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Laurel Hubbard was the first openly transgender athlete to be cleared to compete in the Summer Games ... [+] on a team that matches her gender identity. (AP Photo/Mark Schiefelbein,File)
A new survey suggests that the more than a third of people believe that transgender athletes should only be permitted to compete on teams of the gender that they were assigned at birth. But, assigning biological sex at birth isn’t as straightforward as these survey responders likely think. Even the International Olympic Committee is realizing that there is no one parameter that makes a person biologically male or female.
This summer, two female runners who were assigned female at birth were told they didn’t qualify as female for certain races but did qualify as female for others; Laurel Hubbard became the first openly transgender athlete to be cleared to compete on a team that matched her gender identity; and Canadian soccer player Quinn is playing on an Olympic team that does not match their gender identity. Needless to say, formulating rules about which athletes should compete as male and female is complicated, both for transgender athletes and cisgender athletes (cisgender individuals are those whose gender identity is the same as their sex assigned at birth).
Testosterone levels remain the primary method of determining which athletes must compete with men and which can compete on women’s teams. Research ,which analyzed 24 studies of transgender athletes, indicates that testosterone-blocking hormone therapy has a significant effect on the athletic performance of trans women. For example, after 12 months of this hormone therapy, trans women have significant decreases in strength, lean body mass and muscle. Just four months on hormone therapy also reduces Hgb and HCT levels (which impact oxygen levels in blood) down to the levels of cisgender women. Here’s the catch—the trans women’s strength, lean body mass and muscle were still greater than the levels found in cisgender women, even after 36 months on testosterone blockers.
In 2015, the IOC ruled that transgender athletes who identify as female could compete on female teams if their testosterone levels were below ten nanomoles per liter for at least 12 months before the competition. In 2019, World Athletics lowered the maximum level to five nanomoles per liter. By comparison, most cisgender female athletes have testosterone levels between 0.12 and 1.79 nanomoles per liter.
There are no restrictions on transgender athletes who identify as men and want to compete on men’s teams.
Athletes With Naturally High Testosterone
In addition to the rules impacting transgender athletes, World Athletics ruled that women who were assigned female at birth but had naturally high testosterone also needed to meet the five nanomoles per liter testosterone requirement in order to compete with women in the 400, 800, and one-mile women's races. This year, Christine Mboma and Beatrice Masilingi of Namibia were banned from participating in the 400 meter race due to their naturally high testosterone levels. The two runners can still participate in the 200 meters because track’s testosterone rules only apply to longer distance races. In other words, the pair qualify as female when they are running shorter distances, but they are not officially female when running between 400 meters and a mile.
Typically cisgender women like Mboma and Masilingi that have high testosterone also have some differences of sex development (DSD) which can make their hormones, genes, and reproductive organs have both male and female characteristics. These athletes are typically permitted to compete in the Olympics if they can lower their testosterone level by taking birth control pills, having testosterone-blocking injections or undergoing surgery.
Caster Semenya, an elite runner with naturally high testosterone who challenged World Athletics’ testosterone rules in court, says she tried taking birth control pills to control her testosterone but felt they made her more injury prone . Reacting to the court verdict which upheld the rules that prevented her from competing, Semenya said , “I refuse to let World Athletics drug me or stop me from being who I am. Excluding female athletes or endangering our health solely because of our natural abilities puts World Athletics on the wrong side of history.” She added, “I will continue to fight for the human rights of female athletes, both on the track and off the track, until we can all run free the way we were born.”
Although the track-specific rules prohibited some athletes from racing this summer, other Olympic rules are permitting openly transgender athletes to compete for the first time. Laurel Hubbard, a weightlifter from New Zealand, was allowed to compete as a female under the rules which permit a transgender athlete to compete as a woman if testosterone levels are below a certain threshold for over a year. Despite meeting this criterion, Hubbard’s participation has been deemed unfair by many including her rivals . Some have suggested that Hubbard transitioning from male to female after puberty may provide a greater athletic advantage, but the Olympics have not addressed the issue of the transition timing.
Hubbard identifies as female and is competing on a women’s team, but another transgender athlete, Quinn, who is also playing on a women’s team, does not identify as female. Quinn is a Canadian soccer player who came out as nonbinary last September. For Quinn, who uses the pronouns they, their and them, the soccer team reflects their sex assigned at birth (female), not the gender with which they identify (nonbinary).
The IOC is recognizing that gender is complicated. They want to give transgender athletes a fair shot at competing, and, at the same time, are realizing that there is no easy way to determine an athlete’s sex. In fact, it sounds like in future Olympics, the definition of who is female may vary from sport to sport.
IOC President Thomas Bach said during a news conference that Hubbard is qualified to compete under the current rules, but the rules will be under review in the future. “The IOC is in an inquiry phase with all different stakeholders ... to review these rules and finally to come up with some guidelines which cannot be rules, because this is a question where there is no one-size-fits-all solution,” he said. “It differs from sport to sport.”
The IOC should be commended for trying to figure this out and for its willingness to adapt. Because sex and gender are so complex, there are certainly no easy answers when it comes to who should be permitted to compete on women’s teams. The takeaway is that trying to fit everyone into two categories, male and female, is nearly impossible in both sports and in everyday life.
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Science is finding that women struggle more than men when it comes to staying faithful in relationships.
“Even when your marriage is good, you still miss that rush of feeling so excited you can’t eat or sleep when you’re having such an intense time emotionally and sexually with a new person. That’s what I kept going after, and what I couldn’t say no to.”
That’s how Annika*, 45, from Melbourne, describes her experiences with cheating, and she’s far from alone. According to a growing body of research , many women in long-term relationships are sexually adventurous and have secret lovers.
The view that it’s mostly men who cheat because their partners lose interest in sex is outdated. Science says that it’s actually women who struggle more with monogamy because they get bored in the bedroom . Women crave sexual variety and while some stifle their desire, others will be unfaithful.
Wednesday Martin, an anthropologist and author of “Untrue,” refers to this new research as “the great correction.” Martin interviewed dozens of sociologists, sex researchers and anthropologists for her book on female infidelity and says the sad, sorry picture painted of the female libido is grossly wrong. It is alive and kicking — and eager to be satisfied.
“The new research is correcting false notions that women have lesser libidos, that women are more naturally monogamous and that it’s easier for women to partner for life,” explains Martin. “Women don’t like sex less [than men] — but they do get bored of sexual sameness.”
While males may have higher levels of spontaneous desire, women take the lead for responsive or triggered desire.
“Spontaneous desire is when you suddenly think, ‘It would be nice to have sex.’ It comes over you like hunger or thirst,” says Martin. “Responsive or triggered desire occurs when something suggests the idea of sex to you — you’re watching or reading something, or a partner initiates a sexual encounter — and you get turned on. For that type of desire, women’s libidos are every bit as strong as men’s. We’ve internalized this idea that men are the randier sex and that’s untrue.”
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