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Estonia buy cocaine

These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Cocaine is, after cannabis, the second most commonly used illicit drug in Europe, although prevalence levels and patterns of use differ considerably between countries. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for cocaine in Europe, including prevalence of use, treatment demand, seizures, price and purity, harms and more. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. New psychoactive substances. Other drugs. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. Cocaine is, after cannabis, the second most commonly used illicit drug in Europe, although prevalence levels and patterns of use differ considerably between countries see the Prevalence of cocaine use in Europe dashboard, below. Cocaine is usually available in two forms in Europe. The most common is cocaine powder the salt form and less commonly available is crack cocaine , a freebase form of the drug that can be smoked. Cocaine is produced from the coca plant, grown in South America. Cocaine trafficking by this route is also associated with rising in levels of drug-related crime, including the corruption of staff along supply chains, intimidation and violence. More generally, there are concerns that in some EU countries competition within the cocaine market, both at the wholesale and retail level, is now an important driver of drug-related crime including gang-related violence and homicides. A record tonnes of cocaine was seized by EU Member States in Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain continue to be the countries reporting the highest volumes of seizures, reflecting the importance of these countries as entry points for cocaine trafficking to Europe. As interdiction measures have been scaled up at major known entry points for this drug, it appears that cocaine trafficking groups are also now increasingly targeting smaller ports in other EU countries and countries bordering the European Union, which may be more vulnerable to drug trafficking activities. This may help explain the fact that despite the large seizures, cocaine purity at the retail level remains high by historical standards and its price is stable. Additionally, there is now a well-established secondary cocaine production industry in Europe, with 34 cocaine laboratories dismantled in , an increase on the previous year. These include large-scale secondary extraction and cocaine hydrochloride manufacturing sites and an additional 14 cutting and packaging locations. The existence of these laboratories is indicative of innovation in trafficking practices where cocaine may be incorporated with other materials creating significant challenges for its detection in commercial shipments. The historically high seizures of cocaine are an indicator of its widespread availability and raise concerns that this could potentially contribute to increasing levels of consumption and associated harms. Cocaine is the second most frequently reported drug, both by first-time treatment entrants and in the available data on acute drug toxicity presentations to sentinel hospital emergency departments. European drug checking services, although not nationally representative, reported that cocaine was the most common substance they screened in The available data also suggest that the drug was involved in about a fifth of overdose deaths in While not representative of the general population, the detection of cocaine residues in wastewater analysis increased in 37 out of 65 cities with data for both and Increased availability also appears to be associated with some signs of a possible diffusion of cocaine use into more marginalised groups, with cocaine injection and the use of crack cocaine reported in some countries. An estimated 7 clients received treatment for crack cocaine use in , and this figure appears to be increasing. Stimulants, such as cocaine, are associated with a higher frequency of injection and have been involved in localised HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs in some parts of Europe over the last decade. Treating people with different patterns of cocaine use is challenging, whether they are clients that are more socially integrated and involved in casual or episodic use of powder cocaine or more marginalised groups injecting the drug or smoking crack cocaine. Although our understanding of what constitutes effective treatment for stimulant problems is growing, it remains relatively limited. The current evidence available is indicative of the use of psychosocial interventions, including cognitive behavioural therapy and contingency management. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to strongly support any pharmacological treatment, although some potentially useful new pharmacotherapies are in development. Treating cocaine problems among more marginalised groups is often particularly challenging, as clients may also be experiencing problems with a range of other drugs, including opioids or alcohol. For injecting cocaine and smoking crack, existing harm reduction responses, to a large extent those originally developed for opioid problems, still require both further development and scaling-up. This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of cocaine use by recall period and age range. You can access data by country by clicking on the map or selecting a country from the dropdown menu. Prevalence data presented here are based on general population surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points. For the latest data and detailed methodological information please see the Statistical Bulletin Prevalence of drug use. Graphics showing the most recent data for a country are based on studies carried out between and Mean daily amounts of benzoylecgonine in milligrams per population. Sampling was carried out over a week in March and April Data are for all treatment entrants with cocaine as the primary drug — or the most recent year available. Trends in first-time entrants are based on 25 countries. Only countries with data for at least 5 of the 6 years are included in the trends analysis. Missing values are interpolated from adjacent years. Because of disruptions to services due to COVID, data for and should be interpreted with caution. Missing data were imputed with values from the previous year for Spain and France and Germany Price and purity: mean national values — minimum, maximum and interquartile range. Countries vary by indicator. Show source tables. Back to list of tables. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Recent events EUDA webinar: Preventing substance-related crime in the community — how can we provide safer and healthier environments? Recent news How do economic recessions influence illicit drug use? Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. A more recent version of this page exists: Cocaine — the current situation in Europe European Drug Report Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Prevalence and patterns of cocaine use In the European Union, surveys indicate that almost 2. Of the 11 European countries that have conducted surveys since and provided confidence intervals, 5 reported higher estimates than their previous comparable survey, 5 reported a stable trend and 1 a lower estimate. Prevalence of cocaine use in Europe This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of cocaine use by recall period and age range. The latest European data reveal a time lag of 10 years between first cocaine use, on average at the age of 23, and first treatment for cocaine-related problems, on average at the age of Users entering treatment for cocaine in Europe. Where recorded, most presentations were associated with co-ingestion of alcohol. Among those using the drug, the combined use of cocaine and alcohol is common. The presence of the two substances in the body leads to the formation of cocaethylene in the liver. This increases the potential for adverse health effects, including agitation, psychosis, tachycardia rapid heartbeat , hypertension high blood pressure , arrhythmia abnormal heart rhythm , chest pain due to acute coronary syndrome and stroke. Chronic cocaine use has been associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy deterioration in heart muscle function and stroke. Beyond the risks associated with acute toxicity, cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant that can lead to tolerance and dependence. Use of the drug is also associated with an increased risk of death. A recent review of mortality among people with regular or problematic cocaine use found that the risk of death by suicide, accidental injury, homicide and AIDS-related mortality were all elevated compared with age and sex peers in the general population. Among 20 European countries providing data for both years, cocaine, mostly in the presence of opioids, was involved in The currently available number of deaths with cocaine involved in is an underestimate. In Germany, provisional analysis of the data for suggests that at least one in five drug-induced deaths may involve cocaine, which would add around fatalities to the provisional number for There are major limitations in the German data, and this number should be interpreted with caution. Recent data are also missing for some countries, including Spain where cases were reported in and France cases reported in This limits the insights on recent developments at a European level. Data from drug consumption rooms in in Lisbon and Porto, Portugal, indicated that crack cocaine, either alone or with heroin, accounted for a significant proportion of the drug consumption episodes facilitated. In both services, half of all crack cocaine consumptions involved smoking and the other half involved injecting crack, alone or with heroin. In Paris, only a small proportion of the facilitated episodes in drug consumption rooms, which only allow injecting and not smoking, involved crack cocaine alone or with another drug, mostly morphine or methadone. No crack cocaine use was reported by drug consumption rooms in Barcelona, Athens or Bergen in A analysis of municipal wastewater in 13 European cities, by the EU-funded EUSEME project , found crack residues in all cities on all sampling days, with the highest loads reported in Amsterdam and Antwerp. Cocaine market data In , EU Member States reported 68 seizures of cocaine amounting to a historically high tonnes up from tonnes in Spain reported dismantling 16 cocaine laboratories, Belgium reported 11 sites related to cocaine processing and the Netherlands dismantled 7 cocaine secondary extraction laboratories some of which were large-scale sites. An additional 14 cutting or packaging sites were discovered in the Netherlands. Large seizures of the precursor chemical potassium permanganate were reported by the Netherlands kilograms and Belgium kilograms. After cannabis, cocaine was the second most frequently cited drug in offences related to use or possession. Cocaine market in Europe. List of tables Table 1. Cocaine metabolites benzoylecgonine in wastewater in selected European cities: most recent data Table 4. Percentages except where otherwise stated. Table 5. Trends in first-time cannabis treatment entrants Table 6. Markets seizures source data Table 7. Trends in the number of cocaine seizures x Table 8. Trends in the quantities of cocaine seizures and quantity of illicit drugs seized tonnes Table 9. Price, potency data Table Table 2. Prevalence of drug use in Europe, trends Country Country code Geographical scope Substance Recall period Age Austria AT National Table 3. Masaryk Water Resesrch institute, p. Table 4. Trends in first-time cannabis treatment entrants Country Germany Spain Italy France Other countries Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Table 9. Table Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page. Forensic Toxicology Labs.

Estonian cocaine smugglers caught on Latvian border

Estonia buy cocaine

Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands. The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Estonia is a destination, source and transit country for human trafficking. Its role as a source for this crime might have been decreasing, but it remains a destination for foreign victims who are generally sourced from countries in Asia and Europe and exploited within Estonia. In such cases where Estonia serves as a source country, national citizens are often trafficked to European countries like Finland, Germany and the UK. Although the market for sexual exploitation has been declining since the s, labour exploitation, particularly in the construction and agriculture sectors, continues to rise. The involvement of organized crime groups further exacerbates the problem. While Estonia has made efforts to combat human trafficking, the Russia-Ukraine war has posed challenges to addressing this issue effectively. The use of the internet by foreign traffickers as a recruitment tool has been on the rise, compounded by the impact of the pandemic on the influx of foreign workers. Human smuggling is becoming a concerning issue in Estonia. Russian organized crime actors and corrupt officials play a major role in facilitating the smuggling process. The challenging terrain along Estonia's eastern border, including inaccessible and forested areas, poses difficulties for border guards. In , to address increasingly irregular border crossings from Belarus to Europe, Estonia deployed additional forces at its internal borders in ports and along the Estonian-Latvian border. The move aimed to disrupt human smuggling routes of migrants, mostly coming from the Middle East and North Africa, transiting from Belarus to Scandinavian countries through Latvia and Estonia. Although the COVID pandemic and tightened border control measures temporally contributed to a slight decrease in false travel documents and smuggling activities, tensions have increased again due to the war in Ukraine and the recent mobilization in Russia. In recent years, there have been very few episodes related to extortion and protection racketeering in Estonia. Some foreign criminals, such as Russian organized crime groups, have occasionally been accused of perpetrating extortion and protection practices, often together with other offences, such as drug-related crimes. Arms trafficking in Estonia, which was a major issue in the s, has substantially decreased due to efforts to combat this crime. Now, the country primarily serves as a destination for illicit arms, with Germany, the Czech Republic, Israel and Russia being the main source countries. This crime has largely been controlled by stronger laws and regulations, low firearm ownership rates, and the active involvement of authorities. As a result, crimes related to firearms are relatively low in Estonia. However, reactivated firearms continue to pose a concern: criminal gangs obtain these from countries like the Czech Republic or Slovakia and transit them through Estonia to Russia and Scandinavian or Baltic countries. Illicit arms trafficking in Estonia is opportunistic and typically involves small quantities. Criminal groups sometimes exploit postal services to bring deactivated firearms or blank-firing weapons into the country for conversion. In recent years, Estonia has successfully reduced the trafficking of counterfeit goods. Cases of individuals selling counterfeit products online have been brought to court. However, the market for counterfeit goods may grow in parallel with a potential deterioration of the economic situation in Estonia thanks to a surge in energy prices. Regarding the illicit trade of excise goods, the illegal tobacco market has decreased in past years. However, authorities continue to discover and dismantle clandestine cigarette factories, some with the potential to produce up to a million cigarettes a day. The black market for e-liquid is also growing and organized criminal groups are showing increasing interest. According to authorities, most of the Estonian e-liquid market is self-mixed, cross-border and smuggled. The high excise tax has led to cross-border illegal trade from neighbouring Latvia and Russia, where prices are much lower. Suspending the collection of excise duty has made it possible to lower the price of e-liquids, thus offering consumers more controlled and safe products at a reduced price. Estonia's flora crime market is relatively small, but the country still serves as a transit and source for the illegal timber trade in Europe. In recent years, illegal logging in Estonia has increased, primarily driven by misdirected subsidies for the burning of woody biomass for energy waste materials from industry, forestry and agriculture. Estonia has also been the subject of a debate concerning the greater wood pellet industry. In terms of fauna crimes, Estonia also has a relatively small market. While there have been past reports of trade in reptile skins, coral, caviar and sturgeon meat, recent seizure data is not available and it is suspected that this illicit market is not significant. In fact, the fur industry, which historically played a prominent role in fauna crimes, has been shrinking for years. Estonia, along with Finland, is known for effectively controlling irregular, unreported and unregulated fishing, showcasing responsible coastal state practices. Regarding non-renewable resource crimes, the most pressing issue currently is the potential evasion of economic sanctions imposed on Russia through the exploitation of legal grey areas. There have been press reports about the trans-shipment of Russian oil products in Tallinn Bay. Additionally, concerns have been raised about the connection between non-renewable resource crimes and tax fraud. Two mafia-style groups are believed to be involved in crimes related to natural gas. Estonia's geographical location and its history of fuel smuggling contribute to its role in the illegal fuel market, which may have a limited but manageable influence on certain segments of society. The heroin trade in Estonia has seen a decline in recent years. Previously, heroin was the most widely consumed illicit substance in the country — that is, until the invasion of Afghanistan led to a reduction in its availability and quality. This shift resulted in fentanyl replacing heroin as the dominant opioid in the Estonian drug market. Despite a resurgence of the heroin trade in Afghanistan, the drug has not regained its popularity among Estonian users. With regards to the cocaine trade, Estonia mainly serves as a transit country. Although cocaine is one of the most widely consumed drugs in the country, the market is considered small. Authorities have stated that the drugs involved in most seizures were not intended for the local market. Instead, cocaine is loaded onto vehicles at major ports and transported to various European countries, especially Russia, in smaller quantities. Cannabis holds a prominent position in the Estonian drug scene — high rates of consumption are reported. Studies indicate that cannabis is the most commonly used drug in the country, particularly among the younger generation. Cannabis herb is the preferred form among users, while the use of cannabis resin is relatively low. Estonia also serves as a destination country for cannabis resin. The quantity of seized cannabis has varied, with notable cases including the discovery of a large cannabis farm and the interception of a drug smuggling network transporting hashish from Spain, through Estonia to Finland. A changing attitude towards the cannabis trade, influenced by the decriminalization of cannabis use in Western countries, has had an impact, especially among the youth. Amphetamines and methamphetamines primarily originate from Poland and the Netherlands — these drugs are more prevalent in the eastern parts of the country. Estonia has a high prevalence of amphetamine use, ranking among the top countries in Europe along with Denmark and the UK. Ecstasy in Estonia mostly originates from the Netherlands. The country is a destination for fentanyl, which is mainly sourced from China and Russia and trafficked through mail shipments. However, due to shortages in the availability of the drug, the fentanyl market in Estonia has declined, despite remaining the dominant opioid in the country. Organized criminal groups are involved in the synthetic drug trade: illicit laboratories for the production of synthetic opioids, particularly GHB, have been discovered in the country. Estonia has experienced a surge in drug overdose deaths in recent years: synthetic opioids are the primary substances involved in a notable share of these fatalities. In recent years, Estonia has had a series of cybersecurity incidents: notably, there were targeted attacks on government facilities that led to the illicit downloading of hundreds of thousands of document photos from an identity database. That said, swift detection and resolution measures were implemented to address these large-scale attacks. Every year, Estonia documents numerous cyber incidents including ransomware cases and other forms of cyber-dependent criminal activities. State-sponsored attacks originating from Russia and China have emerged as the most substantial cyber threats, with a slight increase observed in state-sponsored attacks from China. Additionally, there is evidence suggesting that Estonia is being used as a route to circumvent EU sanctions imposed on Russia following the conflict in Ukraine, particularly using cryptocurrency. Estonia has gained a reputation as a favourable location for dubious business activities, owing to its relatively lenient banking regulations. Types of financial fraud commonly observed include invoicing fraud, investment scams through dating apps, phishing attacks and phone call scams. Fraud, computer fraud and tax-related offenses — both domestic and foreign — have been identified as the most frequently occurring financial crimes. Tax evasion is a growing concern in Estonia, particularly when it comes to rental income: cash payments are often used to evade tax. Classic mafia-style groups in Estonia are well-organized criminal organizations engaged in various illicit activities such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, extortion, money laundering, document forgery and tax evasion. These criminal entities maintain territorial control through a criminal mutual fund, which establishes rules and boundaries for their operations. The future of these groups, however, is uncertain, thanks to recent arrests and the elimination of key leaders. Meanwhile, loose criminal networks have higher but declining influence in Estonia. Authorities have expressed concern about the potential rise of outlaw motorcycle gangs, fearing an increase in drugs and firearm trafficking, and, consequently, in armed violence. However, it is worth noting that the vast majority of Estonian motorcycle clubs primarily serve as legal recreational groups, and their involvement in criminal activities is marginal. Foreign organized crime groups from different regions of the former Soviet Union established a presence in Estonia during the s. While some of these groups no longer exist, Russian and Belarusian criminal organizations remain active despite the effective control of Estonian law enforcement. These groups concentrate their activities in specific regions, although the exact locations are unknown. Each foreign criminal group specializes in a different crime such as extortion, human trafficking, drug trafficking and arms trafficking. In recent years, there has been an upsurge in Lithuanian and Moldovan criminal organizations in Estonia. Lithuanian groups have been involved in car theft and smuggling, while a Moldovan group was convicted for electronically manipulating ATMs in Estonia. Criminal cases involving state actors are mainly white-collar in nature and not linked to organized crime. When it comes to private sector actors, Estonian banks have faced investigations for money laundering and other criminal activities. The Estonian Financial Supervision Authority Finantsinspektsioon has also raised the alarm in the past regarding the risk of money laundering within the branches of foreign banks in the country. Estonia shows a commitment to tackling organized crime through its national policies, with a focus on areas such as criminal policy development, violence prevention, and drug control. In terms of political leadership and governance, Estonia is regarded as a consolidated democracy, and while its institutions have been weakened slightly by recent instability and challenges posed by the COVID crisis, Estonia remains one of the most free countries globally, with a high respect for political rights and civil liberties. The Estonian government faces several challenges regarding transparency and accountability. The absence of a comprehensive code of conduct for government actors contributes to political corruption, as parties show reluctance to subject themselves to legal control. Oversight mechanisms exist — both internal and external — but there have been calls for further parliamentary supervision. The financing of political parties and election campaigns lacks transparency, and lobbying is not adequately regulated. Access to information is moderate, and there have been reported cases of government officials involved in corruption. Concerns have been raised about the fairness of loans provided during the COVID pandemic, with suggestions of political influence and vague terms for allocating significant amounts. Estonia demonstrates a strong commitment to international cooperation when it comes to combatting organized crime. Various international legal instruments and conventions have been ratified — related to human trafficking, mutual legal assistance, extradition and information exchange. Estonia has a comprehensive legal framework for various forms of crime, including human trafficking, drug trafficking, arms trafficking and smuggling. However, there are some gaps in the legislation. For example, certain forms of exploitation are absent from the definition of human trafficking; and fines are imposed for drug-related offences, or administrative detention, instead of prison sentences. Estonia lacks a code of conduct to regulate the behaviour of government actors and does not provide sufficient protection for whistle-blowers. The courts might maintain their independence — including the Supreme Court — but the administration of lower courts is not separate from the executive power, as they are financed by the Ministry of Justice. Still, there is no evidence of the executive abusing its authority in this regard. The country has specialized prosecutors to handle organized crime cases but no specific organized crime units within the judiciary. Estonia is known for its efficient judicial system, aided by advanced IT capabilities and an e-filing system. Criminal law proceedings can still be slow, however, and workload distribution among courts is uneven, which affects the system's efficiency. No instances of corruption or organized crime activities have been reported in Estonian prisons, although a few allegations of excessive use of force by prison officers have been registered. Although the number of prisoners per capita has decreased over the years, Estonia still has a higher rate than the European Union average. However, there is a need for improved training of law enforcement personnel to enhance their knowledge of human trafficking. Likewise, the collection and verification of trafficking-related information needs improvement. Law enforcement agencies in Estonia have a comprehensive approach to combating organized crime as a whole: multiple perpetrators involved in organized crime have been prosecuted and drug-related incidents represent a noteworthy focal point in their efforts. Estonia's territorial integrity is a key aspect of national security, given its land borders with Russia and Latvia. Efforts have been made to enhance border security, including clearing almost the entire border area and installing modern monitoring and surveillance systems. However, some sections of the external border still require improved technical support. Training of border guards is also necessary to strengthen the identification of human trafficking victims during border controls. In addition to physical measures, Estonia has prioritized cybersecurity and digital infrastructure — the country is recognized as a leader in digitalization and cybersecurity. The government has also expanded access to high-speed broadband and leveraged its expertise to become an international cybersecurity hub. The Estonian government has established a commission to coordinate the prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing, comprising representatives from various institutions. The Estonian Financial Intelligence Unit part of the Estonian Police and Border Guard Board receives and analyses information related to money laundering activities and refers cases for trial. Estonia has prioritized the prevention and combat of money laundering by making legislative and institutional amendments to address risks in the banking and crypto-asset sectors. However, the Supreme Court still seems to have a limited interpretation of money laundering offenses, resulting in a low number of identified and investigated cases. The Estonian government has implemented legal and institutional measures to create a regulatory environment that protects legitimate businesses from criminal activities. Substantial fines are imposed for violations related to working and rest time; unpaid wages are among the most common employee claims. Organized crime activities are prevalent in the construction and seasonal job sectors. However, loopholes and weak regulations regarding transparency and proper accounting have positioned the country as a moderate tax haven. The legal framework in Estonia allows witnesses of organized crime to obtain a new identity for their safety. Victim support for drug addicts is primarily provided through state-funded hospitals, although treatment options are limited; outpatient rehabilitation is the main form of treatment. Non-governmental organizations NGOs play a leading role in providing support services to victims of human trafficking. These state-funded services include accommodation, health services, material assistance, psychological support and translation services; reintegration and repatriation services are provided by state municipalities and international organizations. However, some state municipalities lack knowledge about human trafficking and not all of them offer rehabilitation or reintegration services. Nevertheless, the government marginally maintained its overall protection efforts. Prevention efforts in Estonia primarily focus on drug and human trafficking. State actors implement drug prevention initiatives, primarily targeting young people in juvenile committees in the north of the country. However, the reach of these initiatives is limited. NGOs play a crucial role in preventing human trafficking through awareness-raising campaigns, although there have been challenges related to government funding. The government has also conducted various prevention activities, including creating a podcast series and disseminating information about human trafficking through radio station broadcasts, lectures and tailored information materials for foreign workers. Training programmes and awareness-raising activities have also been implemented for students, youth workers and teachers, including online training videos and lectures for secondary school children. Whistle-blower protection is considered weak and insufficient. Estonia upholds freedom of the press and the media: independent media outlets express diverse perspectives without state restrictions. Media ownership is concentrated, however, particularly at a regional level, and certain political groups have launched verbal attacks targeting liberal media and independent journalism. The COVID pandemic impacted media outlets, leading to pay cuts and a reduction in the number and frequency of publications. A decline in advertising revenue has further exposed the media's vulnerability to editorial pressure. Nonetheless, Estonia maintains a generally favourable environment for press freedom. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Tallinn. Income group High income. Population 1,, Geography type Coastal. GINI Index Criminal markets 4. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 4. Human smuggling 3. Extortion and protection racketeering 2. Arms trafficking 2. Trade in counterfeit goods 4. Illicit trade in excisable goods 5. Flora crimes 2. Fauna crimes 2. Non-renewable resource crimes 3. Heroin trade 3. Cocaine trade 4. Cannabis trade 6. Synthetic drug trade 7. Cyber-dependent crimes 7. Financial crimes 7. Criminal actors 4. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 3. Criminal networks 4. State-embedded actors 2. Foreign actors 5. Private sector actors 6. Political leadership and governance 8. Government transparency and accountability 7. International cooperation 8. National policies and laws 8. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 8. Law enforcement 7. Territorial integrity 8. Anti-money laundering 8. Economic regulatory capacity 7. Victim and witness support 7. Prevention 8. Non-state actors 8. Analysis Download full profile english. People Estonia is a destination, source and transit country for human trafficking. Trade Arms trafficking in Estonia, which was a major issue in the s, has substantially decreased due to efforts to combat this crime. Environment Estonia's flora crime market is relatively small, but the country still serves as a transit and source for the illegal timber trade in Europe. Drugs The heroin trade in Estonia has seen a decline in recent years. Cyber Crimes In recent years, Estonia has had a series of cybersecurity incidents: notably, there were targeted attacks on government facilities that led to the illicit downloading of hundreds of thousands of document photos from an identity database. Financial Crimes Estonia has gained a reputation as a favourable location for dubious business activities, owing to its relatively lenient banking regulations. Criminal Actors Classic mafia-style groups in Estonia are well-organized criminal organizations engaged in various illicit activities such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, extortion, money laundering, document forgery and tax evasion. Leadership and governance Estonia shows a commitment to tackling organized crime through its national policies, with a focus on areas such as criminal policy development, violence prevention, and drug control. Economic and financial environment The Estonian government has established a commission to coordinate the prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing, comprising representatives from various institutions. Civil society and social protection The legal framework in Estonia allows witnesses of organized crime to obtain a new identity for their safety. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

Estonia buy cocaine