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Gender binary (also known as gender binarism , binarism , or ambiguously genderism ) [1] [2] [3] is the classification of gender into two distinct, opposite forms of masculine and feminine , whether by social system or cultural belief .
In this binary model, sex , gender , and sexuality may be assumed by default to align, with aspects of one's gender inherently linked to one's genetic or gamete -based sex, or with one's sex assigned at birth . For example, when a male is born, gender binarism may assume the male will be masculine in appearance, character traits, and behavior, including having a heterosexual attraction to females. [4] These aspects may include expectations of dressing, behavior, sexual orientation , names or pronouns, preferred restroom, or other qualities. These expectations may reinforce negative attitudes , bias , and discrimination towards people who display expressions of gender variance or nonconformity or whose gender identity is incongruent with their birth sex. [5]
The term gender binary describes the system in which a society allocates its members into one of two sets of gender roles , gender identities , and attributes based on the type of genitalia. [6] In the case of people born with organs that fall outside this classification system ( intersex people), enforcement of the binary often includes coercive surgical gender reassignment . [7] [8] Intersex people often identify anatomically as male or female; however, their innate gender identity may be different. Gender binary therefore focuses primarily on one's innate identity irrespective of their anatomical features. [9]
Gender roles are a major aspect of the gender binary. Gender roles shape and constrain people's life experiences, impacting aspects of self-expression ranging from clothing choices to occupation. [10] [11] Most people have feminine and masculine psychological characteristics. [12] [13] Traditional gender roles are influenced by the media, religion, mainstream education, political systems, cultural systems, and social systems. [14] Major religions such as Islam and Christianity , in particular, act as authorities for gender roles. Islam, for example, teaches that mothers are the primary care givers to their children and the Catholic Church, the largest Christian denomination, only ordains cisgender men as priests. Christianity supports its adherence to a gender binary with the Book of Genesis in the Bible , where it is declared in verse 27 that "God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them." [15] Orthodox Judaism also forbids women to be ordained as rabbis and serve as clergy in their congregations. [16]
In English, some nouns (e.g., boy), honorific titles (e.g., Miss), occupational titles (e.g., actress), and pronouns (e.g., she, his) are gendered, and they fall into a male/female binary. Children raised within English-speaking (and other gendered-language) environments come to view gender as a binary category. [17] Studies have found that for children who learn English as their primary language in the U.S., adults' use of the gender binary to explicitly sort individuals (i.e. "boys" and "girls" bathrooms and softball teams), as opposed to just the presence of gender markers, causes gender biases. [17]
According to Thomas Keith in Masculinities in Contemporary American Culture , the longstanding cultural assumption that male–female dualities are "natural and immutable" partly explains the persistence of systems of patriarchy and male privilege in modern society. [18]
Hyde and colleagues suggest that gender being visibly marked makes it become unnaturally psychologically salient. [17]
Gender binarism may create institutionalized structures of power, and individuals who identify outside traditional gender binaries may experience discrimination and harassment within the LGBT community. Most of this discrimination stems from societal expectations of gender that are expressed in the LGBT community. But many LGBT people and many youth activist groups advocate against gender binarism within the LGBT community. Many individuals within the LGBT+ community report an internal hierarchy of power status. Some who do not identify within a binary system experience being at the bottom of the hierarchy. The multitude of different variables such as race, ethnicity, age, gender, and more can lower or raise one's perceived power. [19]
Worldwide, there are many individuals and several subcultures that can be considered exceptions to the gender binary or specific transgender identities. In addition to individuals whose bodies are naturally intersex , there are also specific social roles that involve aspects of both or neither of the binary genders. These include Two-Spirit Native Americans and hijra of India . Feminist philosopher María Lugones argues that Western colonizers imposed their dualistic ideas of gender on indigenous peoples, replacing pre-existing indigenous concepts. [20] In the contemporary West , non-binary or genderqueer people do not adhere to the gender binary by refusing terms like "male" and "female" as they do not identify as either. Transgender people have a unique place in relation to the gender binary. In some cases, attempting to conform to societal expectations for their gender, transsexual individuals may opt for surgery, hormones, or both. [21]
Some scholars have contested the existence of a clear gender binary. Judith Lorber explains the problem of failing to question dividing people into these two groups "even though they often find more significant within-group differences than between-group differences." [22] Lorber argues that this corroborates the fact that the gender binary is arbitrary and leads to false expectations of both men and women. Instead, there is growing support for the possibility of utilizing additional categories that compare people without "prior assumptions about who is like whom". [22]
Scholars who study the gender binary from an intersectional feminist and critical race theory perspective [23] agree that during the process of European colonization of the U.S., a binary system of gender was enforced as a means of protecting patriarchal norms and upholding European nationalism. [24] This idea of a gender as a binary is thought to be an oppressive means of reflecting differential power dynamics. [25] Studies of Two Spirit traditions have shown that various indigenous cultures understand gender and sexuality in a way that opposes Western norms. [26] [27] [28] Gender binarism also poses limitations on the adequacy of medical care provided to gender nonconforming patients. There is a large gap in medical literature on non-binary populations who have unique healthcare needs. [29]
Anne Fausto-Sterling suggests a classification of 23 sexes and to move away from the classification of male and female. In her paper "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough", she discusses the existence of intersex people, individuals possessing a combination of male and female sexual characteristics, who are seen as deviations from the norm, and who frequently undergo coercive surgery at a very young age in order to maintain the two-gender system. The existence of these individuals challenges the standards of gender binaries and puts into question society's role in constructing gender. [30] Fausto-Sterling says that modern practitioners encourage the idea that gender is a cultural construct and concludes that, "we are moving from an era of sexual dimorphism to one of variety beyond the number 2." [31]
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The concept of gender spans across a spectrum. And as we know by now, it goes way beyond identifying as strictly male or female. Gender has become very nuanced in that, for many individuals, they now have the opportunity to identify with new terms more suitable to their body and preferences.
But even if you do identify with the sex assigned to you at birth, as an ally, it’s important to understand the language behind gender-related terms. (And yes, this includes always, always, always asking for someone’s pronouns instead of assuming.)
It’s also important to remember that similar to sexuality , gender can be fluid. For this reason, you must keep in mind that someone’s gender identity may change over time. And that’s okay. It’s extremely personal and not something that’s totally your business unless otherwise noted.
So whether you identify with one of these terms or just want to become a better ally , here are 12 terms essential to creating a more inclusive and respectful environment for everyone.
A person who identifies as agender might experience an “absence of any gender feelings or affiliation,” says Courtney D’Allaird , assistant director of Gender and Sexuality Resource Center at the University of Albany. (Remember that “a” as a prefix means “absence of something,” so agender = absence of gender.)
Gender nonconforming is an umbrella term that includes “anyone or anything that challenges gender expectations,” says D’Allaird. In other words, gender nonconforming people “challenge and subvert gender stereotypes and expectations.” In some societies, there is a set of expectations that come with each gender—like women wear pink and men wear blue—but those who identify as gender nonconforming reject that way of thinking entirely.
As it relates to gender, sex often refers to what doctors (and society) assign a person at birth based on their genitals, whether male or female. Licensed psychologist and LTBTQ+ sex educator Liz Powell notes that defining sex versus gender is a complicated area, as many folks wonder how helpful it is to think about sex as a separate thing from gender.
“But in context, if we’re talking about someone’s sex, we’re talking about what they were assigned at birth, based on external genitalia,” they clarify. For the sake of most discussion, this is a helpful way to frame it.
While sex is based on biology, chromosomes, and what doctors assign at birth and write on the birth certificate, gender is a social construct, meaning something that was created by humanity, complete with its own set of “rules” and expectations.
As such, individuals may identify with a different gender than what they were assigned at birth. As Powell explains it: “Gender is someone’s own internal understanding about whether they are a man or a woman, something in between, or none of those things.”
Cis, which is short for “ cisgender ,” refers to people whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth. So if you were born with a penis and you feel and consider yourself to be male, you’d be a cisgender male.
Cishet is short for “cisgender heterosexual,” or someone who is both cis and straight. (Note: “Straight” is not a gender term—it’s a sexual orientation. However, it’s relevant to gender when combined with “cisgender.”)
Trans is an abbreviation of “ transgender ” and refers to someone whose gender does not align with the sex they were assigned at birth. “Trans is not aligned with what was determined [at birth], where cis is aligned with what was determined,” says therapist Kelly Wise , PhD, who also identifies as trans.
A transgender man is someone who was assigned female at birth but has transitioned (or is transitioning) to expressing a male gender identity, and a transgender woman is someone who was assigned male at birth but has transitioned (or is transitioning) to expressing a female gender identity.
Genderqueer refers to someone who enjoys playing with that political and activist sense of the experience of expressed gender, Powell explains. A genderqueer person may identify as neither gender, both, or a combination. They do not subscribe to the traditional gender binary.
“I identify as genderqueer, because a lot of times I feel like a woman, and a lot of times I feel like a dude who feels like wearing women’s clothes. Sometimes I feel like a dude who doesn’t wear women’s clothes. I think that it’s a complicated thing,” Powell says.
Someone who is gender fluid feels that their gender can change and vary over time. “People who are gender fluid find themselves moving between different gender presentations and identifications,” Powell says. “They may identify as a man or masculine one day and as femme, woman, or feminine another day and move between these expressions of their gender.” They may use gender-neutral pronouns such as they/them, as can non-binary or genderqueer people.
Non-binary is an umbrella term for people whose gender is not just male or female, Powell explains. And (staying on the theme) this word may have different meanings to different people. “ Non-binary is anyone…outside of gender or someone who is transgender or people who don’t fall strictly within the binary at all,” Powell says. Someone can be trans, gender fluid, genderqueer, and non-binary all at the same time.
People who are intersex are born with ambiguous genitalia. For instance, someone might be born with genitals that appear female on the outside but have male-typical anatomy internally, explains the Intersex Society of North America . Doctors in birthing rooms often have different opinions on how genitals should look to be categorized as male, female, or intersex (a power which is a little creepy, IMO), which is why it’s important to let individuals identify with whatever gender feels right for them.
Sexual orientation is completely separate from gender identity . One refers to who you’re attracted to, while the other refers to your gender. This is important and often misunderstood. While someone who is non-binary or trans may identify as gay or bisexual, various gender identities can also have a heterosexual sexual orientation.
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