Feminist Does Porn

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Feminist Does Porn
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Range of views on pornography among feminists
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . Find sources: "Feminist views on pornography" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2020 )


^ Shahghasemi, Ehsan (2020). "Pornography of Networked Feminism: The case of Iranian "Feminist" Instagramers" (PDF) . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )

^ Dworkin & MacKinnon 1988

^ Dworkin 1989 , ch. Pornography is a civil rights issue pp.278, 300–301

^ Rapp2009 , p. 3

^ Shrage, Laurie (Fall 2015), " Feminist perspectives on sex markets: pornography ", Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy .

^ MacKinnon 1983 , pp. 321–345 "Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women; women's bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed, and this presented as the nature of women; the coercion that is visible and the coercion that has become invisible—this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography."

^ "A Conversation With Catharine MacKinnon (transcript)" . Think Tank . 1995. PBS . Retrieved 2009-09-01 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e MacKinnon, Catharine (2005). "Pornography as Trafficking" . Michigan Journal of International Law . 26 (4): 993–1012.

^ Gail Dines (24 March 2007). Pornography & Pop Culture: Putting the Text in Context (Video). Wheelock College , Boston. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Presentation at: Pornography & Pop Culture - Rethinking Theory, Reframing Activism . Archived at Google Video .

^ MacKinnon, Catherine A. (2006). Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues . Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

^ Emily Bazelon (10 September 2015). "The Return of the Sex Wars" . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 September 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b Cawston, Amanda (2019-07-03). "The feminist case against pornography: a review and re-evaluation" . Inquiry . 62 (6): 624–658. doi : 10.1080/0020174X.2018.1487882 . ISSN 0020-174X . S2CID 149531619 .

^ MacKinnon 1987 , p. 176

^ Dworkin 1989b , p. [ page needed ] .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Schorn, Johanna (2012). "Subverting pornormativity: Feminist and queer interventions" . Gender Forum . 37 : 15–24.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Shim & Paul 2014

^ Jump up to: a b c d Webber 2013

^ Morgan 1978 , pp. 163–169

^ Jeffries 2006

^ Jump up to: a b Bindel 2010

^ Jump up to: a b c d MacKinnon, Catharine A. (2021-09-06). "Opinion | OnlyFans Is Not a Safe Platform for 'Sex Work.' It's a Pimp" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-10-23 .

^ Brod 1996 , p. 242

^ Chenier 2004 , pp. 1–3

^ Brownmiller 2000 , p. 360 This citation may be limited to Women Against Pornography and Feminists Fighting Pornography; slide shows, speeches, and tours; and their work being sited in New York.

^ "Angry Wimmin" . Lefties . BBC Four . Archived from the original on 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 2009-09-01 .

^ Brownmiller 2000 , pp. 318–321

^ Dworkin & MacKinnon 1988 , ch. The ordinance: definition pp. 36–41 "The definition is closed, concrete, and descriptive, not open-ended, conceptual, or moral. It takes the risk that all damaging materials might not be covered in order to try to avoid misuse of the law as much as possible."

^ Dworkin, Andrea (12 April 2022). "Pornography and Civil Rights: a New Day for Women's Equality" (PDF) . Feminstes Radicales . Retrieved 12 April 2022 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )

^ MacKinnon, Catharine . "The rise of a feminist censor, 1983-1993" . mediacoalition.org . Media Coalition. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009.

^ Mason-Grant 2004 , p. 176

^ "Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc., 760 F. Supp. 1486 (M.D. Fla. 1991)" . law.justia.com . March 8, 1991.
Nonlawyer's reference: Federal Supplement, vol. 760, starting at p. 1486; the case was decided in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida in 1991.

^ "Legal Momentum's history: 1987" . legalmomentum.org . Legal Momentum . Archived from the original on 3 August 2013 . Retrieved January 29, 2010 .
Short summary by counsel in case, Legal Momentum.

^ "Women and the law" . George Mason University . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Retrieved January 29, 2010 .
Details of decision including defendant's Statement of Prohibited Conduct, section C1.

^ "Iceland" . freedomhouse.org . 2015-10-27 . Retrieved 2018-12-14 .

^ "European Women's Lobby" . www.womenlobby.org . Retrieved 2018-12-14 .

^ Carol, Avedon. "The Harm of Porn: Just Another Excuse to Censor" . The Law . London (June–July–August 1995). ISSN 1360-807X . Archived from the original on 2015-07-09.

^ Thorn, Clarisse (December 16, 2011). "Interview with a sex-positive feminist" . Feministe .

^ Willis, Ellen. (18 October 2005). "Lust horizons: the 'voice' and the women's movement" . Village Voice (50th Anniversary special ed.) . Retrieved 2 September 2009 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Andrejek, Nicole; Fetner, Tina (2019-01-02). "The Gender Gap in Orgasms: Survey Data from a Mid-Sized Canadian City" . International Journal of Sexual Health . 31 (1): 26–35. doi : 10.1080/19317611.2018.1563014 . ISSN 1931-7611 . S2CID 149899028 .

^ "Paris accueille son premier festival consacré au travail du sexe" . Le Monde.fr (in French). 2018-11-02 . Retrieved 2018-12-14 .

^ "SNAP ! Sex workers Narratives Art & Politics" (in French) . Retrieved 2018-12-14 .

^ "FFE: Mission" . ffeusa.org . Feminists for Free Expression (FFE). Archived from the original on 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2009 .

^ "Li Yinhe 李银河 | The China Story" . Archived from the original on 2019-01-05 . Retrieved 2018-12-14 .

^ "建议取消淫秽品罪_李银河_新浪博客" . blog.sina.com.cn . Retrieved 2018-12-14 .

^ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net" . www.usconstitution.net . Retrieved 2018-12-14 .

^ MacKinnon, Catharine A. ; Dworkin, Andrea (26 August 1994). "Statement by Catharine A. MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin regarding Canadian customs and legal approaches to pornography" . nostatusquo.com . Retrieved 1 September 2009 . (Archived at Andrea Dworkin Web Site .)

^ Strossen 2000 , pp. 242–244

^ Gotell 1997 , p. 100

^ Bright 1993

^ Jump up to: a b c d "How Feminist Porn Is Traversing the Mainstream" . Rewire News Group . Retrieved 2021-10-22 .

^ Hartley 1998 , pp. 142–144

^ Ovidie 2004

^ Faludi 2000

^ Roberts, Sam (2015-09-11). "Candida Royalle, 64, Dies; Filmed Erotica for Women" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-10-22 .

^ Mühlparzer, Hannah. "Porn Film Festival Vienna: Festival multipler Höhepunkte" . Der Standard . Retrieved 28 November 2018 .

^ Vogels, Josey (21 April 2009). "Female-friendly porn" . Metro . Toronto, Canada: Free Daily News Group Inc. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 .

^ " "Porno muss nicht ausbeuterisch sein" – Erika Lust über faire Produktionsbedingungen" . Arte Tracks (in German). Arte . 8 February 2019 . Retrieved 23 September 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b Pip Christmass (November 1996). "Anäis Nin's Erotica: Written for the Male Voyeur?" . Outskirts: feminists along the edge . University of Western Australia . Retrieved 24 September 2020 .

^ Steinem 1983

^ LeMoncheck 1997 , p. 112

^ Dworkin 1981 , Preface p. 10

^ Willis 1981

^ McIntosh 1996 , pp. 333–341

^ Valenti 2009 , pp. 81–100

^ Griffith & Adams 2012

^ Jump up to: a b c d Vasquez 2012

^ Long 2005


Feminist views on pornography range from condemnation of all of it as a form of violence against women , to an embracing of some forms as a medium of feminist expression . [1] This debate reflects larger concerns surrounding feminist views on sexuality , and is closely related to those on prostitution , on BDSM , and other issues. Pornography has been one of the most divisive issues in feminism , particularly in anglophone (English-speaking) countries. This deep division was exemplified in the feminist sex wars of the 1980s, which pitted anti-pornography activists against pro-pornography ones.

Feminist opponents of pornography—such as Andrea Dworkin , Catharine MacKinnon , Robin Morgan , Diana Russell , Alice Schwarzer , Gail Dines , and Robert Jensen —argue that pornography is harmful to women, and constitutes strong causality or facilitation of violence against women.

Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin had separately staked out a position that pornography was inherently exploitative toward women, and they called for a civil law to make pornographers accountable for harms that could be shown to result from the use, production, and circulation of their publications. [2] When Dworkin testified before the Meese Commission in 1986, she said that 65 to 75 percent of women in prostitution and hard-core pornography had been victims of incest or child sexual abuse. [3]

Andrea Dworkin's activism against pornography during the 1980s brought her to national attention in the United States. [4]

Anti-pornography feminists, notably Catharine MacKinnon, charge that the production of pornography entails physical, psychological, and/or economic coercion of the women who perform and model in it. This is said to be true even when the women are being presented as enjoying themselves. [5] [6] [7] Catharine MacKinnon argues that the women in porn are "not there by choice but because of a lack of choices." [8] It is also argued that much of what is shown in pornography is abusive by its very nature. Gail Dines holds that pornography, exemplified by gonzo pornography , is becoming increasingly violent and that women who perform in pornography are brutalized in the process of its production. [9]

Anti-pornography feminists point to the testimony of well known participants in pornography, such as Traci Lords and Linda Boreman , and argue that most female performers are coerced into pornography, either by somebody else, or by an unfortunate set of circumstances. The feminist anti-pornography movement was galvanized by the publication of Ordeal , in which Linda Boreman (who under the name of "Linda Lovelace" had starred in Deep Throat ) stated that she had been beaten, raped, and pimped by her husband Chuck Traynor , and that Traynor had forced her at gunpoint to make scenes in Deep Throat , as well as forcing her, by use of both physical violence against Boreman as well as emotional abuse and outright threats of violence, to make other pornographic films. [10] Dworkin, MacKinnon, and Women Against Pornography issued public statements of support for Boreman, and worked with her in public appearances and speeches. [11] In this instance, both against and pro-pornography feminists recognize that "exploitation and abuse of vulnerable women does sometimes occur to produce some pornography," [12] but situations like Boreman's are viewed by some feminists as preventable and not as an essential aspect of producing pornographic material. [12]

MacKinnon and Dworkin defined pornography as "the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures or words". [13] According to Dworkin, the original definition of the word pornography was “the graphic depiction of whores.” [14] [15] “Whore” is a term that has historically been used to describe sex-workers . While there is some debate around the connotations of the word today, Dworkin’s use of this word alludes to the fact that sex-workers are frequently treated not as human but merely as objects for sexual gratification. [15] As Johanna Schorn points out, “the very meaning of the word pornography, then and now, seems to point towards the misogynistic and exploitative practices of the industry." [15]

The effects produced by those who view pornography are mixed and still widely debated. Generally, research has been focused around the effects of voluntary viewing of pornography. There have also been studies analyzing the inadvertent exposure to explicit sexual content, including: viewing photographs of naked people, people engaging in sexual acts, accidental web searches, or opening online links to pornographic material. It has been found that most exposure to pornography online is unsolicited and by accident. 42% of those who view online pornography are ages ranging between 10 and 17; 66% have experienced inadvertent exposure. [16]

Jae Woong Shim of Sookmyung Women's University along with Bryant M. Paul of Indiana University published a controlled study looking at such inadvertent exposure to pornography in regards to the feeling of anonymity titled "The Role of Anonymity in the Effects of Inadvertent Exposure to Online Pornography Among Young Adult Males." The study consisted of 84 male students, ages 18 and older, volunteering from a large American university in the Midwest. After completing an arbitrary survey, they were shown a 10-second pop-up clip consisting either of sexual or nonsexual content. Half of the subjects exposed to either clip believed they were viewing the content nonanonymously. The other half believed they were anonymous, and they were not being monitored. They were then asked if they would rather view hardcore pornography, softcore pornography, or nonsexual material. The hardcore pornography depicted women as sexual objects, and male-superiority. The softcore pornography was less graphic. The nonsexual material was a video of a professor's lecture unrelated to sexual content. [16]

After being exposed to the inadvertent pop-up clip, researchers noted which of the three above content choices the subjects selected. Researchers then measured the participants’ sexist attitudes towards women using a questionnaire asking the agreeability of statements to women gaining more control over men. The higher the score, the higher the subjects are thought to hold sexist views. Those who believed they were anonymous were less likely to be conscious of their monitoring compared to the nonanonymous group. It turns out, those who were exposed to sexual content and believed they were anonymous, were the most likely to choose the hardcore pornography that depicts the most objectification of women. The next highest choice for the hardcore pornography was the group exposed to nonsexual material, yet believed to be anonymous. These two groups were the most likely to hold hostile sexist attitudes towards women after the 10 second inadvertent exposure to sexual content compared to before the study. [16]

This indicates negative opinions towards women. It is concluded that being exposed to sexual content, even when it is unwanted, leads men to develop harsher sexist attitudes towards women. The greater intrigue for men to view hardcore and unusual pornography was greater when they believed to be doing so anonymously. This is most likely tied to the theory of deindividuation. The theory states that a person detaches his or her self from personal responsibility and awareness as an individual, and is more likely to act differently than when their behaviors are socially attached to his or her character. "When individuals perceive that no one knows what they are viewing, they are likely to experience reduced self-awareness, which, in turn, leads to being less considerate toward others". [16] This implies that these men would be less likely to view the pornography which harshly objectifies women if they know others would be aware if they do so, due to the perceived social consequences. [ citation needed ]

Since the feeling of anonymity disregard social norms, there is a higher chance of pursuing more extreme stimuli. This study does not prove that the men willing to watch the hardcore pornography and hold more sexist views are more likely to act out these desires and beliefs toward women. Valerie Webber in her article "Shades of Gay: Performance of Girl-on-Girl Pornography and mobile authenticities" differentiates the sex depicted in porn and personal, private sexual encounters. At first, she argues that performing sex produces normative ideas about what makes sex authentic. These normative beliefs then transfer into personal experiences where people feel an obligation to perform sex as they have viewed it in pornography. [17]

Webber discovered that there is no true authenticity surrounding sex. Sex through the lens of pornography is still legitimate, yet most performers exaggerate the act to make it more rousing and intimate to the audience. She explains that "performance…does not preclude authenticity. Performance is the means by which ‘authenticity’ is established as a category". [17] Yet the women interviewed had wide beliefs about what made sex authentic, most of which included a sense of intimacy. One interviewee pointed out that pornography is stigmatized for not being genuine, which is not true for all performers. Some are completely satisfied with the sex performed for porn, while others report low satisfaction. [17] Those who perform in pornography have different intentions for doing so, much like any other job. Some performers do it because they like pleasing their audience, some do it for personal pleasure, and some feel they are creating something of artistic value. As Webber puts it, "if fake equals ‘bad’, then good must equal ‘real’. The motives can be ‘pure’, but what those motives are can differ dramatically". [17] Performers are usually aware of what their audience expects from them and what viewers enjoy. Webber could theorize that women use this knowledge and personal intentions to produce pornography in which men anonymously consume, which then authenticates the normality of such depictions of sex as being appropriate and desirable. [ citation needed ]

Anti-pornography feminists say that consumption of pornography is a cause of rape and other forms of violence against women . Robin Morgan summarizes this idea with her often-quoted statement, "Pornography is the theory, and rape is the practice." [18]

Anti-pornography feminists charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and sexual harassment . MacKinnon argued that pornography leads to an increase in sexual violence against women through fostering rape myths . Such rape myths include the belief that women really want to be raped and that they mean yes when they say no. Additionally, according to MacKinnon, pornography desensitizes viewers to violence against women, and this leads to a progressive need to see more violence in order to become sexually aroused, an effect she acknowledges is well documented. [19]

Gail Dines claims that interviews she conducted with men incarcerated for the rape of a prepubescent child showed that all of the interviewed were at first "horrified at the idea" of raping a child, but started "habitual" consumption of images depicting sexual abuse of mino
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