Fox Penis

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The anatomy of os penis in red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
[2004]
Gultiken, M.E;
Yildiz, D.;
Bolat, D.(Kirikkale Univ., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale (Turkey));
This study was performed to determine the anatomic properties of os penis of the red fox. In this study, os penis from two red foxes that were brought to Kirikkale University Veterinary School to find out the cause of their death was investigated. It was found that anatomic properties of os penis of the red fox was similar to that of the dog, which is also a member of the same genus. Os penis of the red fox can be considered as a model of that of the German shepherd dog
Veterinary Journal of Ankara University (Turkey)
"The anatomy of os penis in red fox (Vulpes vulpes)"@eng
"Kizil tilkide (Vulpes vulpes) os penis'in anatomisi"@tur
penis
Foxes
species
animal morphology
Turkey
animal structure
"The anatomy of os penis in red fox (Vulpes vulpes)"@eng
"Kizil tilkide (Vulpes vulpes) os penis'in anatomisi"@tur
The Training and Publication Department, which is affiliated to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, carries out works related to farmer training, extention activities, print and visual publishing on behalf of the Ministry.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Fox (disambiguation) .
"Foxes" and "Vixen" redirect here. For other uses, see Foxes (disambiguation) and Vixen (disambiguation) .
^ Cf. West Frisian foks , Dutch vos , and German Fuchs .
^ Cf. Hindi pū̃ch ‘tail’, Tocharian B päkā ‘tail; chowrie’, and Lithuanian paustìs ‘fur’. The bushy tail also forms the basis for the fox's Welsh name, llwynog , literally meaning ‘bushy’, from llwyn meaning ‘bush’. Likewise, Portuguese : raposa from rabo ‘tail’, Lithuanian uodẽgis from uodegà ‘tail’, and Ojibwa waagosh from waa , which refers to the up and down "bounce" or flickering of an animal or its tail.
^ Macdonald, David W.; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio, eds. (2004). The biology and conservation of wild canids (Nachdr. d. Ausg. 2004. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0198515562 .
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^ Larivière, S.; Pasitschniak-Arts, M. (1996). " Vulpes vulpes " . Mammalian Species (537): 1–11. doi : 10.2307/3504236 . JSTOR 3504236 .
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^ Fox, David L. (2007). "Vulpes vulpes (red fox)" . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
^ Macdonald, David W. (26 April 2010). "Food Caching by Red Foxes and Some Other Carnivores". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie . 42 (2): 170–185. doi : 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00963.x . PMID 1007654 .
^ Lavigne, Guillaume de (2015-03-19). Free Ranging Dogs – Stray, Feral or Wild? . Lulu Press, Inc. ISBN 9781326219529 .
^ Čanády, Alexander. "Variability of the baculum in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Slovakia." Zoology and Ecology 23.3 (2013): 165–170.
^ Bijlsma, Rob G. " Copulatory lock of wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in broad daylight. " Naturalist 80: 45–67.
^ Heptner & Naumov 1998 , p. 341 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998 ( help )
^ Heptner & Naumov 1998 , p. 537 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998 ( help )
^ Parkes, I. W. Rowlands and A. S. (21 August 2009). "The Reproductive Processes of certain Mammals.-VIII. Reproduction in Foxes (Vulpes spp.)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 105 (4): 823–841. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1935.tb06267.x .
^ Hildebrand, Milton (1952). "The Integument in Canidae". Journal of Mammalogy . 33 (4): 419–428. doi : 10.2307/1376014 . JSTOR 1376014 .
^ Ronald M. Nowak (2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World . JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8032-2 .
^ Tembrock, Günter (1976). "Canid vocalizations". Behavioural Processes . 1 (1): 57–75. doi : 10.1016/0376-6357(76)90007-3 . PMID 24923545 . S2CID 205107627 .
^ Ginsburg, Joshua Ross and David Whyte MacDonald. Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs . p.58.
^ Bathgate, Michael. The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Culture . 2004. p.18.
^ McCandless, Linda Foxes are Beneficial on Fruit Farms . nysaes.cornell.edu (1997-04-24)
^ Jump up to: a b ANGULO, ELENA; ROEMER, GARY W.; BEREC, LUDĚK; GASCOIGNE, JOANNA; COURCHAMP, FRANCK (29 May 2007). "Double Allee Effects and Extinction in the Island Fox" (PDF) . Conservation Biology . 21 (4): 1082–1091. doi : 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00721.x . hdl : 10261/57044 . PMID 17650257 .
^ Jump up to: a b Primack, Richard B. (2014). Essentials of conservation biology (Sixth ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 143–146. ISBN 9781605352893 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Kohlmann, Stephan G.; Schmidt, Gregory A.; Garcelon, David K. (10 April 2005). "A population viability analysis for the Island Fox on Santa Catalina Island, California". Ecological Modelling . 183 (1): 77–94. doi : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.07.022 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Channel Islands: The Restoration of the Island Fox" . National Park Service . Retrieved 25 September 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jiménez, J. E. (2006). "Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile". Journal of Zoology . 271 (1): 63–77. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x .
^ Jiménez, J.E.; Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. (2008). " Pseudalopex fulvipes " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . old-form url
^ Jump up to: a b c d Yahnke, Christopher J.; Johnson, Warren E.; Geffen, Eli; Smith, Deborah; Hertel, Fritz; Roy, Michael S.; Bonacic, Cristian F.; Fuller, Todd K.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K. (1996). "Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat". Conservation Biology . 10 (2): 366–375. doi : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x .
^ Barratt, Sarah and Martin Barratt. Practical Quail-keeping . 2013.
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^ Francis, Robert and Michael Chadwick. Urban Ecosystems 2013. p.126.
^ See generally Long, John. Introduced Mammals of the World . 2013.
^ Sprott, Julien. Elegant Chaos 2010. p.89.
^ Komarova, Natalia . Axiomatic Modeling in Life Sciences , from Mathematics and Life Sciences. Alexandra Antoniouk and Roderick Melnik, eds. pp.113–114.
^ "Hunt campaigners lose legal bid" . BBC News Online . 2006-06-23.
^ Singh, Anita (2009-09-18). "David Cameron 'to vote against fox hunting ban ' " . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 2010-05-02 .
^ Fox Hunting . North West League Against Cruel Sports Support Group. nwlacs.co.uk
^ "Fox Hunting: For and Against" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-31 . Retrieved 2009-12-12 .
^ Fact Sheet: European Red Fox, Department of the Environment, Australian Government
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^ Kenneth Mason, Jonathan Losos, Susan Singer, Peter Raven, George Johnson(2011) Biology Ninth Edition , p. 423. McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 978-0-07-353222-6 .
^ Dunne, J.; Moore-Bridger, B.; Powell, T. (2018-06-21). "Woman mauled in bed by fox in Clapham flat: I'm traumatised and feared I would contract rabies" . Evening Standard . London . Retrieved 2018-06-22 . CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link )
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^ Kang, Xiaofei (2006). The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China . New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 15–21. ISBN 978-0-231-13338-8 .
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Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae . They have a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout , and a long bushy tail (or brush ).
Twelve species belong to the monophyletic "true foxes" group of genus Vulpes . Approximately another 25 current or extinct species are always or sometimes called foxes; these foxes are either part of the paraphyletic group of the South American foxes, or of the outlying group, which consists of the bat-eared fox, gray fox, and island fox. [1]
Foxes live on every continent except Antarctica. The most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) with about 47 recognized subspecies . [2] The global distribution of foxes, together with their widespread reputation for cunning, has contributed to their prominence in popular culture and folklore in many societies around the world. The hunting of foxes with packs of hounds, long an established pursuit in Europe, especially in the British Isles, was exported by European settlers to various parts of the New World.
The word fox comes from Old English , which derived from Proto-Germanic * fuhsaz . [nb 1] This in turn derives from Proto-Indo-European * puḱ- , meaning ’thick-haired; tail’. [nb 2] Male foxes are known as dogs, tods or reynards , females as vixens, and young as cubs, pups, or kits, though the latter name is not to be confused with a distinct species called kit foxes . Vixen is one of very few words in modern English that retains the Middle English southern dialect "v" pronunciation instead of "f" (i.e. northern English "fox" versus southern English "vox"). [3] A group of foxes is referred to as a skulk, leash, or earth. [4] [5]
Within the Canidae, the results of DNA analysis shows several phylogenetic divisions:
Foxes are generally smaller than some other members of the family Canidae such as wolves and jackals , while they may be larger than some within the family, such as Raccoon dogs . In the largest species, the red fox , males weigh on average between 4.1 and 8.7 kilograms (9 and 19 + 1 ⁄ 4 pounds), [7] while the smallest species, the fennec fox , weighs just 0.7 to 1.6 kg ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 lb). [8]
Fox features typically include a triangular face, pointed ears, an elongated rostrum , and a bushy tail. They are digitigrade (meaning they walk on their toes). Unlike most members of the family Canidae, foxes have partially retractable claws. [9] Fox vibrissae, or whiskers , are black. The whiskers on the muzzle, known as mystacial vibrissae, average 100–110 millimetres ( 3 + 7 ⁄ 8 – 4 + 3 ⁄ 8 inches) long, while the whiskers everywhere else on the head average to be shorter in length. Whiskers (carpal vibrissae) are also on the forelimbs and average 40 mm ( 1 + 5 ⁄ 8 in) long, pointing downward and backward. [2] Other physical characteristics vary according to habitat and adaptive significance.
Fox species differ in fur color, length, and density. Coat colors range from pearly white to black-and-white to black flecked with white or grey on the underside. Fennec foxes (and other species of fox adapted to life in the desert, such as kit foxes ), for example, have large ears and short fur to aid in keeping the body cool. [2] [9] Arctic foxes , on the other hand, have tiny ears and short limbs as well as thick, insulating fur, which aid in keeping the body warm. [10] Red foxes , by contrast, have a typical auburn pelt , the tail normally ending with a white marking . [11]
A fox's coat color and texture may vary due to the change in seasons; fox pelts are richer and denser in the colder months and lighter in the warmer months. To get rid of the dense winter coat, foxes moult once a year around April; the process begins from the feet, up the legs, and then along the back. [9] Coat color may also change as the individual ages. [2]
A fox's dentition , like all other canids, is I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 3/2 = 42. (Bat-eared foxes have six extra molars, totalling in 48 teeth.) Foxes have pronounced carnassial pairs, which is characteristic of a carnivore . These pairs consist of the upper premolar and the lower first molar, and work together to shear tough material like flesh. Foxes' canines are pronounced, also characteristic of a carnivore, and are excellent in gripping prey. [12]
In the wild, the typical lifespan of a fox is one to three years, although individuals may live up to ten years. Unlike many canids, foxes are not always pack animals. Typically, they live in small family groups, but some (such as Arctic foxes ) are known to be solitary. [2] [9]
Foxes are omnivores . [13] [14] Their diet is made up primarily of invertebrates such as insects and small vertebrates such as reptiles and birds. They may also eat eggs and vegetation. Many species are generalist predators, but some (such as the crab-eating fox ) have more specialized diets. Most species of fox consume around 1 kg (2.2 lb) of food every day. Foxes cache excess food, burying it for later consumption, usually under leaves, snow, or soil. [9] [15] While hunting, foxes tend to use a particular pouncing technique, such that they crouch down to camouflage themselves in the terrain and then use their hind legs to leap up with great force and land on top of their chosen prey. [2] Using their pronounced canine teeth, they can then grip the prey's neck and shake it until it is dead or can be readily disemboweled. [2]
The gray fox is one of only two canine species known to regularly climb trees; the other is the raccoon dog . [16]
The male fox's scrotum is held up close to the body with the testes inside even after they descend. Like other canines, the male fox has a baculum , or penile bone. [2] [17] [18] The testes of red foxes are smaller than those of Arctic foxes. [19] Sperm formation in red foxes begins in August–September, with the testicles attaining their greatest weight in December–February. [20]
Vixens are in heat for one to six days, making their reproductive cycle twelve months long. As with other canines, the ova are shed during estrus without the need for the stimulation of copulating. Once the egg is fertilized, the vixen enters a period of gestation that can last from 52 to 53 days. Foxes tend to have an average litter size of four to five w
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