Female Breast

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Author: Jana Vasković • Reviewer: Nicola McLaren MSc
Last reviewed: April 08, 2021
Reading time: 9 minutes
The female breast in humans contain mammary glands that produce milk for nursing their young. The latin name for the breast is mamma, thus it is clear why we belong to the class of mammals together with many other animal species. 
If you begin to analyze the etymology of the word ‘mom’, you’ll notice that in almost every language it originates from the Latin term mamma. For now, we’ll leave that to the linguists. This page will focus on the general female breast anatomy.
Gross arrangement: 15-20 secretory lobes separated by suspensory ligaments.
Secretory lobes: consist of lobules and tubuloalveolar glands, which produce milk in response to prolactin.
Lactiferous ducts: these secretory ducts of the lobes are formed by converging lobules and intralobular ducts.
Subareolar lymphatic plexus -> pectoral lymph nodes -> axillary lymph nodes -> subclavian lymphatic trunks (75%)
Subareolar lymphatic plexus -> parasternal lymph nodes -> bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunks (25%)
Axillary artery via several branches: superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic and subscapular arteries
Internal thoracic artery via the medial mammary arteries
Perforating branches of second, third and fourth intercostal arteries
Axillary, internal thoracic and second to fourth intercostal veins
Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the second to sixth intercostal nerves
The breasts are found at the anterior thoracic wall, anterior to the deep fascia and pectoral muscles; separated from them by the retromammary space. Each breast consists of mammary glands and surrounding connective tissue. 
The mammary glands are modified apocrine sweat glands. They are structurally dynamic, meaning that the anatomy changes depending on a woman’s age, menstrual cycle phase and reproductive status. The glands are active in adult women after childbirth (postpartum period). In this period, the pituitary hormone prolactin stimulates the glands to produce milk, while the hypothalamic hormone oxytocin stimulates the ejection of milk through the nipple. Outside of the postpartum period, the glands are less abundant with most of the breast tissue being filled with adipose.
Have you thought about using flashcards to learn the anatomy of the breast? Here's how you can easily make your own!
Let’s now review the mammary gland histology. The gland is comprised of 15-20 secretory lobes which are separated by fibrous bands called the suspensory ligaments of the breast (of Cooper). These ligaments originate from the underlying thoracic fascia and insert to the dermis of the overlying skin, supporting the non-ptotic shape of the breasts.
The secretory lobes contain numerous lobules comprised of the tubuloalveolar glands. The secretory ducts of the lobes, called the lactiferous ducts, converge and open onto nipple. Classical anatomy textbooks mention that each lactiferous duct dilates into the lactiferous sinus before opening onto the nipple. A recent study that used ultrasounds to examine the anatomy of the female breast, showed that although there was usually an increase in duct diameter at multiple branch points, the ‘typical’ sac-like appearance of lactiferous sinuses under the areola was not observed.
The nipple anatomy is adjusted to support the function of the breast. They are surrounded by a pigmented circular region of skin called the areola, which becomes even more pigmented and prominent during puberty. The areola shows small punctual elevations on its surface, which are produced by the many areolar glands. These are mostly sweat and sebaceous glands, as well as the modified mammary glands called the glands of Montgomery. Their function is to produce an antimicrobial secretion that protects the surface of areola.
The lymphatic drainage of the breast is very important, especially from the aspect of pathology. This is because breast carcinomas tend to spread by travelling through the lymphatic vessels, creating metastatic deposits in distant parts of the body.
Lymph from the breast lobules, nipple and areola areas collect into the subareolar lymphatic plexus. From here, around 75% of lymph (mostly from the lateral quadrants of the breast) drains into the pectoral lymph nodes, and then into the axillary lymph nodes. Whilst the remainder drains into the parasternal lymph nodes. This is why axillary lymph nodes are the first to be surgically removed in certain stages of breast cancer. The axillary lymph nodes drain into the subclavian lymphatic trunks, which also drain the upper limbs. The parasternal nodes drain into the bronchomediastinal trunks, which also drain the thoracic organs. Besides the axillary and parasternal nodes, some drainage of the breast can occur via the intercostal lymph nodes which are located around the heads and necks of the ribs. The intercostal lymph nodes drain either into the thoracic lymph duct or the bronchomediastinal lymph trunks.
For more information about the axillary lymph nodes and everything concerning breast lymphatic drainage, we have some articles and videos waiting for you. Additionally, we encourage you to read a clinical case that describes breast cancer development.
Breast blood supply comes from three sources:
Breast veins follow the mentioned arteries. They drain into the axillary, internal thoracic and second to fourth intercostal veins.
Find out more about the breast blood supply with this video tutorial and quiz.
The anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the second to sixth intercostal nerves are responsible for breast innervation. Note that the nipple is supplied by the fourth intercostal nerve.
Do you want to learn more about the female breast anatomy? Then take this specially designed quiz which covers the structure, anatomy and function of the female breast.
The extensive removal of the breast and adjacent tissues for carcinoma which was very common in earlier decades has now given place in many cases to local excision supplemented by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. If simple mastectomy is required, the breast is stripped-off the pectoralis fascia and adjacent muscles, together with axillary fat and lymph nodes. For more radical procedures, one or both pectoral muscles can be removed as well. Also, most women with single breast cancers up to 4 cm in diameter are treated by breast conservation rather than masectomy. Furthermore, when masectomy is necessary, there are three levels of disection depending on severity.
Changes such as branching of the lactiferous duct occur in the breast tissue during menstrual periods and in pregnancy. Although mammary glands are prepared for secretion by mid-pregnancy, they do not produce milk until shortly after the baby is born. Colostrum, a creamy white to yellowish pre-milk fluid, may secrete from the nipples during the last trimester of pregnancy and during initial episodes of nursing. Colostrum is believed to be especially rich in protein, immune agents and a growth factor affecting the infant’s intestines. In multiparous women, the breast often becomes large and pendulous. The breasts in elderly women are usually small because of the decrease in fat and the atrophy of glandular tissue.
Gynecomastia is swelling of the breast tissue in boys or men, caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Slight temporary enlargement of the breast is a normal occurrence with a frequency of 70% in males at puberty. Breast hypertrophy in males after puberty is relatively rare, and may be age related or drug related, for example the use of anabolic steroids.
Gynecomastia may also result from an imbalance between estrogenic and androgenic hormones or from a change in the metabolism of sex hormones by the liver. It can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly. Newborns, boys going through puberty and older men may develop gynecomastia as a result of normal changes in hormone levels. Generally, gynecomastia is not a serious problem, but it can be tough to cope with the condition. Men and boys with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts and may feel embarrassed. Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it persists, medication or surgery may help.
Female breast: want to learn more about it?
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Anatomy of the Female Breast, Functions, Parts and Location
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Where can I find naked female breast photos?
Where can I find naked female breast photos?
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Who are the most beautiful women with naked breasts?
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Where does the base of the female breast sit?
Where does the base of the female breast sit?
The roughly circular body of the breast (female breast) rests on a bed that extends transversely from the lateral border of the sternum to the midaxillary line, and from the 2nd to 6th ribs, and thus roughly spans the area on which the base of the breast sits.
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How much does a large breast weigh?
How much does a large breast weigh?
The dimensions and weight of the breast vary widely among women. A small-to-medium-sized breast weighs 500 grams (1.1 pounds) or less, and a large breast can weigh approximately 750 to 1,000 grams (1.7 to 2.2 pounds) or more.
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Перевести · 04.11.2015 · The female breast in humans contain mammary glands that produce milk for nursing their young. The latin name for the breast …
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Перевести · 16.04.2021 · This category has the following 23 subcategories, out of 23 total. Female human breasts in art‎ (17 C, 75 F ...
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Перевести · Breast anatomy vector illustration. Labeled medical female organ structure. Infographic diagram with side view of chest. Internal healthy ducts, lobe, nipple, areola, lymph and muscle …
Женская грудь — две выпуклости на передней верхней части туловища, внутри которых находятся молочные железы, выделяющие грудное молоко для вскармливания младенцев. Немного ниже середины каждой груди, примерно на уровне четвёртого межрёберного промежутка или пятого ребра, на поверхности имеется небольшой значительно пигментированный кружок — ареола. В центре ареолы расположен грудной сосок, в котором находятся наружные окончания выводных протоков молочных желез, вследствие чего через него происходит выделение молока — лактация, начало которой обычно гормонально связано с периодом родов. Сосок обычно имеет розовато-коричневую окраску.
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast
The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso of primates. In females, it serves as the mammary gland, which produces and secretes milk to feed infants. Both females and males develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. At puberty, estrogens, in conjunction with growth hormone, cause breast developmentin female humans and to a much lesser extent in other primates. Breast development in other primate females generally only occurs with p…
The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso of primates. In females, it serves as the mammary gland, which produces and secretes milk to feed infants. Both females and males develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. At puberty, estrogens, in conjunction with growth hormone, cause breast development in female humans and to a much lesser extent in other primates. Breast development in other primate females generally only occurs with pregnancy.

Subcutaneous fat covers and envelops a network of ducts that converge on the nipple, and these tissues give the breast its size and shape. At the ends of the ducts are lobules, or clusters of alveoli, where milk is produced and stored in response to hormonal signals. During pregnancy, the breast responds to a complex interaction of hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin, that mediate the completion of its development, namely lobuloalveolar maturation, in preparation of lactation and breastfeeding.

Along with their major function in providing nutrition for infants, female breasts have social and sexual characteristics. Breasts have been featured in ancient and modern sculpture, art, and photography. They can figure prominently in the perception of a woman's body and sexual attractiveness. A number of cultures associate breasts with sexuality and tend to regard bare breasts in public as immodest or indecent. Breasts, especially the nipples, are an erogenous zone.
Перевести · The Beauty Of The Female Form - Breasts. from Peter Williams. 8 years ago. This video is from a series of videos on the form of the women. This idea was developed from my Sixty …
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Female Breast