Female Army

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Female Army
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^ Jump up to: a b Asfar, Roy (November 24, 2008). "Ann Dunwoody:First Female 4-Star General|Top Vets" . Veterans Advantage . Retrieved 2011-06-29 .

^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Names First Female 4-Star General" . CBS News . November 14, 2008.

^ "2020 Demographics Profile of the Military Community" (PDF) . Military One Source . Department of Defense (DoD), Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Community and Family Policy (ODASD (MC&FP)). 2021 . Retrieved January 9, 2022 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d "Women's Service with the Revolutionary Army : The Colonial Williamsburg Official History & Citizenship Site" . History.org. 2009-11-05 . Retrieved 2015-08-09 .

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^ "Dr. Mary Edwards Walker (U.S. National Park Service)" . www.nps.gov . Retrieved 2021-11-12 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Highlights in the History of Military Women" . Women In Military Service For America Memorial . Archived from the original on April 3, 2013 . Retrieved June 22, 2013 .

^ O'Lynn, Chad E.; Tranbarger, Russell E., eds. (2006). Men in Nursing: History, Challenges, and Opportunities . New York: Springer Publishing . p. 88. ISBN 9780826103499 . Retrieved June 22, 2013 .

^ "Women in the Army" . Army.mil. 1917-06-05 . Retrieved 2015-08-09 .

^ Tendrich Frank, Lisa (2013). An Encyclopedia of American Women at War: From the Home Front to the Battlefields . Santa Barbara, Calif: Credo Reference. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-1-785394-515 .

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^ Cowan, Ruth (February 1, 1943). "Waac Skipper In North Africa Can Make A Very Nice Lemon Pie" . The Palm Beach Post . AP. p. 6 . Retrieved 6 October 2019 .

^ Treadwell, Mattie E. (1954). The Women's Army Corps . United States Army in World War II (1991 ed.). Ft. Belvoir, Virginia: United States Army Center of Military History . p. 360 . Retrieved 6 October 2019 .

^ "150 Hear Capt. Marquis Tell of Overseas Service" . The Rutland Daily Herald . February 14, 1944. p. 12 . Retrieved 6 October 2019 .

^ Windsor, Laura Lynn (2002). "Craighill, Margaret D." . Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-57607-392-6 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Health and Medical Care Chapter XXXI" . U.S. Army Medical Department - Office of Medical History . U.S. Army . Retrieved 26 April 2018 .

^ Bellafaire, Judith; Graf, Mercedes Herrera (2009-10-27). Women Doctors in War . Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9781603441469 .

^ Allan Bérubé (1990). Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two. New York, The Penguin Group. ISBN 0-02-903100-1 , page 32

^ D., Meyer, Leisa (1996). Creating GI Jane : sexuality and power in the Women's Army Corps during World War II . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231101449 . OCLC 34473260 .

^ According to research by Dr. Elizabeth Norman, the nurses first referred to themselves as the "Battling Belles of Bataan" in 1942; the phrase "Angels of Bataan" appeared later, in 1945. E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. 53, pg 296 note 8.

^ E. Norman, We Band of Angels, Appx. II; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg 193-195 (Appx. G).

^ E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, And If I Perish: Frontline U.S. Army Nurses in World War II, pg. 19 (First Anchor Books Ed, November 2004)( ISBN 1-4000-3129-X ); E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg 103.

^ Sicherman, Barbara & Carol Hurd Green (1980). Notable American Women: The Modern Period . Harvard University Press. pp. 83–4 . ISBN 9780674627338 .

^ "Florence Blanchfield Biography; Nurse (1884–1971)" . biography.com . Retrieved October 7, 2015 .

^ Faderman, Lillian (2012). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America . Columbia University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780231530743 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 .

^ Marcia M. Gallo (2006). Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement . Carroll & Graf Publishers. pp. 67 –. ISBN 978-1-58005-252-8 .

^ Shilts, Randy (2014). Conduct Unbecoming: Gays & Lesbians in the U.S. Military . Open Road Media. ISBN 9781497683150 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 .

^ Sears, James Thomas (2001). Rebels, Rubyfruit, and Rhinestones: Queering Space in the Stonewall South . Rutgers University Press. p. 342. ISBN 9780813529646 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b Hampf, Michaela (2010). Release a Man for Combat: The Women's Army Corps During World War II . Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 240. ISBN 9783412206604 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 .

^ Stewart, Chuck (2014). Proud Heritage: People, Issues, and Documents of the LGBT Experience [3 volumes]: People, Issues, and Documents of the LGBT Experience . ABC-CLIO. p. 392. ISBN 9781610693998 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 .

^ Kuhn, Betsy (2011). Gay Power!: The Stonewall Riots and the Gay Rights Movement, 1969 . Twenty-First Century Books. p. 28. ISBN 9780761372752 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 .

^ Kaiser, Charles (2007). The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America . Grove/Atlantic, Inc. p. 56. ISBN 9781555848316 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b "WAC Statistics Korean War through Vietnam War" . Awm.lee.army.mil . Retrieved 2015-08-09 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Executive Orders" . National Archives . August 15, 2016.

^ Jump up to: a b "Our History" . Archived from the original on January 26, 2019 . Retrieved January 26, 2019 .

^ Jump up to: a b Readler, Chad A.; Shumate, Brett A.; Griffiths, John R.; Coppolino, Anthony J. (October 4, 2017). "Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and Opposition to Plaintiffs' Application for a Preliminary Injunction, Civil Action No. 17-cv-1597 (CKK)" (PDF) . National Center for Lesbian Rights. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 11, 2017 . Retrieved April 13, 2018 .

^ "Women In Military Service For America Memorial" . Womensmemorial.org . Retrieved 2015-08-12 .

^ "Women in the Vietnam War - Vietnam War" . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2015-08-09 .

^ "Women In Military Service For America Memorial" . Womensmemorial.org . Retrieved 2015-08-09 .

^ "Celebrating the Legacy: African-American Women Serving in Our Nation's Defense" . Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation. February 2007 . Retrieved 2011-12-18 .

^ "See you sooner" . The Army Historical Foundation . Retrieved 2011-12-18 .

^ "List of Military Women Serving in South Vietnam Killed During the Vietnam Conflict" . Northwestvets.com . Retrieved 2011-12-18 .

^ Bellafaire, Dr. Judith. "After the Tet Offensive" . Women’s Memorial (July 2006).

^ Henry, Carma (16 May 2013). "Meet the first African American two-star General in the U.S. Army Medical Command" . The Westside Gazette . The Westside Gazette.

^ "African-American History Month - Breakthroughs for Black Military Women" . archive.defense.gov .

^ Sarmecky, Mary (2001). "1901-2001: a century of heroism" . Recruiter Journal . U.S. Army Recruiting Command.

^ Technically, the case was decided under the Fifth Amendment 's Due Process Clause , not under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , since the latter applies not to the federal government but to the states. However, because Bolling v. Sharpe , through the doctrine of reverse incorporation , made the standards of the Equal Protection Clause applicable to the federal government, it was for practical purposes an addition not to due process, but rather to equal protection jurisprudence.

^ "Frontiero v. Richardson | The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law" . Oyez.org . Retrieved 2015-08-09 .

^ "The Class of 1980" . Smithsonian National Museum of American History . Retrieved 2008-12-30 .

^
Barkalow, Carol (1990). In the Men's House . New York: Poseidon Press. p. 20 . ISBN 0-671-67312-2 .

^ " Photo controversy highlights black women in Long Gray Line " by Errin Haines Whack, Associated Press, Stars and Stripes, May 14, 2016.

^ "Notable Graduates" . Koerner Kronenfeld Partners, LLC . Retrieved 2008-12-30 .

^ "Woman ranks first in class at West Point" . New York Times . Associated Press. 4 June 1995 . Retrieved 2008-12-30 .

^ "Highlights in the History of Military Women" . Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation . Retrieved 2011-12-18 .

^ Joe, Sherry (25 April 1994). "1st female brigadier general retires from Reserve" . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2021-04-09 .

^ Doe v. Alexander , 510 F.Supp 900 (D. Minn. 1981).

^ Lisa Tendrich Frank (2013). An Encyclopedia of American Women at War: From the Home Front to the Battlefields . ABC-CLIO. pp. 257–. ISBN 978-1-59884-443-6 .

^ Healy, Melissa (1991-08-02). "Pentagon Details Abuse of American POWs in Iraq : Gulf War: Broken bones, torture, sexual threats are reported. It could spur further calls for war crimes trial. - latimes" . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2015-08-10 .

^ "bio, Rathbun-Nealy, Melissa" . Pownetwork.org . Retrieved 2015-08-10 .

^ "A Woman's Burden - TIME" . Content.time.com. 2003-03-28 . Retrieved 2015-08-10 .

^ Elizabeth Hoffman (2003-03-28). "Military Service Should Be Based On Conduct, Not Sexual Orientation" . prezi.com . Retrieved January 15, 2014 .

^ Craig A. Rimmerman Gay rights, military wrongs: political perspectives on lesbians and gays in the military , Garland Pub., 1996 ISBN 0815325800 p. 249

^ Thompson, Mark. (2008-01-28) 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Turns 15 . TIME. Retrieved on 2010-11-30.

^ Richard A. Gittins The Military Commander & the Law , DIANE Publishing, 1996 ISBN 0788172603 p. 215

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^ New York Times - October 11, 2009

^ "Department of Defense active duty military personnel by rank/grade" . Department of Defense . Retrieved 2012-05-10 .

^ Army Regulation (27 March 1992). "Army Regulation 600-13, Army Policy For The Assignment of Female Soldiers". Department of the Army .

^ "Last U.S. troops leave Iraq, ending war - Reuters" . Reuters . 2011-12-18 . Retrieved 2014-10-29 .

^ "50 Heroes for 50 States – U.S. Department of Defense Update" . United States Department of Defense . Retrieved 2006-12-30 .

^ Sergeant Sara Wood. "Female Soldier receives Silver Star in Iraq" . Department of Defense . Retrieved 16 March 2011 .

^ Carey, Benedict (2015-05-24). "The New York Times" . nytimes.com . Retrieved 2015-08-09 .

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^ "U.S.-led troops end Iraq combat mission, as planned - military officials" . reuters.com . 9 December 2021.

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^ "Panetta to lift ban on women in combat" . CBS News . 2013-06-14.

^ Lamothe, Dan (18 August 2015). "These are the Army's first female Ranger School graduates" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 August 2015 .

^ Thompson, Mark (18 August 2015). "Female Army Ranger Grads Are Among Nation's Top Soldiers, But Can't Fight" . Time . Retrieved 19 August 2015 .

^ Oppel, Richard A. (19 August 2015). "2 Women Set to Graduate From Ranger School Are Experienced Officers" . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 August 2015 .

^ Cobiskey, Olivia. "Maj. Lisa Jaster, 37, first female Army Reserve Soldier graduates Army Ranger School" . www.army.mil . Retrieved 21 June 2016 .

^ Martinez, Luis (April 27, 2016). "Trailblazer Becomes Army's First Female Infantry Officer" . ABC News . Retrieved December 14, 2020 .

^ Worland, Justin. "Army Ranger School Now Open to Women Permanently" . Time.com . Retrieved 2015-09-02 .

^ Lamothe, Dan. "After historic graduation, Army removes all restrictions on women attending Ranger School" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015-09-02 .

^ Lacdan, Joe (August 28, 2019). "First enlisted female to graduate from Ranger School reflects on experience" . Army News Service . Retrieved December 14, 2020 .

^ Jim Miklaszewski. "All Combat Roles Now Open to Women" . NBC News .

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^ "Ashton Carter approves final strategy for women in military combat roles" . The Washington Times .

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^ "Trailblazer Becomes Army's First Female Infantry Officer" . ABC News .

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There have been women in the United States Army since the Revolutionary War , and women continue to serve in it today. As of 2020, there were 74,592 total women on active duty in the US Army, with 16,987 serving as officers and 57,605 enlisted. While the Army has the highest number of total active duty members, the ratio of women-men is lower than the US Air Force and the US Navy, with women making up 15.5% of total active duty Army in 2020. [3]

Note that some minor wars women served in have been omitted from this history.

A few women fought in the Army in the American Revolutionary War while disguised as men . [4] Deborah Sampson fought until her sex was discovered and she was discharged, and Sally St. Clare died in the war. [4] [5] Anna Maria Lane joined her husband in the Army, and by the time of the Battle of Germantown , she was wearing men's clothes. [4] According to the Virginia General Assembly, "in the revolutionary war, in the garb, and with the courage of a soldier, [Lane] performed extraordinary military services, and received a severe wound at the battle of Germantown." [4]

The number of women soldiers in the American Civil War is estimated at between 400 and 750, although an accurate count is impossible because the women again had to disguise themselves as men. [6]

Dr. Mary Edwards Walker became the first female surgeon in the US Army when she was appointed as Assistant Surgeon of the 52nd Ohio Infantry serving in the Battles of First Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Chattanooga, and Chickamauga. Walker was also the first and to this day the only woman to ever receive the Medal of Honor . [7]

The United States established the Army Nurse Corps as a permanent part of the Army in 1901; the Corps was all-female until 1955. [8] [9]

Approximately 21,000 women served in the Army Nurse Corps during World War I . [10] In 1917 World War I Army nurses Clara Ayres and Helen Wood became the first female members of the U.S. military killed in the line of duty. They were killed on May 20, 1917, while with Base Hospital #12 aboard USS Mongolia en route to France. The ship's crew fired the deck guns during a practice drill, and one of the guns exploded, spewing shell fragments across the deck and killing Nurses Ayres and Wood. [11] [12]

The Army established the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps in 1942, which was changed to the Women's Army Corps in 1943. [8] Over 150,000 women served as WACs during World War II . [8]

In January 1943, Captain Frances Keegan Marquis became the first to command a women's expeditionary force, [13] the 149th WAAC Post Headquarters Company. [14] Serving in General Eisenhower's North African headquarters in Algiers, this group of about 200 women performed secretarial, driving, postal, and other non-combat duties. [15]

In May 1943, Dr. Margaret Craighill became the first female doctor to become a commissioned officer in the Army Medical Corps; [16] she was assigned as the Women’s Consultant to the Surgeon General of United States Army commanding the Women’s Health and Welfare Unit and liaison duty with the WAC. During her military service, she was responsible for inspection of the field conditions for all women in the United States Army. This included providing medical care after enlistment, and recommending hygiene courses and other preventative measures, as well as establishing the standards for screening applicants into the WACs and for WAC medical care. [17] She also met with a board of army doctors to create set standards of acceptability, and these were shortly published. [17] Craighill was also responsible for advising the assignment of women medical officers. She recommended that women be assigned positions that were based on their professional qualifications rather than on their gender. [18]

The United States Army Surgeon General's office issued a circular in 1941 that for the first time classified "homosexual proclivities" as disqualifying inductees from military service; the WAC adopted a similar policy in 1944. [19] The WAC instituted strict screening policies for recruits, often based on physical appearance and gender conformity, in order to exclude lesbians from service. WAC policies also condoned heterosexual relationships with servicemen in order to discourage homosexual conduct. [20] (But see Johnnie Phelps below.)

The Angels of Bataan (also known as the "Angels of Bataan and Corregidor " and "The Battling Belles of Bataan" [21] ) were the members of the Army Nurse Corps (and the Navy Nurse Corps ) who were stationed in the Philippines at the outset of the Pacific War (a theatre of World War II) and served during World War II's Battle of the Philippines (1941–42) . When Bataan and Corregidor fell to the Japanese in 1942, 66 army n
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