Female Circumcision

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Female Circumcision
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia
"FGM" redirects here. For other uses, see FGM (disambiguation) .
Anti-FGM road sign near Kapchorwa , Uganda , 2004
Percentage of 15–49 group who have undergone FGM in 29 countries for which figures were available in 2016 [3]
Percentage of 0–14 group who have undergone FGM in 21 countries for which figures were available in 2016 [3]
1996 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography
Nawal El Saadawi criticized FGM in 1970, one of the first African feminists to do so publicly.

^ UNICEF 2013 , p. 10.

^ James Karanja, The Missionary Movement in Colonial Kenya: The Foundation of Africa Inland Church , Cuvillier Verlag, 2009, p. 93, n. 631.

^ Janice Boddy , Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan , Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 241.

^ Boddy 2007, pp. 269–270.

^ Seham Abd el Salam, "A Comprehensive Approach for Communication about Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt," in George C. Denniston, et al. (eds.), Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice , Springer, 1999, p. 318.

^ Boddy 2007, pp. 202, 299.

^ Jump up to: a b El Salam 1999, pp. 318–319; UNICEF 2013, p. 10.

^ Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf , "Revisiting Feminist Discourses on Inbulation: The Hosken Report," in Shell-Duncan and Hernlund 2000, p. 165.

^ Elizabeth Heger Boyle, Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community , Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002, pp. 92, 103.

^ Boyle 2002, p. 41.

^ "Female genital mutilation" , New International , 5 June 1997.

^ Jenna Krajeski, "Rebellion" , The New Yorker , 14 March 2011.

^ Nawal El Saadawi, "The Struggle to End Female Genital Mutilation," in Jennifer Browdy de Hernandez, et al, African Women Writing Resistance , University of Wisconsin Press, 2010, pp. 193, 195.

^ Oldfield Hayes 1975 , p. 618.

^ Lora Wildenthal, The Language of Human Rights in West Germany , University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, p. 146.

^ Jill Tweedie, It's Only Me , Robson Books, 1980, p. 214.

^ Jump up to: a b Thomas 2000, p. 130.

^ Raqiya D. Abdalla, "'My Grandmother Called it the Three Feminine Sorrows': The Struggle of Women Against Female Circumcision in Somalia," in Abusharaf 2007, p. 201 .

^ Alexandra Topping, "Somaliland's leading lady for women's rights: 'It is time for men to step up'" , The Guardian , 23 June 2014.

^ Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology , Beacon Press, 1978, p. 156.

^ Wildenthal 2012, p. 250, n. 68.

^ Gloria Steinem, Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions , Henry Holt & Co, 2012 [1984], p. 324.

^ Wildenthal 2012, p. 145.

^ UNICEF 2013 , p. 3.

^ el Salam 1999, p. 320.

^ Elizabeth Fee, "Review of The Hosken Report " , Signs , 5(4), Summer 1980 (pp. 807–809), p. 809.

^ Lynn M. Thomas, "'Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)': Lessons from Colonial Campaigns to Ban Excision in Meru, Kenya" in Shell-Duncan and Hernlund, 2000, p. 130.

^ The International Crime of Female Genital Mutilation," Ms. magazine, March 1980.

^ Boyle 2002, p. 47.

^ Birgitte Bagnol, Esmeralda Mariano, "Politics of naming sexual practices," in Sylvia Tamale (ed.), African Sexualities: A Reader , Pambazuka Press, 2011, p. 281.

^ Abdalla 2007, p. 202 .

^ Wildenthal 2012, p.. 250, n.. 71.

^ Anika Rahman and Nahid Toubia , Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Laws and Policies Worldwide , Zed Books, 2000, p. 10.


  Specific criminal provision or national law prohibiting FGM
  General criminal provision that might be used to prosecute FGM
  Partial or subnational FGM criminalisation, or unclear legal status

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