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Where Students Learn
Get the most out of your book with LaunchPad for Everything’s an Argument with Readings macmillanhighered.com/everythingsanargument7e LaunchPad for Everything’s an Argument with Readings provides engaging content and new ways to get the most out of your course. Use the interactive e-book, view a tutorial, watch a video, complete assignments, and practice your writing and argument skills. • Interactive exercises and tutorials for reading, writing, and research • LearningCurve, adaptive, game-like practice that helps you focus on the topics where you need the most help, such as fallacies, claims, evidence, and other key elements of argument • Reading comprehension quizzes
Try this in LaunchPad Do you sometimes struggle with grammar? The LearningCurve grammar activities included in LaunchPad for Everything’s an Argument with Readings help you learn at your own pace because they are adaptive: If you have trouble with a concept, the questions get easier, and as you master the material, the questions become more challenging.
Take full advantage of the LaunchPad for Everything’s an Argument with Readings. If your book did not come packaged with an access code, you can purchase access at macmillanhighered.com /everythingsanargument7e.
A note about the cover Is everything really an argument? Seeing the images on the cover of this book might make you wonder. The “Black Lives Matter” protest, for example, instantly calls to mind the very public unrest across the United States and around the world following a series of controversial police actions. But what does an image of a red pepper with a bar code say about the origin and value of food? Does a student using a tablet argue for or against the ways that technology is shaping how we communicate with one another? The honeybee might remind you of organic farming — or of the fact that bees have been dying off in droves while scientists speculate about the causes. And as for the gorgeous view on the smartphone, what’s your best call? A comment on the power of mobile devices? Criticism of how beauty is now commonly treated as something to post online rather than simply to enjoy? What’s your take?
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Top left: © Lynn Johnson/Aurora/Getty Images; top right: © Steven Barrymore; bottom left: © Bill Coster/age fotostock; bottom right: Frederick M. Brown/Getty Images; center row, left to right: Red DaxLuma Gallery/Shutterstock; Pacific Press/Getty Images; AP Photo; A. S. Alexander Collection of Ernest Hemingway. Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library; © Mel Longhurst/Photoshot; © imageBROKER/age fotostock
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argument arguments Seventh Edition
everything’s an
with readings
Argument Arguments Andrea A. Lunsford Stanford University
John J. Ruszkiewicz University of Texas at Austin
Keith Walters Portland State University
Bedford /St. Martin’s A Macmillan Education Imprint Boston • New York
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For Bedford/St. Martin’s Vice President, Editorial, Macmillan Higher Education Humanities: Edwin Hill Editorial Director, English and Music: Karen S. Henry Publisher for Composition, Business and Technical Writing, and Developmental Writing: Leasa Burton Executive Editor: John E. Sullivan III Developmental Editors: Rachel Goldberg and Sherry Mooney Editorial Assistant: Jennifer Prince Senior Production Editor: Rosemary R. Jaffe Senior Production Supervisor: Jennifer Wetzel Marketing Manager: Joy Fisher Williams Copy Editor: Steven Patterson Indexer: Leoni Z. McVey Photo Researcher: Sheri Blaney Director of Rights and Permissions: Hilary Newman Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik Text Design: Anna Palchik and Graphic World, Inc. Cover Design: John Callahan Cover Images (top to bottom): © Hero/age fotostock; c. byatt-norman/ Shutterstock; © Robert Walls/age fotostock; Lee Thomas/Alamy; © Christin Gilbert/age fotostock Composition: Graphic World, Inc. Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley and Sons Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007 by Bedford/St. Martin’s. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher. Manufactured in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 20 19 18 17 16 15 For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000) ISBN 978-1-4576-9864-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-319-01632-6 (hardcover) Acknowledgments Text acknowledgments and copyrights appear at the back of the book on pages 800–803, which constitute an extension of the copyright page. Art acknowledgments and copyrights appear on the same page as the art selections they cover. It is a violation of the law to reproduce these selections by any means whatsoever without the written permission of the copyright holder.
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PREFACE
We’ve long described Everything’s an Argument with Readings as a labor of love, in part because working on the book keeps us connected to the neighborhoods our students inhabit. In teaching them how to persuade powerfully and ethically, we broaden our own horizons and learn more with each edition. But the core principles of this book endure. We believe that language — taken broadly — provides the most powerful means of understanding and shaping the world. We know that arguments seldom if ever have only two sides; rather, they present a dizzying array of perspectives. We assume that arguments always come in response to other claims, part of an ongoing conversation that builds throughout our lives. Understanding arguments, then, calls for exercising judgment across a full range of rhetorical situations, perspectives, and media. For good reason, we give enhanced attention to media this time around. Everything’s an Argument with Readings first appeared just as new technologies were reshaping the ways ideas could be framed and shared; our earliest edition included chapters on “Visual Argument” and “Arguments in Electronic Environments” — which then meant email, newsgroups, and Web sites. Each subsequent edition advanced our game. But with social media now stretching the boundaries of rhetoric, particularly in the arenas of culture and politics, keeping up requires more than just acknowledging change; it means adapting our understanding of persuasion to these compelling contexts. To that end, we offer in this seventh edition of Everything’s an Argument with Readings a thoroughly reworked Part 3, “Style and Presentation in Arguments”: its four chapters now outline the rhetorical opportunities students encounter across a wider range of media, both in and out of school. Whether in an updated and augmented section on style or in a
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chapter about “Multimedia Arguments” composed almost from scratch, our readers will find much to challenge their views of audiences, arguments, texts, and images. But the advice always remains practical, focused on providing tools writers need, whether they’re polishing an academic essay or evaluating claims trending across social media. The opening part of Everything’s an Argument with Readings — which introduces core rhetorical principles, including ethos, pathos, and logos — has been more subtly reworked and tightened to make its six chapters even clearer and more readable. Users of this book routinely praise its timely examples of public discourse, and we’ve pushed ourselves to make this opening section especially memorable, illustrating just how pervasive — and occasionally entertaining — arguments can be. Topics covered in the seventh edition include hashtag politics, pickup trucks, the appeal of fatty foods, and the real reason college alumni donate money to their schools. More often than in past editions, we’ve linked our examples, occasionally even extending connections across chapter boundaries. In other words, we’ve allowed ourselves to have some serious fun. Part 2 of our text opens with a chapter on “Structuring Arguments” (which now includes more on invitational arguments, in addition to classical, Toulmin, and Rogerian arguments), followed by chapters devoted to the genres that students are often assigned in their college courses. In this section, we have provided many new, timely examples along with new Readings we hope students will find especially engaging. And in recognition of the importance of design when composing in a digital world, each genre chapter’s “Guide to Writing” now has a section devoted to “Considering Format and Media.” In Part 4, we have increased our coverage of academic arguments (including a new annotated student essay on the effects of depriving young people of direct contact with nature). In addition, we’ve paid careful attention to giving advice on how to find useful evidence in online sources (including social media) and how to evaluate sources, using what technology critic Howard Rheingold calls an effective “crap detector.” And in our chapter on “Plagiarism and Academic Integrity,” we have expanded our discussions of fair use as well as of sampling and mashups across time (including today). Finally, the chapter on MLA style and APA style has been updated to reflect the most current advice from those organizations and to provide even more examples that can guide students as they document their sources.
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While much new material has been added (or updated), much remains familiar in Everything’s an Argument with Readings, a best seller in its field since its debut. We’re pleased that it seems to strike a chord with students and instructors who expect a book on argument to be candid, balanced, and attuned to everyday events. Users have also come to expect a stylish and visually striking presentation of issues and concepts, rendered in language that is personable and even occasionally personal. We have worked hard, too, to maintain the precision and economy of our most recent edition, knowing that students appreciate books that get to the point. As in previous editions, we have tried to balance attention to the critical reading of arguments (analysis) with attention to the writing of arguments (production), demonstrating both activities with lively — and realistic — examples, on the principle that the best way to appreciate an argument is to see it in action. Texts of every kind beckon for reactions, including a close look at a politician’s kairotic address on the floor of the U.S. Senate, selections from a commencement address by Ruth Simmons at Smith College and by then First Lady Michelle Obama, the photo leadin to an essay by LeBron James, a selfie that includes Pope Francis, an oral presentation outline sketched by a student, and cartoons, infographics, and other visual arguments. The new edition features seven new full-length essays — chosen for their topicality and usefulness as models of argument — on topics ranging from professional gaming to arrests of NFL players to what friendship really means in the era of social media. We have kept the best and most popular materials from previous editions but have also searched for new items — including visual and multimedia ones — that we believe embody the spirit of the times. As always, we want students to page through the book to find the next intriguing argument or to discover one of their own. After all, our purpose in Everything’s an Argument with Readings is to present persuasion as an essential and instinctual activity — something we do almost from the moment we are born (in fact, an infant’s first cry is as poignant a claim as we can imagine). But we also want writers to think of argumentation as a craft both powerful and professional. So we have designed Everything’s an Argument with Readings to be itself a case for civil persuasion, with a voice that aims to appeal to readers cordially but that doesn’t hesitate to make demands on them when appropriate. In selecting themes and arguments for the anthology, we’ve tried to choose topics of interest and concern to the students we teach as well as
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issues and texts worth arguing about. We’ve sought readings that will challenge students to consider new perspectives on topics they may feel they already understand and, in particular, to contextualize themselves in a world characterized by increasing globalization and divisive rhetoric on many topics. We have retained several of the chapter topics that have worked especially well in earlier editions — stereotypes in popular culture, sustainability and food, and the possible meanings of diversity on college campuses. In refocusing and revising these chapters, we have sought to find a balance between including texts that students and teachers found provocative, instructive, and useful and adding new ones that treat contemporary issues while leading us to think about argumentation in novel, timely ways. For example, how can research analyzing the characters in video games help us understand how stereotyping works in our society? How might the meaning of “sustainable food” change, depending on whether we’re focusing on the United States or on developing countries? What challenges do Muslim women on college campuses face, and what does their situation teach us about campus dynamics? In addition to updating these chapters from the sixth edition, we have added chapters on two new topics: how globalization is affecting language and how technological advances are influencing our understanding of privacy. In the chapter on the first topic, we encourage students to begin thinking of themselves as global citizens and to examine the privileges and perhaps the responsibilities that come with speaking English as a first or additional language. The chapter also helps students begin to examine the consequences of the spread of English for some less widely used languages. In many ways, the topics raised in this chapter relate to the same questions of sustainability raised in the discussions of food. The chapter on the changing meaning of privacy considers two major issues: Big Data and how data are used by industry and government, on the one hand, and privacy and cell phones in light of the 2014 Riley v. California Supreme Court ruling, on the other. In choosing new selections for the anthology, we have first looked for new genres (including multimodal genres) that bring home to students the message conveyed by the book’s title. Furthermore, we have tried to build upon the emphasis on academic argument in the earlier part of the book. We have searched for examples of research writing that use a range of methodologies, including case studies, quantitative research, and professional reports, with the goal of giving students
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practice for analyzing the sorts of arguments they will be assigned in their various courses. The readings in this edition include excerpts from ten books treating a range of topics and written for a variety of audiences. We have also included part of a Supreme Court ruling to help students see stasis theory in action and to help them appreciate the role that such rulings play in all our daily lives. Finally, we have sought arguments, whether written or visual, that will help students see themselves “among others,” to use Clifford Geertz’s memorable turn of phrase. Here is a summary of the key features that continue to characterize Everything’s an Argument with Readings and of the major new features in this edition.
Key Features Two books in one, neatly linked. The beginning of the book provides a brief
guide to argument; later chapters offer a thematically organized anthology of readings in a wide range of genres. The two parts of the book are linked by cross-references in the margins, leading students from the argument chapters to specific examples in the readings and from the readings to appropriate rhetorical instruction. An imaginative and winning approach, going beyond traditional pro/con assumptions to show that argument is everywhere — in essays, tweets, news articles, scholarly writing, speeches, advertisements, cartoons, posters, bumper stickers, debates, Web sites, blogs, text messages, and other electronic environments. Student-friendly explanations in simple, everyday language, with many
brief examples and a minimum of technical terminology. Fresh and important chapter themes that encourage students to take up complex positions. Readings on topics such as “How Does Popular Culture
Stereotype You?,” “What Should ‘Diversity on Campus’ Mean and Why?,” and “Why Is Sustainability Important When It Comes to Food?” demand that students explore the many sides of an issue, not just pro/con. A real-world, full-color design, with readings presented in the style of the original publication. Different formats for newspaper articles, magazine articles, essays, writing from the Web, radio transcripts, and other
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media help students recognize and think about the effect that
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