Extreme Sperm
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Tuttle Elaina M. ,
Pruett-Jones Stephen and
Webster Michael S.
1996 Cloacal protuberances and extreme sperm production in Australian fairy-wrens Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 263 1359–1364 http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0199
Birkhead T and Montgomerie R (2020) Three decades of sperm competition in birds , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 375 :1813 , Online publication date: 7-Dec-2020 .
Needham K , Kucera A , Heidinger B and Greives T (2017) Repeated immune challenges affect testosterone but not sperm quality , Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology , 10.1002/jez.2110 , 327 :6 , (398-406) , Online publication date: 1-Jul-2017 .
Rowe M , Czirják G , Lifjeld J and Giraudeau M (2013) Lysozyme-associated bactericidal activity in the ejaculate of a wild passerine , Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 10.1111/bij.12044 , 109 :1 , (92-100) , Online publication date: 1-May-2013 .
Greig E , Taft B and Pruett-Jones S (2012) Sons learn songs from their social fathers in a cooperatively breeding bird , Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 279 :1741 , (3154-3160) , Online publication date: 22-Aug-2012 .
Kempenaers B and Schlicht E (2010) Extra-pair behaviour Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms , 10.1007/978-3-642-02624-9_13 , (359-411) , .
Pruett-Jones S and Tuttle E (2007) Fairy-wren sperm counts: a correction , Animal Behaviour , 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.10.003 , 73 :3 , (e1-e2) , Online publication date: 1-Mar-2007 .
Westneat D and Stewart I (2003) Extra-Pair Paternity in Birds: Causes, Correlates, and Conflict , Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics , 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439 , 34 :1 , (365-396) , Online publication date: 1-Nov-2003 .
LaMunyon C and Ward S (2002) Evolution of larger sperm in response to experimentally increased sperm competition in Caenorhabditis elegans , Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences , 269 :1496 , (1125-1128) , Online publication date: 7-Jun-2002 .
Double M and Cockburn A (2000) Pre–dawn infidelity: females control extra-pair mating in superb fairy–wrens , Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences , 267 :1442 , (465-470) , Online publication date: 7-Mar-2000 .
Cockburn A (1998) EVOLUTION OF HELPING BEHAVIOR IN COOPERATIVELY BREEDING BIRDS , Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.141 , 29 :1 , (141-177) , Online publication date: 1-Nov-1998 .
Manuscript received 24/06/1996 Manuscript accepted 04/07/1996 Published online 01/01/1997 Published in print 22/10/1996
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In many passerine species males have enlarged cloacal protuberances during the breeding season. One hypothesis for the evolution of cloacal protuberances posits that they are a response to sperm competition and thus predicts that both within and between species the size of the protuberance correlates with the number of sperm stored. Here we provide the first intraspecific test of this hypothesis. In Australian fairy-wrens (Aves: Maluridae) females regularly mate outside of their social group resulting in intense sperm competition among males. Male fairy-wrens develop enlarged cloacal protuberances, and in a study of three species, splendid fairy-wren, white-winged fairy-wren, and variegated fairy-wren, we found significant intraspecific correlations between the size of a male’s protuberance and the stored sperm reserves in two of the three species. Males of these species had extreme numbers of sperm in their cloacal protuberances, up to 8.3 billion for splendid fairy-wrens, which should be available for a single ejaculate and is the most ever reported in an avian species. Studies of both captive and wild males showed that individuals can produce as many as 2 billion sperm per day. These data support the sperm competition hypothesis for the evolution of cloacal protuberances and highlight extreme sperm production as one possible outcome of sperm competition.
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1 Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
2 China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
3 Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225125, China.
4 Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China. chen.jilan@163.com.
Yifan Liu et al.
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1 Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
2 China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
3 Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225125, China.
4 Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China. chen.jilan@163.com.
The distribution of testis lncRNA on chicken chromosome.
Genomic features of predicted lncRNAs. ( A ) Length distribution of lncRNAs and mRNAs. ( B ) Exon number distribution of lncRNAs and mRNAs.
Heat maps of the distinguishable expression profiles in chicken testis between low and high sperm motility groups. ( A ) Hierarchical clustering of the differentially expressed lncRNA. ( B ) Hierarchical clustering of the differentially expressed mRNAs.
Illustrating of qPCR confirmation for RNA-seq. ( A ) Validation of 6 selected differential lncRNAs; ( B ) Validation of 8 selected differential mRNAs.
GO analysis of differentially expressed genes between low and high sperm motility groups. BP: biological process; CC: cellular component; MF: molecular function. The marked “*” means significantly enriched GO terms.
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Sperm motility is the most important indicator in evaluating roosters' fecundity. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying chicken sperm motility is not yet clear. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) play epigenetic roles in reproduction. In this study, RNA sequencing was employed to profile the testis transcriptome (lncRNA and mRNA) of six Beijing-you cocks divergent in sperm motility. In total, 2,597 lncRNAs were identified in the chicken testis, including 1,267 lincRNAs, 975 anti-sense lncRNAs, and 355 intronic lncRNAs. They shared similar features with previous studies. Of these lncRNAs, 124 were differentially expressed. Among 17,690 mRNAs detected in this study, 544 were differentially expressed, including a bunch of genes with known functions on sperm motility. GO annotation analysis revealed these genes were involved in ATP binding, cilium assembly, and oxidation-reduction processes. Integrating analysis of lncRNA and mRNA profiles predicted 10 lncRNA-gene pairs, including 8 co-regulated and 2 inversely-regulated pairs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first genome-wide investigation of the lncRNAs in the chicken testis associated with sperm motility. Our results provided a catalog of chicken testis lncRNAs and genes worthy of further studies to understand their roles in cocks' reproductive performance regulation.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
The distribution of testis lncRNA on chicken chromosome.
Genomic features of predicted lncRNAs.…
Genomic features of predicted lncRNAs. ( A ) Length distribution of lncRNAs and…
Heat maps of the distinguishable expression profiles in chicken testis between low and…
Illustrating of qPCR confirmation for…
Illustrating of qPCR confirmation for RNA-seq. ( A ) Validation of 6 selected…
GO analysis of differentially expressed…
GO analysis of differentially expressed genes between low and high sperm motility groups.…
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