Evolution Korea The Process Isn't As Hard As You Think
Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is prone to populist tendencies. Nonetheless, it is healthier than might be expected.
The country is searching for an alternative development model. A Confucian culture that values respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues to influence the society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced cedon, paper making block printing art styles, and writing to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. At this time, the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and other senior officials came from the aristocracy of the land, whereas the majority of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on the citizens and often required them to serve in the army or take part in projects for the government like building fortifications.
Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the end of the time. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje took on Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a tenet. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obeyed by all and respected by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This dramatically improved communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of graves that were lined with stone, with precious objects like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, constructed from huge single stones, are also common throughout the country.
In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not believe to be a valid Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Baekje is the most powerful of these states was diminished by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern territories in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla, with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters the post-crisis era, its development paradigm appears to be in flux. People who are shocked by the huge cost of the old system would prefer a thorough program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system attempt to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments, and by stoking fears of job loss.
Policy and academic analysts are sharply divided on the extent to which these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article analyzes the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development: democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies key factors that seem to be influencing these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there wasn't enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to comprehend. The level of doubt is similar to that of the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea was primarily focused on the education of students and bringing Christ to them. A significant rise in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, when there was an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event drew an audience of scientists, professors, and church leaders.
The success of this event led to the founding of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, in which it published its activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR, as well as some books on the subject that were published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks at universities and churches throughout the country.
A KACR success was witnessed at the KAIST University in Seoul. There, there were enough students fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised the funds and support to construct an on-campus museum showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics in the creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to children and other community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other style elements imported from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. At this time the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The new regime's main challenge is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-based ones. It also involves altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje, a major regional power in the 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. Consequently, it came into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies along the border.
The fall of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to rise. Gungye 에볼루션 바카라 from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and was in control of a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However the rule of his was short-lived. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as a successor state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.