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The list consists of the two sections specified below: A. Individuals B. Entities and other groups. Operated a training camp for non-Afghan fighters in Paktika Province. Has been involved in the transport of weapons to Afghanistan. In custody of the United States of America, as of July Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 15 Jun. Arrest warrant issued by the Italian authorities on 19 May , cancelled on 18 March Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 30 Jul. Following his conviction in the UAE in late , he was transferred to Bahrain in early to serve out the remainder of his sentence. Following his release in , he resumed fundraising activities for Al-Qaida, at least through He also collected money for the Taliban. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 1 Jun. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 29 Jul. Belongs to Popalzai tribe. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 21 Jul. Reconciled after the fall of the Taliban regime, and assumed duties under the new Government on district level in Kunduz Province. Confirmed assassinated by Taliban on 9 November Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 27 Jul. Belongs to Tajik ethnic group. Confirmed to have died in Maguindanao, the Philippines in January Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 19 Jun. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 21 Jun. Belongs to Barakzai tribe. Belongs to Zadran tribe. Member of the Taliban Peshawar Shura. A leading expert in IED and suicide attacks as of Sentenced in Indonesia to five years in prison on 29 Jun. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 24 Nov. Involved in drug trafficking. Belongs to Ghilzai tribe. Physical description: eye colour brown, hair colour: dark, build: strong, straight nose, height: cm, speaks Russian, English, Arabic. Wanted by the authorities of the Russian Federation for terrorist crimes committed in its territory. National identification no. Involved in recruiting and deploying suicide bombers to conduct attacks in Afghanistan. Taliban member responsible for Badghis Province, Afghanistan, as at mid — As Taliban military commander in Kandahar Province, Afghanistan, he was involved in organizing suicide attacks in neighboring provinces. Member of the Tuareg Ifogas tribe. Leads a Taliban 'front' mahaz as of mid Belongs to Sadat ethnic group. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 23 Jul. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 5 Oct. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 14 Sep. Belongs to Kakar tribe. He is a member of the Taliban Supreme Council. Belonged to Khogyani tribe. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 20 Jul. Sentenced in Italy in Mar. Arrest warrant issued by the Italian authorities on 16 Nov. Considered a fugitive from justice by the Italian authorities as of 14 Dec. Liaises with the Taliban Supreme Council. Has travelled abroad. Liaises with and provides Taliban commanders in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan, with money, weapons, communications equipment and supplies. Reportedly deceased as of Released from custody in Afghanistan in February Belongs to Alokozai tribe. Member of Taliban leadership in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. Has provided logistical support for Taliban operations and channeled proceeds from drug trafficking to arms purchases. Member of Taliban Supreme Council as at Dec. Directly supervises three medical centers caring for wounded Taliban fighters as of mid Believed to be in the Gulf region. Belongs to Taraki tribe. Belongs to Andar tribe. Inadmissible to the Schengen area. Deported from Spain to Algeria in Aug. Wanted by the Saudi Arabian Government for terrorism. Physical description: eye colour: dark; hair colour: dark; complexion: olive. Speaks Arabic. Has engaged in acts that threaten the peace, security, or stability of Yemen. Alsbhua Low quality a. Father's name is Abdullah Razeeq al Mouled al Sbhua. Physical description: eye colour: dark; hair colour: dark; complexion: dark. Father's name is Abdullah Saleh al Zahrani. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 22 Apr. Mother's name is Ourida Bint Mohamed. Deported from Italy to Tunisia on 1 Dec. Arrested in Tunisia in Aug. Believed to be hiding in Yemen as at Mar. Wanted by Saudi Arabia. Sentenced to eight years and ten months of imprisonment for membership of a terrorist association by the Appeal Court of Milan, Italy, on 7 Feb. Sentence confirmed by the Italian Supreme Court on 15 Jan. Subject to expulsion from Italy to Tunisia after serving the sentence. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 6 May Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 19 Jan. Muthanna Harith al-Dari al-Zowbai Low quality a. Al Fawaz Low quality a. Subject to a decree of expulsion, suspended on 17 Apr. Re-arrested in Italy on 20 May Currently based in Iraq. Responsible for managing and directing AQI large scale operations. Name of father: Ali Muhammad. Has regularly traveled to Pakistan. In detention in Tunis Tunisia as at Dec. Italian Judicial Authorities have issued a warrant of arrest against him, which had not been executed as of Sep. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 9 Apr. Al-Qaida QDe. Believed to be in Algeria as at Apr. Headed Nasr City terrorist cell in Egypt in Linked to Aiman al-Zawahiri QDi. Arrested and imprisoned multiple times by Egyptian authorities since ca. Released in but re-arrested by Egyptian authorities in Nov. Imprisoned in Egypt pending trial as of Sep. Khashayban b Fahad H. Kheshayban f Fahad H. Belongs to Baloch ethnic group. Additional title: Hafiz. In detention in Tunisia as at Dec. In detention in Nivelles, Belgium, as of Oct. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 8 Jun. Head of Ganj madrasa, a. Madrasa Jamia Taleemul Quran wal Hadith, a. In Jan. Arrested in Qatar in Mar. Served his sentence in Qatar and has been released from detention. Believed to have been involved in the attacks on the United States embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam in August Also subject to the sanctions measures set out in Security Council resolution concerning Somalia and Eritrea see www. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 13 May Since Jan. Associated with senior Al-Qaida QDe. Arrested in Iran and extradited to Yemen in , where he escaped from prison in and remains fugitive as at Jan. Designation: na DOB: 19 Jun. Box , Sana'a, Yemen Listed on: 27 Feb. Fugitive as of Jul. Taliban member responsible for Nangarhar Province as at Until 7 Sep. Listed on: 9 Nov. Since 12 April , also subject to the sanctions measures set out in Security Council resolution concerning Somalia and Eritrea see www. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 22 Jun. Arrested by the Philippines authorities on 14 Mar. Belongs to Nurzai tribe. Adnan b Ahmed Sultan Low quality a. Awad Low quality a. Listed on: 26 Feb. H Iraqi National identification no. Fnu Mnu Khamis Low quality a. Listed on 17 March pursuant to paragraph 17 of resolution Asset Freeze. Listed on: 25 Apr. German authorities issued an arrest warrant for him on 21 Sep. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 20 May Has served as the leader of Lashkar-e-Tayyiba in Saudi Arabia. Coordinated financial and logistical support for the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan in Afghanistan and Pakistan between Transferred and delivered funds to Fazal Rahim QDi. Led approximately 1, foreign fighters for ISIL and committed a number of attacks in northern Syria. Mother's name is Zohra Chemkha. In custody of the United States of America, as of May Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 25 May C issued by Switzerland on 15 Nov. Sentenced to 7 years imprisonment in Italy on 29 Jun. In detention in Italy as at Jun. As of June , resides in Kinshasa. DOB: 31 Dec. DOB: 7 Jun. DOB: a 19 Feb. Physical description: eye colour: brown, hair colour: black, build: solid; distinguishing marks: oval face, beard, missing a right hand and left leg, speaks Russian, Chechen and possibly German and Arabic. Involved in attack planning for TTP. Deported from Italy to Morocco on 26 Feb. Convicted in absentia to five years in prison in France in Wanted by French authorities as of Brother of Yassin Chouka QDi. Brother of Monir Chouka QDi. European arrest warrant issued by investigating judge at the Federal Court of Justice of Germany, dated 14 May and 5 Dec. His forces have been engaged in attacks against civilians. In February , forces under his command attacked United Nations camps, hospitals, churches, and schools, engaging in widespread rape, torture, and the destruction of property, in an attempt to flush out civilians, soldiers, and policemen allied with the government. Physical description: eye colour: brown; hair colour: brown; height: cm. Father's name is Fernando Rafael Dellosa. Mother's name is Editha Parado Cain. In detention in the Philippines as of Jan. Father's name is Feliciano Delos Reyes Sr. Mother's name is Aurea Semborio. In detention in the Philippines as of May Deported from Italy to Algeria on 22 Aug. Father in law of Djamel Lounici QDi. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 28 Sep. Father's name is Honorio Devera. Mother's name is Fausta Abogne. Active in terrorist propaganda through the Internet. Arrest warrant issued by the German authorities on 9 Oct. Located in Northern Mali as of Jun. Repeated public statements advocating violence against United Nations installations and personnel, and against foreigners; direction of and participation in acts of violence by street militias, including beatings, rapes and extrajudicial killings; obstacle to the action of IWG, UNOCI, the French forces and to the peace process as defined by resolution Sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment in Algeria on 21 March Father's name is Rabah Droukdel. Mother's name is Z'hour Zdigha. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 4 May Sentenced to 25 years imprisonment in France in Released from custody in the Philippines on 1 Jan. Physical description: height cm. DOB: 11 Aug. His forces conducted an early February attack in Jonglei State, and as of March , he had tried to destroy the peace in Jonglei State through attacks on the civilian population. In custody in Italy. Due for release on 6 Jan. Subject to expulsion from Italy after serving the sentence. Father's name is Brahim Brik. Mother's name is Habiba Abbes. Sentenced to 8 years imprisonment in Italy on 2 February Considered a fugitive from justice by the Italian authorities. Deported from Italy to Tunisia on 2 Jun. Imprisoned in Tunisia in Aug. Left Sudan to Tunisia in Mother's name is Sfia bent Toubali. DOB: 3 Apr. Taliban Shadow Governor for Uruzgan Province as of late Reportedly killed in airstrike in Shahjoy District, Zabul Province in early Belongs to Hotak tribe. Member of the Taliban Financial Council. Forces under his command engaged in recruitment of child soldiers, abductions, imposition of forced labor, sexual abuse of women, arbitrary arrests and extra-judicial killings, contrary to human rights conventions and to international humanitarian law; obstacle to the action of the IWG , UNOCI, French Forces and to the peace process as defined by resolution Forces under his command targeted civilians, including women, in April during an assault on Bentiu, including targeted killings on the basis of ethnicity. Associated with Abdelmalek Droukdel QDi. Arrested in Algeria on 16 Dec. Address: a In prison in Germany since Sep. In detention in Germany as of Jun. He usurped the identity of Abid Hammadou, who allegedly died in Chad in Left eye missing. Facilitator of foreign terrorist fighters from France to Syria. Activist in violent propaganda through the Internet. Belongs to Nuristani tribe. Reportedly deceased in early Transferred from United States custody to Yemen in Nov. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 8 Jul. Serving a year prison sentence in Tunisia for membership in a terrorist organization abroad as at Jan. Arrested in Tunisia in Legally changed family name from Ben Soltane to Hamdi in Also believed to hold Syrian nationality Passport no. Lived in Egypt in and moved to Somalia in Considered a fugitive from justice by the Italian authorities as of Sep. Involved in fundraising and recruitment for this organization. Reportedly deceased in Pakistan in February He is an active Taliban leader. Head of the Taliban Miram Shah Shura as at Has previously traveled to, and raised funds in, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Brother of Jalaluddin Haqqani TAi. Belongs to Pashai ethnic group. Alim Ghair b Naseer Haqqani c Dr. Son of Jalaluddin Haqqani TAi. Member of Taliban Supreme Council as at June Taliban member responsible for Laghman Province as of late De Lemene n. R of 25 Nov. Convicted and sentenced on 21 Sep. The sentence was confirmed on 17 Jul. In custody as at 16 Jun. In custody of the United States of America as at Jul. DOB: 28 Sep. DOB: 27 Jul. Convicted on terrorism charges by a court in the United States of America in May Belongs to Alizai tribe. Other title: Professor. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 13 Apr. Head of Taliban Financial Commission as at mid Served as Omar's principal finance officer and one of his closest advisors. Belongs to Ishaqzai tribe. Physical description: heavy build with black eye colour, black hair colour and medium brown complexion with a heavy black beard. Physical description: eye colour: brown, hair colour: black, build: slim, height cm. Distinguishing marks: long face, speech defect. Listed on: 1 Dec. Sex: female. Head of an intelligence network. Belongs to Suleimankheil tribe. As of June , detained in Makala Prison in Kinshasa. In November , convicted by a DRC military court to ten years in prison for rape, murder, and torture. Deported from Italy to Tunisia on 22 July Serving an eight-year prison term in Tunisia for membership of a terrorist organization abroad as at Jan. Convicted in May by the ICC to 12 years in prison for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Currently in prison in the Netherlands. Taliban member responsible for Uruzgan Province, Afghanistan, as at Amin b Ul-Haq, Dr. Amin Nationality: Afghan Passport no. Repatriated to Afghanistan in February As of , facilitated activities for senior Pakistan-based Al-Qaida operatives. Belongs to Barich tribe. Involved in the supply of weapons for Taliban, including improvised explosive devices IED. Arrested in and in custody in Afghanistan as of January Associated with Rahat Ltd. Tanchon was designated by the Committee in April as the main DPRK financial entity responsible for sales of conventional arms, ballistic missiles, and goods related to the assembly and manufacture of such weapons. Incites violent activities against France. DOB: 10 Sep. Deported from Italy to Tunisia on 27 Aug. Legally changed family name from Aouani to Lakhal in Member of the Supervision Commission of the Taliban as of mid Belongs to Achekzai tribe. Mother's name is Johra Birouh. Returned from Italy to Algeria where he resides since Nov. Son in law of Othman Deramchi QDi. Transferred to the ICC on 17 March Convicted by the ICC in March and sentenced to 14 years in prison. Taliban member responsible for military affairs in Takhar province, Afghanistan, as of May Facilitated fund raising in the Gulf on behalf of the Taliban since Also facilitated meetings between Taliban officials and wealthy supporters and arranged for more than a dozen individuals to travel to Kabul, Afghanistan, for suicide attacks. In Uganda as of late Arrested by Congolese authorities in October , acquitted by the Court of Appeal in Kisangani, subsequently transferred to the judicial authorities in Kinshasa on new charges of crimes against humanity, war crimes, murder, aggravated assault and battery. One such grave was purported to contain civilians. Belongs to Sahak tribe Ghilzai. In charge of recruitment activities as of mid Belongs to Isakzai tribe. Released on 30 December Belonged to Ghilzai tribe. Kabir Low quality a. Collects money from drug traffickers. Member of the Taliban Supreme Council as at Responsible for attack on Afghan parliamentarians in November in Baghlan; owns land in central Baghlan Province. Directs a Taliban 'front' and coordinates all military activities of Taliban forces in Maiwand District, Kandahar Province, Afghanistan as of mid Belongs to Kharoti Taraki tribe. Released from custody in Germany on 18 May Belongs to Sulaimankhel tribe. Belongs to Kharoti tribe. Mother's name is Kadeja Mansore. Deported from Germany to Algeria in Sep. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 19 Oct. Listed on: 1 Nov. Involved in the preparation of attacks against Afghan and international forces in Afghanistan. Speaks fluent English, Urdu and Arabic. In detention as at June In this capacity he has facilitated transactions for TCB. Tanchon was designated by the Committee in April is the main DPRK financial entity for sales of conventional arms, ballistic missiles, and goods related to the assembly and manufacture of such weapons. In custody of the United States. Ignace Nationality: Rwandan Passport no. In December , he was arrested by Rwandan authorities when he tried to cross the border into the DRC. He has lived since in semi-liberty in Kigali not authorized to leave the country. Wanted by the authorities of the United Kingdom. DOB: 9 Sep. As of late , living in Ngoma camp, Rwanda. Acquitted of all charges by the ICC in December After being released from custody, was detained by Dutch authorities, and has filed a claim for asylum in the Netherlands. Applied for asylum in the Netherlands in May In October , a Dutch court denied his asylum claim. Since then, he has been under house arrest in Kigali, Rwanda. As of , facilitated Taliban activities, including through recruitment and the provision of logistical support. Belongs to Noorzai tribe. Listed on: 3 Mar. As of late , based in Tongo area, North Kivu. Belongs to Tokhi tribe. Involved in transporting suicide bombers to Afghanistan. Whereabouts unknown as of late Alternative title is Maulavi. Arrested in April in Mauritania, escaped from Nouakchott jail on 26 Apr. Re-arrested in Sep. Associated with Mokhtar Belmokhtar QDi. International arrest warrant issued by Mauritania. Wanted by Mauritanian authorities. Previous occupation: trading agent. Detained and sentenced to 30 months imprisonment for planning terrorist acts in in Tunisia. Arrest warrant issued by the Tunisian National Guard as at Mar. Previous occupation: worker. Sentenced, in absentia, on 30 October , to 24 years imprisonment for terrorist activities by the Appeals Court of Tunis. Father's name is Amorsolo Jarabata Pareja. Mother's name is Leonila Cambaya Rosalejos. In custody in Indonesia as at Feb. Collects taxes and bribes on behalf of the Taliban. Has also been a top Al-Qaida strategist and field commander in Afghanistan, and instructor at Al-Qaida training camp. Was associated with Tohir Abdulkhalilovich Yuldashev. As of late , in custody of Pakistani authorities. Sentenced on 15 Jul. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution was concluded on 8 Dec. Considered a fugitive from justice by the Italian authorities as at Jul. Under administrative control measure in Tunisia as at As of late , residing in Rwanda. Accused of involvement in the attack on the USS Cole in Arrested in Yemen in Nov. Sentenced to three years and one month of imprisonment by the specialized criminal court of first instance in Yemen. Released on 25 Dec. Sentenced in Tunisia to 4 years imprisonment for terrorist activity and in detention in Tunisia as at Jun. Injured leg. Diplomatic identity card no. In detention in Italy until 27 Apr. Sentenced in absentia to 20 years of imprisonment by the Tunis Military Court on 11 May for membership of a terrorist organization. Father's name is Mohamed Sharif. Mother's name is Fatima. Belonged to Wardak tribe. Belongs to Ahmadzai tribe. Released from custody in Member of the Taliban leadership council as of mid Taliban 'Governor' of Kandahar as of May Taliban official responsible for four southern provinces of Afghanistan. Physical description: eye colour: black; hair colour: black. Belongs to Safi tribe. Under his command, targeted killings, clashes and attacks against humanitarian organizations and aid workers have continued to take place. Physical description: eye colour: brown; hair colour: black; height: cm; weight: 60kg. Belonged to Kakar tribe. DOB: 25 Jul. Javad Kareemi Sabet; M. Jawad Kareemi Sabet; M. Jawad Karimi Sabet Low quality a. On 9 June , ICC confirmed 13 charges of war crimes and five charges of crimes against humanity against him; the trial is scheduled to start 2 June Gbagbo: participation in the illegitimate government of Mr. Gbagbo, obstruction of the peace and reconciliation process, rejection of the results of the presidential election, participation in violent repressions of popular movements. Deceased on 12 April in Abidjan. Taliban Shadow Deputy Governor and operational commander in Zabul Province, Afghanistan, responsible for the laying of improvised explosive devices and the organisation of suicide attacks. Physical description: height: cm; weight: approximately 90 kg; build: athletic build; eye colour: brown; hair colour: red; complexion: medium brown. Distinguishing physical marks: large round face, full beard, and walks with a limp due to plastic prosthesis in place of his left lower leg. Ethnic background: Pashtun; Belongs to Tokhi tribe, Barkozai sub-tribe alternative tribe spelling: Torchi. Marital Status: married. Member of the Rajah Solaiman Movement Qde. Resides in the Russian Federation as at Nov. International arrest warrant issued in the year Reportedly deceased as of April Convicted in absentia in Jordan for involvement in terrorist acts in Arrested in Feb. In custody since Dec. Deported to Jordan from the United Kingdom on 7 July to face terrorism charges. Member of the Taliban Supreme Council as of May Member of the Financial Commission of the Taliban Council. Responsible for logistics for the Taliban and also active as a businessman in his personal capacity as at mid No specific role in the Taliban movement, active as a businessman in his personal capacity as of mid Belongs to Wazir tribe. During May , forces under his command killed children, women and old men, burned property, and stole livestock as they advanced through Unity State towards Thorjath oil field. Listed on: 31 Jul. Arrested in and was in custody in Pakistan. Confirmed deceased in March and buried in Karachi, Pakistan. Belonged to Alokozai tribe. Physical description: eye colour: black; hair colour: bold; complexion: black; height: cm; weight: kg. Physical description: hair colour: black; height: cm; belongs to the Fulani ethnic group.

Substance Abuse among Iranian High School Students

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. There is cultural support for opium in Iran, and also there is cultural tolerance for tobacco smoking, especially as water pipe smoking, in Iranian families. Alcohol, opium, and cannabis are the most frequently used illicit drugs, but there are new emerging problems with anabolic steroids, ecstasy, and stimulant substances, such as crystal methamphetamine. There is serious drug abuse problem among Iranian high school students. It could be due to role-modeling by parents — mainly fathers — and also cultural tolerance of some substances. Early onset of tobacco smoking, with a daily use rate between 4. Use of all types of drugs, except prescription drugs, is more prevalent among boys. Alcohol is the most frequently abused substance, with a lifetime rate of at least 9. Lifetime rates of opiate use — mostly opium — were between 1. As drug abuse is a frequent problem among Iranian high school students, it is necessary to design and implement drug prevention programs to protect them. Such programs, including life skills training and drug education, have been operating in recent years for Iranian students from kindergarten to the university level. There is a long history of opium use in Iran. Opium use as a recreational substance has been recorded for more than four centuries. One of the first scientific descriptions of opium use in Iran was written by Dr. Jacob Eduard Polak — , a Jewish Austrian physician who worked in Iran between and 1 among teachers of the first Iranian medical school. It is not forbidden and every Iranian who can afford its cost uses it daily. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for initiation of drug use 2 , and younger age at first drug use significantly increases the likelihood of more serious drug problems 3. Iran has the highest rate of abuse of opiates in the world 6 , 7. In recent years, there has been increased use of heroin, crystal methamphetamine, and ecstasy. There is no direct standard survey for finding the prevalence of drug abuse in Iran. But there are surveys that help in estimating the drug use situation. The last nationwide survey of drug use in Iran, carried out in , was a rapid situational assessment RSA This study is based on interviews with drug abusers in treatment centers, the justice department system and prisons, as well as interviews with key informants. It is not a household survey and, therefore, interpretation of the data should consider their limitations. Unpublished data from this survey 8 showed that there are 1. Although traditional drugs of abuse in Iran are opium and cannabis, in recent years there has been more use of heroin, crystal methamphetamine, and ecstasy. In RSA , it is shown that The use of drugs by parents is a particular concern, as parental drug use is a risk factor for offspring Evidence has shown that family environment and mental health are inter-related in opiate addicts Spousal 13 and child abuse 14 are more frequent in drug abusers than the general population. Regarding age in this study, Main substances of use were opium all forms in Comparing these results with a previous RSA in , which found that the main substance was opium at This is the first time in the history of drug use in Iran that heroin use is more prevalent than opium use. Heroin is usually smoked, sniffed, or injected. In RSA , the usual way of drug use for Although the average Iranian drug-dependent person is likely to be married and employed, the average Iranian injection drug user is more likely to be unemployed and single or divorced RSA has shown that, compared with previous reports, there has been a decrease in cannabis use and an increase in crystal methamphetamine use as the main substance used among the total population of drug abusers. Crystal methamphetamine was the main substance in 3. In this article, we review published papers in international and domestic journals as well as existing unpublished data describing substance use by young people in Iran. There are four main studies on drug abuse in high school students in different parts of the country. Drug abuse in these studies is considered to be the use of any illicit substances, including alcohol, cannabis, opiates opium and heroin , ecstasy, and methamphetamine. Information about tobacco use is also included in these studies. In , Ziaaddini et al. This city is near the eastern border with Pakistan and Afghanistan and has a traditionally high rate of drug abuse. In this study Kerman Study , the rate for lifetime use of drugs in high school students was Also In another study, conducted in in Zanjan, a city in the northwest of the country Zanjan study , lifetime prevalence of drug abuse in high school students was The rate was significantly higher among boys than girls In this study, poor school performance, depression, and cigarette-smoking parents were associated with higher rates of drug abuse. Ahamdi and Hasani 21 in Shiraz — a large city located in the southern part of the country Shiraz study — have found rates of lifetime use and current use of drugs to be significantly higher among boys than among girls. In this study, pleasure seeking, modeling, and tension release were the most common reasons for drug use. In a study in Tabriz — another city in the northeast Tabriz study — among male high school students, There are two usual ways of using tobacco among Iranian adolescents: cigarette smoking and a water pipe. The latter has been a common practice for centuries, mostly in the Middle East, but its use appears to be widespread among high school students even in the United States 23 and European countries In the Zanjan study 20 , a history of water pipe tobacco smoking in high school students was twice that of cigarette smoking In Iran, like in most of the Middle Eastern and Islamic countries, there are traditional taboos and social behavioral limitations for girls. For example, in the Zanjan study 20 , lifetime history of cigarette smoking was more than three times higher for boys than for girls, but the sex difference for water pipe smoking was less see Table 1. It seems that smoking a water pipe is more tolerable in families compared with cigarettes, and its use does not bring the same degree of negative stigma for girls. One study in Lebanon has also shown a sex difference in cigarette smoking but not for water pipe smoking Smoking a water pipe is a socially acceptable practice for adolescents in Iran 20 , other Middle East countries 25 — 28 , and in western countries, even for athletes, who are traditionally considered at low risk for tobacco use 29 , and it appears acceptable for both boys and girls. Regular daily cigarette smoking was more prevalent than water pipe smoking The prevalence of daily smoking ranged from 4. There is also a study of middle school students grade 7 , with a mean age of 13 years, which shows 7. Although the purchasing of cigarettes is not allowed in Iran for people under the age of 18, clearly for many youth, the age of smoking onset is much younger. Age of smoking onset was Also there are studies that have shown an association between smoking and mental 35 and physical disorders In Iran, alcohol is considered an illicit drug and its use is banned for all age groups. Unfortunately this situation does not prevent its use among adolescents, and, in fact, alcohol is the most common illicit substance among Iranian high school students, especially among boys 20 — Two studies in Kerman have shown lifetime prevalences for alcohol between In RSA , in a cross-country study, the mean age of first alcohol use was In a study among high-risk grade 11students in Tehran, The rate of alcohol use was similar to the rate for tobacco smoking and much more than the rate for any other substance. In the Zanjan study, the lifetime history of alcohol use was 9. The rate was significantly lower in girls 3. In this study, 16 boys out of 6. Although alcohol consumption is illegal in Iran it is banned by Islam and unlike many other countries there is no alcohol advertising 39 to promote use by youth , it is customary to have alcohol at various parties and ceremonies. In the Kerman study, It seems that there is a tolerant atmosphere in these situations even for adolescents regarding alcohol use. In the Kerman study, among those students with lifetime experience of alcohol use, Whereas there is no comparative study between Muslims and other religious groups in Iran, some studies in Iran have shown that there is more tolerance for alcohol consumption among Christians than among Muslims Iran has a long border with Afghanistan, the biggest producer of opium in the world, and opium use has a centuries-old tradition in Iran Although there is negative stigma for heroin use, there is a traditional supporting culture for opium. In a household survey of people aged 15 and over, As Agahi and Spencer reported nearly three decades ago, the problem for Iranian adolescents is exposure to role models of drug abuse; such models are more likely to be an adult family member than an adolescent peer, a reversal of what is usually found in western countries Modeling is the second most common reason for drug use in the offspring of opium dependents Lifetime prevalence of opium and heroin use was 1. In this study, none of the high school students were current opiate users Ahmadi et al. In Kerman study, one fourth to one third of high school students who had lifetime experience of opiate use — opium or heroin — were daily users of it Although there is no cross-country study of youth drug use, it seems that the southeastern parts of the country, which border Pakistan and Afghanistan, show larger numbers of opioid users. In all studies, the rate of heroin use was far lower than the rate of opium use Table 2. Studies on the epidemiology of drug use in Iran show that all drugs are used more often by males than females 19 — 22 , The situation is the same for high school students. The Zanjan study reported that the lifetime prevalences of opium and heroin use in male students were 3. None of female students had a lifetime history of opium or heroin use. In the Kerman study, among high school students, lifetime history of opium use rates were The numbers for heroin use were 5. Cannabis is used in Iran in both the form of grass marijuana and hashish. Studies have reported lifetime history of cannabis use at 0. The Zanjan study showed a 2. The rate was 5. In the Kerman study, lifetime history of cannabis use was 8. Prevalence of daily cannabis use in this study was reported as 3. There is a lack of studies on methamphetamine or cocaine. Although the four most common substances used by high school students in Iran are tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and opium 19 — 22 , there have been some studies in recent years about other substances. Rates of lifetime and daily use of prescription sedatives mostly benzodiazepines were 2. In the Zanjan study, lifetime use rates for prescription narcotic drugs, including codeine and tramadol, were 9. Codeine is usually supplied and consumed as codeine-containing pain-killer tablets that mostly also contain acetaminophen. Both acetaminophen-codeine tablets and tramadol tablets are prescription drugs, but some pharmacies sell them without a prescription. Actually there are reports that acetaminophen-codeine tablets are one of the best selling drugs in Iran. Significant rates of use of prescription drugs by girls, who report very low rates of illicit drug use, suggest that prescription drug use is less stigmatized than illicit drug use. It is also an important concern that, like in other countries 47 , many users of these tablets are also abusing other substances. In the Zanjan study, the rate of lifetime and daily use of anabolic steroids was 6. Lifetime anabolic use was Shakeri et al. Sepehri et al. The prevalence of ecstasy use among 15—year-old people in Tehran was In another study on ecstasy use among high school students in Lahijan in the north of Iran, 2. The rate in boys 3. There is also one study that has shown that a large number of ecstasy users were high school or university students There are a large number of studies that have shown that various mental health disorders can be concordant with drug abuse problems. Zanganeh 53 stated that social isolation and lower socio-economic status can be associated with psychiatric disorders, including drug abuse. Emami et al. The frequency of such problems was higher in girls than in boys. Alcohol and drug use can be associated with high risk sexual behavior 55 and other risk-taking behaviors in Iranian adolescents 56 and can be a risk factor for HIV transmission. There is evidence that substance-using adolescents in Iran 19 and other countries 57 have greater psychological dysfunction. Childhood and family adverse events are also associated with more drug abuse problems in Iran and other countries 58 — Drug abuse is also reported in association with impulsivity 30 and delinquent antisocial behaviors in Iran 22 as well as other countries 61 — Adolescent drug use in Iran shows co-morbidity with mental disorders, especially depression and anxiety disorders. The Zanjan study, using the Beck depression inventory, found that Pathological anxiety was also more prevalent in high school students with a history of drug abuse, but it did not reach the significance threshold. Drug abuse also has been shown to be associated with academic problems There are very important drug problems among youth in Iran. As drug abuse and addiction are biopsychosocial problems, we should keep in mind relevant cultural factors and co-morbidities. It seems that parents and schools fail to play a significant role in primary prevention in Iran, and families in which the father is a drug user pose a very significant risk factor. Nearly half of drug-using university students in one study had been familiar with drugs since their adolescence Considering this fact and also the rule that earlier first drug use leads to more drug problems later in life, it is necessary to initiate preventive programs as early as possible. Adaptive motivational structure is important 67 , and it has been shown that behavioral control can help Iranian adolescents to resist drugs There are youth and family counseling programs in Iran that can be effective for behavior problems and, as DeJong et al. Although in Iran there are not yet comprehensive family-based or school-based drug prevention programs as in developed countries, some recent programs appear promising. Such programs include drug related life-skills training in kindergartens and primary schools, life skills training and drug education packages in high schools and universities, and parenting skills training programs promoting family bonding. Papers of particular interest, published within the annual period of review, have been highlighted as:. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry. Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Psychiatry. Find articles by Saeed Momtazi. Find articles by Richard A Rawson. PMC Copyright notice. The publisher's version of this article is available at Curr Opin Psychiatry. Cigarette Water pipe Girls Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Ziaaddini et al. Mohammadpoorasl et al. Nakhaee et al. Momtazi et al.

Esfahan buying Heroin