Foxy Rena 11

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Foxy Rena 11


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the U.S. television network, see Fox Broadcasting Company . For other uses, see Fox (disambiguation) .
"Foxes" and "Vixen" redirect here. For other uses, see Foxes (disambiguation) and Vixen (disambiguation) .

^ Cf. West Frisian foks , Dutch vos , and German Fuchs .

^ Cf. Hindi pū̃ch ‘tail’, Tocharian B päkā ‘tail; chowrie’, and Lithuanian paustìs ‘fur’. The bushy tail also forms the basis for the fox's Welsh name, llwynog , literally meaning ‘bushy’, from llwyn meaning ‘bush’. Likewise, Portuguese : raposa from rabo ‘tail’, Lithuanian uodẽgis from uodegà ‘tail’, and Ojibwa waagosh from waa , which refers to the up and down "bounce" or flickering of an animal or its tail.




^ Macdonald, David W.; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio, eds. (2004). The biology and conservation of wild canids (Nachdr. d. Ausg. 2004. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0198515562 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Lloyd, H.G. (1981). The red fox (2. impr. ed.). London: Batsford. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7134-11904 .

^ "Episode 113: A Zouthern Accent - The History of English Podcast" . historyofenglishpodcast.com .

^ Fellows, Dave. "Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of.....?" . Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center . USGS. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 9 October 2014 .

^ "Fox Cubs and the breeding cycle" . New Forest Explorers Guide . Retrieved 29 July 2016 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family" . Trends in Genetics . 9 (6): 218–224. doi : 10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x . PMID 8337763 .

^ Larivière, S.; Pasitschniak-Arts, M. (1996). " Vulpes vulpes " . Mammalian Species (537): 1–11. doi : 10.2307/3504236 . JSTOR 3504236 .

^ Nobleman, Marc Tyler (2007). Foxes . Benchmark Books (NY). pp. 35–36 . ISBN 978-0-7614-2237-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Burrows, Roger (1968). Wild fox . Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 9780715342176 .

^ "Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)" . ARKive . Archived from the original on 2014-10-06 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 .

^ Fox, David. "Vulpes vulpes, red fox" . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 2 October 2014 .

^ "Canidae" . The University of Edinburgh . Retrieved 23 September 2014 .

^ Fedriani, J.M.; T. K. Fuller; R. M. Sauvajot; E. C. York (2000-07-05). "Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores" (PDF) . Oecologia . 125 (2): 258–270. Bibcode : 2000Oecol.125..258F . doi : 10.1007/s004420000448 . hdl : 10261/54628 . PMID 24595837 . S2CID 24289407 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-06.

^ Fox, David L. (2007). "Vulpes vulpes (red fox)" . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.

^ Macdonald, David W. (26 April 2010). "Food Caching by Red Foxes and Some Other Carnivores". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie . 42 (2): 170–185. doi : 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00963.x . PMID 1007654 .

^ Lavigne, Guillaume de (2015-03-19). Free Ranging Dogs – Stray, Feral or Wild? . Lulu Press, Inc. ISBN 9781326219529 .

^ Čanády, Alexander. "Variability of the baculum in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Slovakia." Zoology and Ecology 23.3 (2013): 165–170.

^ Bijlsma, Rob G. " Copulatory lock of wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in broad daylight. " Naturalist 80: 45–67.

^ Heptner & Naumov 1998 , p. 341 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998 ( help )

^ Heptner & Naumov 1998 , p. 537 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998 ( help )

^ Parkes, I. W. Rowlands and A. S. (21 August 2009). "The Reproductive Processes of certain Mammals.-VIII. Reproduction in Foxes (Vulpes spp.)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 105 (4): 823–841. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1935.tb06267.x .

^ Hildebrand, Milton (1952). "The Integument in Canidae". Journal of Mammalogy . 33 (4): 419–428. doi : 10.2307/1376014 . JSTOR 1376014 .

^ Ronald M. Nowak (2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World . JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8032-2 .

^ Tembrock, Günter (1976). "Canid vocalizations". Behavioural Processes . 1 (1): 57–75. doi : 10.1016/0376-6357(76)90007-3 . PMID 24923545 . S2CID 205107627 .

^ Ginsburg, Joshua Ross and David Whyte MacDonald. Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs . p.58.

^ Bathgate, Michael. The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Culture . 2004. p.18.

^ McCandless, Linda Foxes are Beneficial on Fruit Farms . nysaes.cornell.edu (1997-04-24)

^ Jump up to: a b ANGULO, ELENA; ROEMER, GARY W.; BEREC, LUDĚK; GASCOIGNE, JOANNA; COURCHAMP, FRANCK (29 May 2007). "Double Allee Effects and Extinction in the Island Fox" (PDF) . Conservation Biology . 21 (4): 1082–1091. doi : 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00721.x . hdl : 10261/57044 . PMID 17650257 . S2CID 16545913 .

^ Jump up to: a b Primack, Richard B. (2014). Essentials of conservation biology (Sixth ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 143–146. ISBN 9781605352893 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Kohlmann, Stephan G.; Schmidt, Gregory A.; Garcelon, David K. (10 April 2005). "A population viability analysis for the Island Fox on Santa Catalina Island, California". Ecological Modelling . 183 (1): 77–94. doi : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.07.022 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Channel Islands: The Restoration of the Island Fox" . National Park Service . Retrieved 25 September 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jiménez, J. E. (2006). "Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile". Journal of Zoology . 271 (1): 63–77. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x .

^ Jiménez, J.E.; Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. (2008). " Pseudalopex fulvipes " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . old-form url

^ Jump up to: a b c d Yahnke, Christopher J.; Johnson, Warren E.; Geffen, Eli; Smith, Deborah; Hertel, Fritz; Roy, Michael S.; Bonacic, Cristian F.; Fuller, Todd K.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K. (1996). "Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat". Conservation Biology . 10 (2): 366–375. doi : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x .

^ Barratt, Sarah and Martin Barratt. Practical Quail-keeping . 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b Iossa, G. et al. A Taxonomic Analysis of Urban Carnivore Ecology , from Urban Carnivores . Stanley Gehrt et al. eds. 2010. p.174.

^ Francis, Robert and Michael Chadwick. Urban Ecosystems 2013. p.126.

^ See generally Long, John. Introduced Mammals of the World . 2013.

^ Sprott, Julien. Elegant Chaos 2010. p.89.

^ Komarova, Natalia . Axiomatic Modeling in Life Sciences , from Mathematics and Life Sciences. Alexandra Antoniouk and Roderick Melnik, eds. pp.113–114.

^ "Hunt campaigners lose legal bid" . BBC News Online . 2006-06-23.

^ Singh, Anita (2009-09-18). "David Cameron 'to vote against fox hunting ban' " . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 2010-05-02 .

^ Fox Hunting . North West League Against Cruel Sports Support Group. nwlacs.co.uk

^ "Fox Hunting: For and Against" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-31 . Retrieved 2009-12-12 .

^ Fact Sheet: European Red Fox, Department of the Environment, Australian Government

^ "The most affectionate foxes are bred in Novosibirsk" . Redhotrussia. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013 . Retrieved 2014-04-08 .

^ Trut, Lyudmila N. (1999). "Early Canid Domestication: The Fox Farm Experiment" (PDF) . American Scientist . 87 (2): 160. Bibcode : 1999AmSci..87.....T . doi : 10.1511/1999.2.160 .

^ Kenneth Mason, Jonathan Losos, Susan Singer, Peter Raven, George Johnson(2011) Biology Ninth Edition , p. 423. McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 978-0-07-353222-6 .

^ Dunne, John; Moore-Bridger, Benedict; Powell, Tom (2018-06-21). "Woman mauled in bed by fox in Clapham flat: I'm traumatised and feared I would contract rabies" . Evening Standard . London . Retrieved 2018-06-22 .

^ Jump up to: a b Clark E. Adams (15 June 2012). Urban Wildlife Management, Second Edition . CRC Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-4665-2127-8 .

^ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2006). "The Fox in World Literature: Reflections on a "Fictional Animal" ". Asian Folklore Studies . 65 (2): 133–160. JSTOR 30030396 .

^ Kang, Xiaofei (2006). The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China . New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 15–21. ISBN 978-0-231-13338-8 .

^ Wallen, Martin (2006). Fox . London: Reaktion Books . pp. 69–70. ISBN 9781861892973 .

^ "Constellation Names" . Constellation Guide . Retrieved October 1, 2014 .


Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fox .
Look up fox in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Fox .

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae . They have a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout , and a long bushy tail (or brush ).

Twelve species belong to the monophyletic "true foxes" group of genus Vulpes . Approximately another 25 current or extinct species are always or sometimes called foxes; these foxes are either part of the paraphyletic group of the South American foxes, or of the outlying group, which consists of the bat-eared fox, gray fox, and island fox. [1]

Foxes live on every continent except Antarctica. The most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) with about 47 recognized subspecies . [2] The global distribution of foxes, together with their widespread reputation for cunning, has contributed to their prominence in popular culture and folklore in many societies around the world. The hunting of foxes with packs of hounds, long an established pursuit in Europe, especially in the British Isles, was exported by European settlers to various parts of the New World.

The word fox comes from Old English , which derived from Proto-Germanic * fuhsaz [nb 1] . This in turn derives from Proto-Indo-European * puḱ- , meaning ’thick-haired; tail’. [nb 2] Male foxes are known as dogs, tods or reynards , females as vixens, and young as cubs, pups, or kits, though the last name is not to be confused with a distinct species called kit foxes . Vixen is one of very few words in modern English that retain the Middle English southern dialect "v" pronunciation instead of "f" (i.e. northern English "fox" versus southern English "vox"). [3] A group of foxes is referred to as a skulk, leash, or earth. [4] [5]

Within the Canidae, the results of DNA analysis shows several phylogenetic divisions:

Foxes are generally smaller than some other members of the family Canidae such as wolves and jackals , while they may be larger than some within the family, such as Raccoon dogs . In the largest species, the red fox , males weigh on average between 4.1 and 8.7 kilograms (9 and 19 + 1 ⁄ 4 pounds), [7] while the smallest species, the fennec fox , weighs just 0.7 to 1.6 kg ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 lb). [8]

Fox features typically include a triangular face, pointed ears, an elongated rostrum , and a bushy tail. They are digitigrade (meaning they walk on their toes). Unlike most members of the family Canidae, foxes have partially retractable claws . [9] Fox vibrissae, or whiskers , are black. The whiskers on the muzzle, known as mystacial vibrissae, average 100–110 millimetres ( 3 + 7 ⁄ 8 – 4 + 3 ⁄ 8 inches) long, while the whiskers everywhere else on the head average to be shorter in length. Whiskers (carpal vibrissae) are also on the forelimbs and average 40 mm ( 1 + 5 ⁄ 8 in) long, pointing downward and backward. [2] Other physical characteristics vary according to habitat and adaptive significance.

Fox species differ in fur color, length, and density. Coat colors range from pearly white to black-and-white to black flecked with white or grey on the underside. Fennec foxes (and other species of fox adapted to life in the desert, such as kit foxes ), for example, have large ears and short fur to aid in keeping the body cool. [2] [9] Arctic foxes , on the other hand, have tiny ears and short limbs as well as thick, insulating fur, which aid in keeping the body warm. [10] Red foxes , by contrast, have a typical auburn pelt , the tail normally ending with a white marking . [11]

A fox's coat color and texture may vary due to the change in seasons; fox pelts are richer and denser in the colder months and lighter in the warmer months. To get rid of the dense winter coat, foxes moult once a year around April; the process begins from the feet, up the legs, and then along the back. [9] Coat color may also change as the individual ages. [2]

A fox's dentition , like all other canids, is I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 3/2 = 42. (Bat-eared foxes have six extra molars, totalling in 48 teeth.) Foxes have pronounced carnassial pairs, which is characteristic of a carnivore . These pairs consist of the upper premolar and the lower first molar, and work together to shear tough material like flesh. Foxes' canines are pronounced, also characteristic of a carnivore, and are excellent in gripping prey. [12]

In the wild, the typical lifespan of a fox is one to three years, although individuals may live up to ten years. Unlike many canids, foxes are not always pack animals. Typically, they live in small family groups, but some (such as Arctic foxes ) are known to be solitary. [2] [9]

Foxes are omnivores . [13] [14] Their diet is made up primarily of invertebrates such as insects and small vertebrates such as reptiles and birds. They may also eat eggs and vegetation. Many species are generalist predators, but some (such as the crab-eating fox ) have more specialized diets. Most species of fox consume around 1 kg (2.2 lb) of food every day. Foxes cache excess food, burying it for later consumption, usually under leaves, snow, or soil. [9] [15] While hunting, foxes tend to use a particular pouncing technique, such that they crouch down to camouflage themselves in the terrain and then use their hind legs to leap up with great force and land on top of their chosen prey. [2] Using their pronounced canine teeth, they can then grip the prey's neck and shake it until it is dead or can be readily disemboweled. [2]

The gray fox is one of only two canine species known to regularly climb trees; the other is the raccoon dog . [16]

The male fox's scrotum is held up close to the body with the testes inside even after they descend. Like other canines, the male fox has a baculum , or penile bone. [2] [17] [18] The testes of red foxes are smaller than those of Arctic foxes. [19] Sperm formation in red foxes begins in August–September, with the testicles attaining their greatest weight in December–February. [20]

Vixens are in heat for one to six days, making their reproductive cycle twelve months long. As with other canines, the ova are shed during estrus without the need for the stimulation of copulating. Once the egg is fertilized, the vixen enters a period of gestation that can last from 52 to 53 days. Foxes tend to have an average litter size of four to five with an 80 percent success rate in becoming pregnant. [2] [21] Litter sizes can vary greatly according to species and environment – the Arctic fox , for example, can have up to eleven kits. [22]

The vixen usually has six or eight mammae . [23] Each teat has 8 to 20 lactiferous ducts , which connect the mammary gland to the nipple, allowing for milk to be carried to the nipple. [ citation needed ]

The fox's vocal repertoire is vast, and includes:

In the case of domesticated foxes, the whining seems to remain in adult individuals as a sign of excitement and submission in the presence of their owners. [2]

Canids commonly known as foxes include the following genera and species: [2]

Several fox species are endangered in their native environments. Pressures placed on foxes include habitat loss and being hunted for pelts, other trade, or control. [25] Due in part to their opportunistic hunting style and industriousness, foxes are commonly resented as nuisance animals. [26] Contrastingly, foxes, while often considered pests themselves, have been successfully employed to control pests on fruit farms while leaving the fruit intact. [27]

The island fox , though considered a near-threatened species throughout the world, is becoming increasingly endangered in its endemic environment of the California Channel Islands . [28] A population on an island is smaller than those on the mainland because of limited resources like space, food and shelter. [29] Island populations are therefore highly susceptible to external threats ranging from introduced predatory species and humans to extreme weather . [29]

On the California Channel Islands, it was found that the population of the island fox was so low due to an outbreak of canine distemper virus from 1999 to 2000 [30] as well as predation by non-native golden eagles . [31] Since 1993, the eagles have caused the population to decline by as much as 95%. [30] Because of the low number of foxes, the population went through an Allee effect (an effect in which, at low enough densities, an individual's fitness decreases). [28] Conservationists had to take healthy breeding pairs out of the wild population to breed them in captivity until they had enough foxes to release back into the wild. [30] Nonnative grazers were also removed so that native plants would be able to grow back to their natural height, thereby providing adequate cover and protection for the foxes against golden eagles. [31]

Darwin's fox is considered critically endangered because of their small known population of 250 mature individuals as well as their restricted distribution. [32] On the Chilean mainland, the population is limited to Nahuelbuta National Park and the surrounding Valdivian rainforest . [32] Similarly on Chiloé Island , their population is limited to the forests that extend from the southernmost to the northwesternmost part of the island. [32] Though the Nahuelbuta National Park is protected, 90% of the species live on Chiloé Island. [33]

A major issue the species faces is their dwindling, limited habitat due to the cutting and burning of the unprotected forests. [32] Because of deforestation, the Darwin's fox habitat is shrinking, allowing for their competitor's ( chilla fox ) preferred habitat of open space, to increase; the Darwin's fox, subsequently, is being outcompeted. [34] Another problem they face is their inability to fight off diseases transmitted by the increasing number of pet dogs. [32] To conserve these animals, researchers suggest the need for the forests that link the Nahuelbuta National Park to the coast of Chile and in turn Chiloé Island and its forests, to be protected. [34] They also suggest that other forests around Chile be examined to determine whether Darwin's foxes have previously exist
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