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Brill Nijhoff. Brill Wageningen Academic. Brill Fink. Brill mentis. Author Portal. Fonts, Scripts and Unicode. Data Sharing Policy. Brill MyBook. Ordering from Brill. Author Newsletter. Piracy Reporting Form. Catalogs, Flyers and Price Lists. How to Manage your Online Holdings. Sales Managers and Sales Contacts. Ordering From Brill. LibLynx Access Management. Discovery Services. MARC Records. Online User and Order Help. Titles No Longer Published by Brill. Latest Key Figures. Latest Financial Press Releases and Reports. Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. Share Information. Specialty Products. Open Access. Open Access for Authors. Transformative Agreements. Open Access and Research Funding. Open Access for Librarians. Open Access for Academic Societies. About us. Stay updated. Corporate Social Responsiblity. Investor Relations. Review a Brill Book. Rights and Permissions. Press and Reviews. Reference Works. Primary source collections. How to publish with Brill. Open Access Content. Contact us. Sales contacts. Publishing contacts. Social Media Overview. Terms and Conditions. Privacy Statement. Login to my Brill account Create Brill Account. Author: Douglas Davids. This well-researched and informative book paves the way for policymakers to develop that will and take that necessary action. With a convincingly detailed demonstration that narco-terrorism is a thriving reality, citing, for example, facilities that combine guerilla training and drug processing, and documenting meetings between political leaders and drug lords, the author lays out a powerful program that coordinates strong legal, political, military, and social education initiatives which, taken together, will at last allow us to contain this growing menace. Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint. Copyright Year: E-Book PDF. Login via Institution. Prices from excl. View PDF Flyer. Contents About. Biographical Note Douglas J. Save Cite Email this content Share link with colleague or librarian You can email a link to this page to a colleague or librarian:. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. International Criminal Law. International Law. Law in the War on International Terrorism. Indirect Responsibility for Terrorist Acts. Sign in to annotate. Delete Cancel Save. Cancel Save. View Expanded. View Table. View Full Size. Middle East and Islamic Studies. Ancient Near East and Egypt. International Relations. Slavic and Eurasian Studies. Languages and Linguistics. Book History and Cartography. Theology and World Christianity. Literature and Cultural Studies. Stay Updated. Mission Statement. Imprints and Trademarks. Corporate Governance. Email Newsletter Sign-up Pages. Corporate Social Responsibility. Brill Podcasts. Conference and Book Fairs. Offices Worldwide. Policies and Forms. Acquisition Editors.

Narco Terrorism: A Unified Strategy to Fight a Growing Terrorist Menace

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Marijuana grows openly in many parts of Kyrgyzstan. The Lake Issyk-Kul area of Kyrgyzstan is particularly famous for hashish. The country's climate is exceptionally well suited to cultivation of opium poppies and wild marijuana, producing unusually pure final products from both types of plant. Kyrgyzstan is said to produce even better poppies than does nearby Afghanistan. According to the CIA World Factbook: There is limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy for CIS markets and limited government eradication of illicit crops. Kyrgyzstan is a transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of Europe and a major consumer of opiates. Domestic production of opium is small-scale, and cannabis and ephedra cultivation is far more prevalent and widely-distributed. Drugs transiting Kyrgyzstan are mainly distributed in the Russian market, especially to Siberia and the Ural region although trafficking to China is already a problem and is expected to grow in the coming years considering opiate and heroin trafficking has become more professional and international and the increasing drugs market in China. Local production is limited and mainly includes cannabis, marihuana and opium. Drugs are still produced in both regions, involving numbers of impoverished people. For instance, in Issyk-Kul region, cannabis is grown on around hectares of land that can be used to produce around 3 thousand tons of marihuana and tons of hashish. The criminal groups have divided the plantations among themselves and mobilize around peasants daily to work on the plantations. The drugs are then trafficked through Kazakhstan to Russia. Likewise, in Osh entire families go to plantations to pick opium poppies. The parents make hashish and marihuana and the children sell it. Basically, the drugs trafficking routes to the North coincide with the trade routes for goods arriving from China. For instance in kg and in — kg of heroin was seized in Kyrgyzstan, that means that only 0. While the use of narcotics and illegal drugs is relatively low, it is a problem. Because of porous borders and close proximity to Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan is a transit country for illegal drugs, which are smuggled to Russia, Europe, and occasionally North America. Department of State\]. All subcategories of drug related crime declined between and , with the exception of smuggling. Drug related crime in Kyrgyzstan reflects the same inverted-U trend seen in other countries in Central Asia. In , the recorded number of drug related crimes was 38 percent lower than its peak in However, the number of offences for the sale of drugs has steadily increased: 46 percent from to Drug Related Crimes in Kyrgyzstan: 1, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 3, in ; 3, in ; 3, in ; 3, in ; 3, in ; 3, in ; 3, in ; 3, in ; 2, in ; 2, in Drug Related Crime Offenders in Kyrgyzstan: 1, in ; 1, in ; 1, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 2, in ; 1, in ; in Issy-kul also has the highest drug related crime prevalence in Central Asia. This pattern conforms to the trend seen in Kyrgyzstan with crime, opiate seizures, and registered drug users concentrated in a few select locations. In , the OSCE estimated that cannabis was growing on 6, ha. In , Kyrgyzstan reports Cannabis is indigenous to the region and Kyrgyz tribes still utilise cannabis for fibre, food and drug purposes. It is thought that the cannabis plant evolved in the mountainous regions that lie between Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, political upheaval caused the modern cannabis trade to thrive. Now that hashish production is illegal in Kyrgyzstan, observers will note the location of likely-looking plants during the day, and at night will return to hand-rub the plants where they grow—sometimes remaining at the arduous task throughout the entire night. Cannabis and hashish are easy to find in almost every part of Kyrgyzstan, although care should always be taken to avoid attracting unwelcome attention from law enforcement. The price, quality and origin of the product available will vary according to location—in the south, Afghan hashish is very common, whereas in the northern regions, domestically-produced cannabis and hashish dominates. The percentage of young people who had used cannabis ten times or more in their lifetime was 1. Within the past 30 days, 2. This indicates that cannabis use is minimal among youth in Kyrgyzstan, with lifetime use prevalence lower than inhalant use. Cannabis use among registered drug users in Kyrgyzstan in registered cannabis users: ; cumulative total percent of all RDUs: 27 percent; prevalence per , population: Estimated annual prevalence of cannabis use as a percentage of the adult population annual prevalence, year of estimate : 6. Percentage of students age 16 who reported using cannabis by frequency; lifetime use: boys: 8. According to Sensi Seeds: Cannabis grows abundantly in the wild in Kyrgyzstan, and laws against cultivation are relatively strict; thus, the vast majority of the harvest each year is taken from wild plants. As well as the Chui and Issyk-Kul, cannabis also grows in Talas and Jalal-Abad provinces; rarely, cases of illicit cannabis cultivation have been reported in other remote regions, usually in locations inaccessible to law enforcement. In total, approximately 40, hectares of wild cannabis is believed to grow in Kyrgyzstan. Typically, wild plants are reported to reach Harvesting of the wild crop typically begins in early August, when resin production has peaked. It is reported that once the buds have been stripped from the branches, the plant continues to produce flowers and can be harvested a second time in late August or early September. This may well be a feature of its ruderalis ancestry, as many growers of modern autoflowering strains have found the same occurs with their own plants. In recent years, would-be harvesters have become increasingly open about their activities, and it is reportedly not uncommon to see whole families out in the fields, from children to the elderly. Women are also increasingly favoured for the task of harvesting, as they are generally less likely to be suspected of wrongdoing by the authorities. Typically, small-scale local dealers purchase cannabis and hashish directly from the villagers that harvested it. The contraband is then sold on to larger regional and international trafficking organisations, which then oversee its journey out of Kyrgyzstan. Occasionally, tensions have been known to rise between the harvesters and the police sent to stamp down on the trade, which have spilled over into violence on several occasions. Firearms are more likely to be shot into the air as a deterrent than used as a weapon, but knife and stick skirmishes can reach intense levels. In , a local counternarcotics official stated that two of his agents had been stabbed during an effort to arrest cannabis harvesters in Issyk-Kul the previous autumn. Following the collapse of the Soviet regime and the resulting economic and political upheaval in the region, unemployment soared and many rural people turned to cannabis as a means of generating much-needed income. In response to the rapid growth of the cannabis trade, Kyrgyz authorities renewed efforts to stamp out the industry. In , it was estimated that 60, hectares of cannabis grew in Kyrgyzstan; that year, Kyrgyz authorities reported eradication of 15, hectares. In , Kyrgyz authorities stated that metric tons of cannabis had been eradicated in the eight months up to and including August in Issyk-Kul alone. In , the largest-ever bust in Kyrgyzstan led to the seizure of kg of hashish. While this figure represents a 21 percent increase from , it is more accurately seen as part of a wider trend of fluctuating volumes of cannabis seizures between and Cannabis seizures peaked in at 3, For Issyk-kul, this represents a six-fold increase over the volume seized in Osh oblast, which had recorded the second highest volume of cannabis seizures in , saw a significant 72 percent decrease. Hashish seizures in Kyrgyzstan, in tons : A 0. In , Kyrgyzstan seized Among registered drug users 8 are reportedly Ephedra addicts, 11 are sedative addicts, 80 are solvent and tranquilizer addicts, and are poly-drug addicts, possibly including synthetic drugs and inhalants. Lifetime drug use was limited to 4. The most frequent drug used was inhalants 5. Within the past 12 months, 2. Percentage of students in Kyrgyzstan who reported synthetic drug use within the past 12 months and 30 days: Used once or more in the past 12 months: inhalants: boys: 2. Percentage of students age 16 who reported never using drugs in their lifetime: any drug use: Conversely, drug abuse tends to be low in regions isolated from the major transportation network and drug trafficking routes, such as Naryn and Issyk-kul. The Kyrgyz capital, Bishkek, located on a major drug trafficking route in the northern Chui oblast, is reported to have the single largest population of registered drug users in the country. In there were registered drug users per , people, of which almost one quarter were heroin users and 41 percent were opium users. The estimated opiate use prevalence in Bishkek is among the highest of any location in the region. Alarmingly, all were injecting opiates. In , 36 people per , population were registered as drug users; out of these more than a quarter were registered as heroin users and 11 percent as opium users. It is estimated that 0. Of these, 96 percent administer the drug through injection. However, within the oblast, almost half of the estimated opiate users are in Osh City which has an estimated prevalence of 0. In contrast to Bishkek where only a quarter of registered drug users have been registered as heroin users, in Osh City, the proportion of heroin users is more than 85 percent. Contrary to common perceptions that places associated with drug trafficking would also have high prevalence of drug use, noticeable exceptions are observed in the region, as for example in the Osh excluding Osh city and the Jalal-Abad oblasts. These are located on what are believed to be major heroin trafficking routes but have reportedly low prevalence rates of opiate use. The same holds true for the corresponding regions of Namangan and Andijon in Uzbekistan. Unlike in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, where the most frequently used opiate is heroin, in Kyrgyzstan the total number of registered heroin and opium users are similar, with the majority of opium users concentrated in the northern Chui oblast and Bishkek City. As in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, injecting is the most frequently used method of administering opiates approximately 96 percent. Kyrgyzstan has launched a progressive needle exchange program to combat drug-related diseases. A report from the s indicated that 70 percent of the 44, crimes reported in the republic in had a connection to drugs in one way or another. The number of drug related crimes increased from in to 2, in Perhaps the most lucrative, and certainly the most problematic, of Kyrgyzstan's exports is narcotics, particularly opium and heroin. Government officials believe that the narcotics industry presents the greatest challenge to the internal security of Kyrgyzstan because of its capacity to destabilize the country. In the Soviet era, the Kyrgyz Republic was a legal producer of opium, with about 2, hectares of land planted to poppies in , the last year before world pressure forced such farms to be closed. At that point, an estimated 16 percent of the world's opium came from Kyrgyzstan. In Kyrgyzstan applied to the World Health Organization for permission to reinstitute the production of medicinal opium as a means of generating desperately needed revenue. Under pressure from the world community, the plan was dropped. Cultivation reported in the study occurred primarily in Chui oblast All the poppy plots were located in house gardens with the largest single cultivation plot measuring only m2 in size. The majority of cultivation was reportedly for personal use rather than for distribution. In , Kyrgyzstan did not report any illicit cultivation of opium poppy or any production facilities. Page Top. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U. Section , the material on this site is distributed without profit. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. If you are the copyright owner and would like this content removed from factsanddetails. Wild Cannabis in Kyrgyzstan According to Sensi Seeds: Cannabis grows abundantly in the wild in Kyrgyzstan, and laws against cultivation are relatively strict; thus, the vast majority of the harvest each year is taken from wild plants. Drug Production in Kyrgyzstan Perhaps the most lucrative, and certainly the most problematic, of Kyrgyzstan's exports is narcotics, particularly opium and heroin. Last updated April

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