrs. Spring Fragrance has lived in Seattle for only five years, her husband says “There are no more American words for her learning.” Having quickly become skilled at the English language and American customs, Mrs. Spring Fragrance has become friendly with a young woman who lives next door, Laura, who is the eighteen-year-old daughter of Chinese immigrants. Laura’s parents, the Chin Yuens, have decided to adhere to Chinese tradition and have their daughter marry a man she has never met. Laura confides in Mrs. Spring Fragrance that she does not want to marry the young man, the son of a Chinese schoolteacher, because she is in love with Kai Tzu, an American who likes to play baseball and sing popular songs. Giving advice to a young lovelorn friend, Mrs. Spring Fragrance quotes Tennyson: “Tis better to have loved and lost. Than never to have loved at all.”
Puzzled upon overhearing these lines of poetry, Mr. Spring Fragrance, who has been eavesdropping on his wife, seeks an interpretation from his white American neighbor, a student at the University of Washington. Mr. Spring Fragrance is even more confused at the student’s careless interpretation and declares angrily: “The truth of the teaching! . . . There is no truth in it whatever. It is disobedient to reason. Is it not better to have what you do not love than to love what you do not have?” Mr. Spring Fragrance decides that American logic is plagued with “unwisdom.”
Shortly thereafter, Mrs. Spring Fragrance travels to San Francisco to visit her cousin. While there, she arranges for Laura’s finance, the man she does not want to marry, to meet Ah Oi, who is known as the most beautiful girl in San Francisco. Just as Mrs. Spring Fragrance has intended, Ah Oi and the schoolmaster’s son fall in love and get married. Mrs. Spring Fragrance writes an exuberant letter to Laura telling her the good news. Now, Laura is free to marry her true love, Kai Tzu. She also writes a letter to Mr. Spring Fragrance, ingratiatingly asking him if she can stay in San Francisco another week so she can make fudge for a festival. She also adds a few details about a lecture she has attended, called “America—the Protector of China!” Sarcastically, she asks her husband to forget that the barber charges him a dollar for what he charges an American only fifteen cents, and for the government detaining his brother rather than letting him stay with the Spring Fragrances; “he is protected under the wing of the Eagle, the Emblem of Liberty.”
Still pondering the “unwise” poetry, Mr. Spring Fragrance begins to worry when his wife extends her stay in San Francisco. He has received a letter from a friend who writes that he has seen Mrs. Spring Fragrance many times together with Man You, the schoolmaster’s handsome son. Unaware that his wife is matchmaking Man You and Ah Oi on Laura’s behalf, Mr. Spring Fragrance suspects that his wife is having an affair. He questions the university student again about the mysterious lines of poetry, and comes to the conclusion that Mrs. Spring Fragrance has gone to San Francisco to find the “love that she has lost.” Angrily, he plans to invite some men over for a party to get his mind off his seemingly unfaithful wife.
When Mrs. Spring Fragrance at last returns, her husband is rude and gruff. He barely speaks to her and pretends that he must rush off to take care of business. Mrs. Spring Fragrance is surprised at his behavior, but hides her hurt emotions. Laura, having seen Mrs. Spring Fragrance arrive, runs over to hug and thank her for her efforts on her behalf. While the women are talking, Mr. Spring Fragrance overhears their conversation and realizes that he has been mistaken about his wife’s infidelity. After Laura leaves, Mr. Spring Fragrance sheepishly tells his wife that he is very happy about Laura and Kai Tzu. Surprised at her usually business-minded husband’s interest in romance, Mrs. Spring Fragrance happily declares: “You must have been reading my American poetry books!” At this remark, Mr. Spring Fragrance exclaims: “American poetry is detestable, abhorrable!” Confused, Mrs. Spring Fragrance asks why he has formed a hatred for American poetry, but he only answers by giving her as an anniversary present a beautiful jade pendant that she once admired in a jewelry store window.
Ah Oi is described as the prettiest young woman in San Francisco. She is quite popular and Mrs. Spring Fragrance introduces her to Man You knowing that he will easily fall in love with her beauty and charm. When Ah Oi and Man You decide to marry, Laura is no longer obligated to Man You and is free to marry Kai Tzu.
Laura is the young Chinese-American woman whom Mrs. Spring Fragrance is trying to help. She has been in love with Kai Tzu for some time, but because of her parents’s insistence that she marry the man they have chosen for her, Laura believes she will have to live her life in misery. Laura represents the more Americanized second generation of Asian Americans who often struggle with their parents conservative and traditional lifestyles. As Laura’s Chinese name in the story, Mai Gwi Far, meaning “rose,” is similar to the author’s own name, Sui Sin Far, meaning “Chinese lily,” the author may be asserting an identification with this young woman who is trapped between two cultures.
Kai Tzu is the man Laura loves but cannot marry. In addition to not having been selected by Laura’s parents, he was born and raised in the United States and is described as “as ruddy and stalwart as any young Westerner, [and] was noted amongst baseball players as one of the finest pitchers on the Coast.” As Laura’s parents are interested in retaining their Chinese culture, the Chin Yuens’s objection to Kai Tzu may be linked to his American upbringing.
The son of a Chinese government schoolmaster, Man You has most likely been selected as Laura’s husband for his good family and educational background. It is implied that perhaps he is not enthusiastic about an arranged marriage, as he seizes the opportunity to date a young woman who is introduced to him by Mrs. Spring Fragrance.
Mrs. Spring Fragrance is the main character of the story, as well as the namesake of the story collection. She is a young Chinese woman living in Seattle who interacts with her multi-racial neighbors. Mrs. Spring Fragrance often serves as the cultural bridge between characters who are in conflict due to their cultural differences. In “Mrs. Spring Fragrance,” she cleverly arranges for her Chinese-American friend, Laura, to marry her true love without offending Laura’s parents, who have already pre-arranged a match for their daughter. In this case, Mrs. Spring Fragrance facilities harmony between the older generation of Chinese immigrants and their more Americanized children. In a later story, “The Inferior Woman,” Mrs. Spring Fragrance similarly convinces an American woman to allow her son to marry his true love rather than the snooty upper-class woman the mother hopes he will choose instead. Mrs. Spring Fragrance is often described as a “trickster” figure, that is, an entertaining figure that can subtly charm and persuade people. The “trickster” often speaks and acts with humor and irony, thus while she is telling funny stories or acting silly, she utters deep truths about her society, functioning much like the fools and clowns in Shakespeare’s plays.
Mr. Spring Fragrance is a curio merchant in Seattle’s Chinatown. He is portrayed as somewhat hot-tempered and conservative in his politics. The plot and humor of “Mrs. Spring Fragrance” is primarily based on Mr. Spring Fragrance’s misunderstanding of Western poetry and his subsequent doubts about his wife’s fidelity. Though Mr. Spring Fragrance tries to be a stern and domineering husband, he is not so in actuality. Although he momentarily doubts his wife’s faithfulness, he loves Mrs. Spring Fragrance very much and when he learns that he is mistaken, he offers his wife the peace offering of a jade necklace that she once admired.
The Spring Fragrances’ next door neighbor, the university student, is the impetus for Mr. Spring Fragrance’s misunderstanding of Western poetry. When Mr. Spring Fragrance asks him to explain the meaning of, “Tis better to have loved and lost, than not to have loved at all,” the student drifts off into his own daydreams of the many girls he has dated. In their second conversation, Mr. Spring Fragrance asks him why he thinks America claims to be “noble” yet insists on holding his older brother in a detention center, the student again skirts the question and replies that sometimes Americans have to act against their “principles.” The student is portrayed as self-absorbed and arrogant and is described as “not [having] the slightest doubt that he could explain the meaning of all things in the universe.” Of course, it is his inability to explain anything to Mr. Spring Fragrance that causes Mr. Spring Fragrance so much anxiety. When Mr. Spring Fragrance decides to hold a “smoking party” to get his mind off his wife, the student suggests that Mr. Spring Fragrance only invite other Chinese Americans so that he can get an insider’s look into Chinese-American life. The student later uses this information to write a newspaper article, exploiting and exoticizing the Chinese culture. Though Far gives the student a name, Carman, she only mentions it in passing and chooses to describe him primarily as the American student. By keeping his identity vague and generic, Far may be implying that the student’s insensitive and unethical behavior towards Chinese Americans is representative of America’s attitude as a whole.
The most prevalent theme in “Mrs. Spring Fragrance” is the culture clash between the Spring Frangrances’ Chinese customs and those of their adopted country. The conflicts in the story arise from the misunderstandings between people and their cultures. Mr. Spring Fragrance worries that since his wife is learning Western poetry, she is becoming more American than Chinese. In fact, Mr. Spring Fragrance thinks she is so Americanized that he remarks: “There are no more American words for her learning.” This remark underscores how quickly Mrs. Spring Fragrance has assimilated American culture. Though he may admire his wife for her quick learning, her quotations of Western poetry confuse him, especially in regard to American ideas about love. (A subtle joke in the story is that Tennyson, whom Mrs. Spring Fragrance quotes, is not American at all; he is British.) The American university student who lives next door further confuses Mr. Spring Fragrance, as he can only explain the poetry from the point of view of a modern American bachelor who is free to choose his girlfriends. Since his marriage was pre-arranged, Mr. Spring Fragrance begins to fear that his wife may be taking this “American” advice to seek out her true love. This leads Mr. Spring Fragrance to decide that American values are not so desirable after all.
Laura Chin Yuen’s life is also complicated by the differences between Chinese culture, which her parents would like to adhere to, and the American culture in which she has been raised. Though her parents quite Americanized, they would like to retain the Chinese customs regarding marriage, and have Laura marry a man she has not yet met. As a result, Laura lives in misery, expecting that she must renounce her true love out of obedience to her parents.
As the only white American who figures prominently in the story, the University of Washington student represents dominant American culture. His
culture “clashes” with Chinese-American culture when he unsuccessfully interprets Tennyson for Mr. Spring Fragrance. In the exchange between Mr. Spring Fragrance and the student, the student drifts off into a reverie about his numerous girlfriends, the women he has “loved and lost,” ignoring Mr. Spring Fragrance’s desperate attempts to understand the poetry. On their second meeting, Mr. Spring Fragrance is enraged that his wife might
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