Evolution Korea Explained In Less Than 140 Characters
Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. It's still better than expected.
The country is looking for a new paradigm of development. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for the ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend forming.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock, and even made furs. They also established tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools, and later iron tools. They also traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan along with styles of art and a written language and papermaking.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence in the southern region of the peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. At this time the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state with the monarch and top officials were from the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or construct fortifications.
Onjo Prince Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the close of the period. This new kingdom expanded its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a tenet. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and had to be obeyed and respected by everyone, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who ruled from 918 until 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth during pronunciation. This dramatically improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of graves that were lined with stone, and decorated with precious objects like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and constructed of large stones in a single piece, are common in the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a true Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all however, its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territorial holdings. Silla with the aid of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase, its development paradigm appears to be changing. The people who are affronted by the enormous cost of the old system are urging an extensive program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand champions of the old system are seeking to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears about job losses.
Policy and academic analysts are in a tense debate about the extent to these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article analyzes the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development that include illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also highlights the most important factors that are the driving force behind these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their views among this group. 에볼루션게이밍 conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there was not enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a similar number of people do not accept that humans evolved from earlier species of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea focused primarily on teaching students and bringing Christ to them. A significant rise in interest in creation science began in 1980, with an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. This event attracted a huge number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st, 1980. The event was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, which reported on its activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR, as well as some books on the subject that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in churches and universities throughout the country.
A KACR success was witnessed at KAIST University in Seoul. There, students were so fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised the money and support to put up a small museum on campus with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, that covers topics related to creation science. It has also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has local branches, which hold seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers and other instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being formed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves rethinking the incentives monitoring and discipline policies that created the system before the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions and also by a migrant from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. Consequently, it came into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies along the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centrally-run system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was then under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.