Flip Flops Cum
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Мы привыкли называть обувь на каблуке туфлями и босоножками, но оказывается, в английском языке у каждой модели есть своё имя. Учимся понимать модные обувные термины, а заодно узнаём, что носить в этом летнем сезоне.
Если вы встретите подобное название, знайте, что эта модель отличается широким устойчивым каблуком и поддерживающим ремешком на щиколотке. Она уместна при любых обстоятельствах — и днём на деловых переговорах, и вечером на ужине или прогулке.
Как носить и с чем сочетать в этом сезоне?
Эти элегантные и удобные босоножки подойдут на каждый день. Комбинируйте их с узкими джинсами, юбками-миди и платьями-футлярами.
Выбор «Я Покупаю»: босоножки жёлтого цвета — самого модного оттенка лета-2017.
Ищите в розничных магазинах Tamaris, tamaris.com
Отличительная черта такой обуви — закрытые пятка и носок, которые не соединяются между собой ремешками. Д'орсэ могут быть на каблуке или без него.
Как носить и с чем сочетать в этом сезоне?
Подобные туфли на каблуке лучше всего сочетать с элегантными вечерними нарядами: смокингами или лёгкими шелковыми платьями. А балетки-д'орсэ уместны в офисе — они подчеркнут женственность вашего образа и не позволят устать ногам.
Выбор «Я Покупаю»: элегантные лодочки для делового образа.
Лодочки Alba, shop-the-alba.yapokupayu.ru
История флип-флопов началась в Древнем Египте и не заканчивается до сих пор. В России модели с Y-образным ремешком называют вьетнамками и носят на пляж, а на Западе они уже давно стали обувью на каждый день.
Как носить и с чем сочетать в этом сезоне?
Комбинируйте флип-флопы с рваными джинсами или лёгкими принтованными платьями. Выбирайте простые модели с металлизированными ремешками без стразов и инкрустации.
Выбор «Я Покупаю»: флип-флопы на платформе.
Сланцы Colors of California, milano-moda.yapokupayu.ru
Это лодочки на каблуке не выше пяти-семи сантиметров. В первой половине XX века дамы носили только такую обувь, так как высокие шпильки и платформы ещё не изобрели, поэтому и наряды были соответствующие — лаконичные и женственные.
Как носить и с чем сочетать в этом сезоне?
В нашу эпоху вседозволенности такие туфли органично впишутся в образ и с маленьким чёрным платьем, и с джинсами-бойфрендами. Но ставить с ними смелые эксперименты всё же рискнут немногие. Поэтому заручитесь классическим правилом, и сочетайте их со строгими брюками, твидовыми костюмами и юбками-карандашами.
Выбор «Я Покупаю»: ярко-розовые туфли с завязками.
Когда-то практичные туфли без задника носили римские магистры. Чуть позже эта обувь приглянулась француженкам, которые приспособили её для будуара, а в этом году мюли попали в wish-листы всех модниц мира.
Как носить и с чем сочетать в этом сезоне?
Составлять образы с мюлями проще простого — дизайнеры позаботились о том, чтобы они подходили к любой одежде. Но если сомневаетесь, платье с расклешённой юбкой и мюли на высокой шпильке — беспроигрышный вариант.
Выбор «Я Покупаю»: бархатные мюли с бантом.
Мюли Corsocomo, corsocomo.yapokupayu.ru
Зная перевод, легко догадаться, о чём идет речь. «Open toe» в переводе с английского — «открыть палец», а значит, любую обувь с открытым носом можно называть именно так.
Как носить и с чем сочетать в этом сезоне?
Этим летом лучшим вариантом станут ботильоны, особенно со шнуровкой или сеткой. Сочетайте их с обтягивающими светлыми джинсами и мини-юбками.
Выбор «Я Покупаю»: чёрные туфли на толстом каблуке.
Туфли, у которых носок закрыт, а пятку поддерживает тонкий ремешок, называют слингбэками. Их популярность началась в 1947, когда Кристиан Диор впервые показал миру коллекцию платьев нью-лук.
Как носить и с чем сочетать в этом сезоне?
Попробуйте комбинировать такую обувь с широкими брюками или узкими джинсами. С первыми можно создать изысканный вечерний образ, а со вторыми — наряд на каждый день.
Выбор «Я Покупаю»: удобные туфли небесного оттенка.
Туфли El Tempo, eltempo.yapokupayu.ru
Эта обувь представляет собой гибрид обычных лодочек и босоножек анкл стрэп. Кроме того, они имеют тонкую полоску по центру, которая соединяет мысок с ремешком на щиколотке.
Как носить и с чем сочетать в этом сезоне?
В солнечную погоду туфли ти-стрэп нужно носить аккуратно — есть шанс, что ноги загорят неровно, поэтому для прогулки выбирайте более открытые модели. А для вечернего образа они подойдут идеально — можно добавить к ним крупные украшения и небольшую сумку на цепочке.
Выбор «Я Покупаю»: туфельки с золотыми вставками.
Туфли Grey Mer, italiaobuv.yapokupayu.ru
На Западе босоножки на шпильке, с закрытой пяткой, открытым носком и ремешком вокруг щиколотки считаются одной из самых соблазнительных моделей. Поэтому селебрити часто выбирают их для выходов на красную дорожку.
Как носить и с чем сочетать в этом сезоне?
Такая модель может уравновесить грубый маскулинный образ, основанный на широких брюках и рубашке-oversize. Или станет достойным продолжением женственного наряда — с оборками, открытыми плечами, драпировкой и кружевом. Если вы невысокого роста, босоножки анкл стрэп лучше носить с брюками, так как ремешок может зрительно укорачивать ноги.
Выбор «Я Покупаю»: босоножки со звериным принтом.
Босоножки Stuart Weitzman, milano-moda.yapokupayu.ru
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store state information – a bistable multivibrator. The circuit can be made to change state by signals applied to one or more control inputs and will have one or two outputs. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems.
Flip-flops and latches are used as data storage elements. A flip-flop is a device which stores a single bit (binary digit) of data; one of its two states represents a "one" and the other represents a "zero". Such data storage can be used for storage of state, and such a circuit is described as sequential logic in electronics. When used in a finite-state machine, the output and next state depend not only on its current input, but also on its current state (and hence, previous inputs). It can also be used for counting of pulses, and for synchronizing variably-timed input signals to some reference timing signal.
Flip-flops can be either level-triggered (asynchronous, transparent or opaque) or edge-triggered (synchronous, or clocked). The term flip-flop has historically referred generically to both level-triggered and edge-triggered circuits that store a single bit of data using gates. Recently, some authors reserve the term flip-flop exclusively for discussing clocked circuits; the simple ones are commonly called transparent latches.[1][2] Using this terminology, a level-sensitive flip-flop is called a transparent latch, whereas an edge-triggered flip-flop is simply called a flip-flop. Using either terminology, the term "flip-flop" refers to a device that stores a single bit of data, but the term "latch" may also refer to a device that stores any number of bits of data using a single trigger. The terms "edge-triggered", and "level-triggered" may be used to avoid ambiguity.[3]
When a level-triggered latch is enabled it becomes transparent, but an edge-triggered flip-flop's output only changes on a single type (positive going or negative going) of clock edge.
The first electronic flip-flop was invented in 1918 by the British physicists William Eccles and F. W. Jordan.[4][5] It was initially called the Eccles–Jordan trigger circuit and consisted of two active elements (vacuum tubes).[6] The design was used in the 1943 British Colossus codebreaking computer[7] and such circuits and their transistorized versions were common in computers even after the introduction of integrated circuits, though flip-flops made from logic gates are also common now.[8][9] Early flip-flops were known variously as trigger circuits or multivibrators.
According to P. L. Lindley, an engineer at the US Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the flip-flop types detailed below (SR, D, T, JK) were first discussed in a 1954 UCLA course on computer design by Montgomery Phister, and then appeared in his book Logical Design of Digital Computers.[10][11] Lindley was at the time working at Hughes Aircraft under Eldred Nelson, who had coined the term JK for a flip-flop which changed states when both inputs were on (a logical "one"). The other names were coined by Phister. They differ slightly from some of the definitions given below. Lindley explains that he heard the story of the JK flip-flop from Eldred Nelson, who is responsible for coining the term while working at Hughes Aircraft. Flip-flops in use at Hughes at the time were all of the type that came to be known as J-K. In designing a logical system, Nelson assigned letters to flip-flop inputs as follows: #1: A & B, #2: C & D, #3: E & F, #4: G & H, #5: J & K. Nelson used the notations "j-input" and "k-input" in a patent application filed in 1953.[12]
Flip-flops can be either simple (transparent or asynchronous) or clocked (synchronous). In the context of hardware description languages, the simple ones are commonly described as latches,[1] while the clocked ones are described as flip-flops.[2]
Simple flip-flops can be built around a single pair of cross-coupled inverting elements: vacuum tubes, bipolar transistors, field effect transistors, inverters, and inverting logic gates have all been used in practical circuits.
Clocked devices are specially designed for synchronous systems; such devices ignore their inputs except at the transition of a dedicated clock signal (known as clocking, pulsing, or strobing). Clocking causes the flip-flop either to change or to retain its output signal based upon the values of the input signals at the transition. Some flip-flops change output on the rising edge of the clock, others on the falling edge.
Since the elementary amplifying stages are inverting, two stages can be connected in succession (as a cascade) to form the needed non-inverting amplifier. In this configuration, each amplifier may be considered as an active inverting feedback network for the other inverting amplifier. Thus the two stages are connected in a non-inverting loop although the circuit diagram is usually drawn as a symmetric cross-coupled pair (both the drawings are initially introduced in the Eccles–Jordan patent).
Flip-flops can be divided into common types: the SR ("set-reset"), D ("data" or "delay"[13]), T ("toggle"), and JK. The behavior of a particular type can be described by what is termed the characteristic equation, which derives the "next" (i.e., after the next clock pulse) output, Qnext in terms of the input signal(s) and/or the current output, .
When using static gates as building blocks, the most fundamental latch is the simple SR latch, where S and R stand for set and reset. It can be constructed from a pair of cross-coupled NOR or NAND logic gates. The stored bit is present on the output marked Q.
S = 1, R = 0: Set
S = 0, R = 0: Hold
S = 0, R = 1: Reset
S = 1, R = 1: Not allowed
While the R and S inputs are both low, feedback maintains the Q and Q outputs in a constant state, with Q the complement of Q. If S (Set) is pulsed high while R (Reset) is held low, then the Q output is forced high, and stays high when S returns to low; similarly, if R is pulsed high while S is held low, then the Q output is forced low, and stays low when R returns to low.
Note: X means don't care, that is, either 0 or 1 is a valid value.
The R = S = 1 combination is called a restricted combination or a forbidden state because, as both NOR gates then output zeros, it breaks the logical equation Q = not Q. The combination is also inappropriate in circuits where both inputs may go low simultaneously (i.e. a transition from restricted to keep). The output would lock at either 1 or 0 depending on the propagation time relations between the gates (a race condition).
To overcome the restricted combination, one can add gates to the inputs that would convert (S, R) = (1, 1) to one of the non-restricted combinations. That can be:
This is done in nearly every programmable logic controller.
Alternatively, the restricted combination can be made to toggle the output. The result is the JK latch.
The characteristic equation for the SR latch is :
The circuit shown below is a basic NAND latch. The inputs are generally designated S and R for Set and Reset respectively. Because the NAND inputs must normally be logic 1 to avoid affecting the latching action, the inputs are considered to be inverted in this circuit (or active low).
The circuit uses feedback to "remember" and retain its logical state even after the controlling input signals have changed. When the S and R inputs are both high, feedback maintains the Q outputs to the previous state.
From a teaching point of view, SR latches drawn as a pair of cross-coupled components (transistors, gates, tubes, etc.) are often hard to understand for beginners. A didactically easier to understand way is to draw the latch as a single feedback loop instead of the cross-coupling. The following is an SR latch built with an AND gate with one inverted input and an OR gate. Note that the inverter is not needed for the latch functionality, but rather to make both inputs High-active.
Note that the SR AND-OR latch has the benefit that S = 1, R = 1 is well defined. In above version of the SR AND-OR latch it gives priority to the R signal over the S signal. If priority of S over R is needed, this can be achieved by connecting output Q to the output of the OR gate instead of the output of the AND gate.
The SR AND-OR latch is easier to understand, because both gates can be explained in isolation. When neither S or R is set, then both the OR gate and the AND gate are in "hold mode", i.e., their output is the input from the feedback loop. When input S = 1, then the output of the OR gate becomes 1, regardless of the other input from the feedback loop ("set mode"). When input R = 1 then the output of the AND gate becomes 0, regardless of the other input from the feedback loop ("reset mode"). And since the output Q is directly connected to the output of the AND gate, R has priority over S. Latches drawn as cross-coupled gates may look less intuitive, as the behaviour of one gate appears to be intertwined with the other gate.
Note that the SR AND-OR latch can be transformed into the SR NOR latch using logic transformations: inverting the output of the OR gate and also the 2nd input of the AND gate and connecting the inverted Q output between these two added inverters; with the AND gate with both inputs inverted being equivalent to a NOR gate according to De Morgan's laws.
The JK latch is much less frequently used than the JK flip-flop. The JK latch follows the following state table:
Hence, the JK latch is an SR latch that is made to toggle its output (oscillate between 0 and 1) when passed the input combination of 11.[16] Unlike the JK flip-flop, the 11 input combination for the JK latch is not very useful because there is no clock that directs toggling.[17]
Latches are designed to be transparent. That is, input signal changes cause immediate changes in output. Additional logic can be added to a simple transparent latch to make it non-transparent or opaque when another input (an "enable" input) is not asserted. When several transparent latches follow each other, using the same enable signal, signals can propagate through all of them at once. However, by following a transparent-high latch with a transparent-low (or opaque-high) latch, a master–slave flip-flop is implemented.
A gated SR latch circuit diagram constructed from AND gates (on left) and NOR gates (on right).
A synchronous SR latch (sometimes clocked SR flip-flop) can be made by adding a second level of NAND gates to the inverted SR latch (or a second level of AND gates to the direct SR latch). The extra NAND gates further invert the inputs so SR latch becomes a gated SR latch (and a SR latch would transform into a gated SR latch with inverted enable).
With E high (enable true), the signals can pass through the input gates to the encapsulated latch; all signal combinations except for (0, 0) = hold then immediately reproduce on the (Q, Q) output, i.e. the latch is transparent.
With E low (enable false) the latch is closed (opaque) and remains in the state it was left the last time E was high.
The enable input is sometimes a clock signal, but more often a read or write strobe. When the enable input is a clock signal, the latch is said to be level-sensitive (to the level of the clock signal), as opposed to edge-sensitive like flip-flops below.
This latch exploits the fact that, in the two active input combinations (01 and 10) of a gated SR latch, R is the complement of S. The input NAND stage converts the two D input states (0 and 1) to these two input combinations for the next SR latch by inverting the data input signal. The low state of the enable signal produces the inactive "11" combination. Thus a gated D-latch may be considered as a one-input synchronous SR latch. This configuration prevents application of the restricted input combination. It is also known as transparent latch, data latch, or simply gated latch. It has a data input and an enable signal (sometimes named clock, or control). The word transparent comes from the fact that, when the enable input is on, the signal propagates directly through the circuit, from the input D to the output Q. Gated D-latches are also level-sensitive with respect to the level of the clock or enable signal.
Transparent latches are typically used as I/O ports or in asynchronous systems, or in synchronous two-phase systems (synchronous systems that use a two-phase clock), where two latches operating on different clock phases prevent data transparency as in a master–slave flip-flop.
Latches are available as integrated circuits, usually with multiple latches per chip. For example, 74HC75 is a quadruple transparent latch in the 7400 series.
The truth table below shows that when the enable/clock input is 0, the D input has no effect on the output. When E/C is high, the output equals D.
A gated D latch based on an SR NAND latch
A gated D latch based on an SR NOR latch
D = 1, E = 1: set
D = 1, E = 0: hold
D = 0, E = 0: hold
D = 0, E = 1: reset
A gated D latch in pass transistor logic, similar to the ones in the CD4042 or the CD74HC75 integrated circuits.
The classic gated latch designs have some undesirable characteristics.[18] They require double-rail logic or an inverter. The input-to-output propagation may take up to three gate delays. The input-to-output propagation is not constant – some outputs take two gate delays while others take three.
Designers looked for alternatives.[19] A successful alternative is the Earle latch. It requires only a single data input, and its output takes a constant two gate delays. In addition, the two gate levels of the Earle latch can, in some cases, be merged with the last two gate levels of the circuits driving the latch because many common computational circuits have an OR layer followed by an AND layer as their la
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