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The Hammons Tower as seen from Jordan Valley Park
The "Queen City of the Ozarks" "Birthplace of Route 66 " "The 417"
Commercial Street Historic District
^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
^ Official records for Springfield were kept at downtown from January 1888 to December 1939, Downtown Airport from January 1940 to July 1940, and at Springfield–Branson National Airport since August 1940. For more information, see ThreadEx .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Springfield" . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey .
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files" . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 26, 2020 .
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Census website" . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012-07-08 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates" . Retrieved May 21, 2020 .
^ "Find a County" . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011-06-07 .
^ "OMB Bulletin No. 18-04: Update of Statistical Area Definitions and Guidance on Their Uses" (PDF) . United States Office of Management and Budget . September 14, 2018 . Retrieved March 3, 2019 .
^ Dark, Phyllis & Harris. Springfield of the Ozarks: An Illustrated History. Windsor Publications, 1981. ISBN 0-89781-028-7 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "History of Greene County, Missouri" . Thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org . Retrieved 2017-04-28 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d "A brief history of Greene County, Missouri" . www.rootsweb.ancestry.com . Retrieved 2017-09-06 .
^ "History of Greene County, Missouri" . thelibrary.org . Retrieved 2017-09-06 .
^ "History of Greene County, Missouri" . thelibrary.org . Retrieved 2017-09-07 .
^ Creative, Demi. "Greenway Trails | Ozark Greenways" . ozarkgreenways.org . Retrieved 2017-09-06 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Springfield History - Springfield Missouri Travel & Tourism - Ozarks/Midwest Vacations" . www.springfieldmo.org . Retrieved 2017-09-06 .
^ "Zagonyi's Charge" . thelibrary.org . Retrieved 2017-09-06 .
^ https://thelibrary.org/lochist/history/holcombe/grch30pt1.html
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ozarks Afro-American History Museum Online | Springfield: April 14, 1906 · Lynchings and Exodus" . oaahm.omeka.net . Retrieved 2016-10-31 .
^ Kimberly Harper, White Man's Heaven: The Lynching and Expulsion of Blacks in the Southern Ozarks, 1894-1909 , University of Arkansas Press, 2012, pp. 144-145
^ Jump up to: a b Lynching in America / Supplement: Lynchings by County, 3rd edition Archived 2017-10-23 at the Wayback Machine , Montgomery, Alabama: Equal Justice Initiative, 2015, p. 7
^ Jump up to: a b Harper (2012), White Man's Heaven
^ "Historic Joplin » Blog Archive » 105th Anniversary of Springfield's 'Easter Offering ' " . www.historicjoplin.org . Retrieved 2016-10-31 .
^ Dessauer, Phil "Springfield, Mo.-Radio City of Country Music" (April, 1957), Coronet , p. 152
^ "'Jubilee' Turning to Color TV" (April 30, 1961), Springfield Leader-Press
^ Dessauer, Phil "Springfield, Mo.-Radio City of Country Music" (April, 1957), Coronet , p. 151
^ "First C&W Deejay Conclave" (June 23, 1956), The Billboard , p. 40
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010" . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012-07-02 . Retrieved 2012-07-08 .
^ "Missouri Breeding Bird Atlas 1986 - 1992: The Natural Divisions of Missouri" . Mdc.mo.gov . Retrieved 2010-10-21 .
^ "Wind- Average Wind Speed- (MPH)" . 2011-03-03. Archived from the original on 2011-03-03 . Retrieved 2017-08-11 .
^ "Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the United States" . RREDC - NREL. 1986 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 .
^ "Average Relative Humidity(%)" . NCDC - NOAA. 2001. Archived from the original on 1 November 2001 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 .
^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2012-02-17 .
^ Van Riper, Tom (2007-07-20). "In Pictures: America's Wildest Weather Cities: No. 9: Most Variety (biggest variations in temperature, precipitation, wind), Springfield, Mo" . Forbes . Archived from the original on 2016-03-10.
^ Haugland, Matt (1998). "Cities with most weather variety" . Weather Pages . Retrieved 15 March 2011 .
^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016-09-07 .
^ "Station Name: MO SPRINGFIELD" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016-09-07 .
^ "WMO Climate Normals for SPRINGFIELD/REGIONAL AP MO 1961–1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014-03-11 .
^ United States Census Bureau . "Census of Population and Housing" . Retrieved July 10, 2013 .
^ "Population Estimates" . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 8, 2018 .
^ "U.S. Census website" . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-02 . Retrieved 2013-03-02 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )
^ "Our Community" . Coxhealth.com. 2006-09-30 . Retrieved 2010-06-08 .
^ "The Role of Metro Areas in the U.S. Economy" (PDF) . U.S. Conference of Mayors . March 2006. p. 119. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-16 . Retrieved 2009-12-26 .
^ "Springfield Business Development Corporation" . Business4springfield.com . Retrieved 2010-06-08 .
^ "Major Employers | Springfield Regional Economic Partnership" . Springfieldregion.com . 2014-06-20 . Retrieved 2017-04-28 .
^ https://www.springfieldmo.gov/261/City-Managers-Office
^ https://www.springfieldmo.gov/231/City-Clerk
^ "City Council | Springfield, MO - Official Website" . www.springfieldmo.gov . Retrieved 2021-01-19 .
^ https://www.cityutilities.net/wp-content/uploads/cu-financials.pdf
^ "Springfield now largest Missouri school district" . Springfield News-Leader . 2011-12-14.
^ "Missouri State University sets another fall enrollment record" . 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 .
^ Miller, Mark (2010-09-28). "Drury University's fall 2010 census reveals record enrollment" . Drury.edu . Archived from the original on 2011-07-18.
^ "Drury University: Quick Stats" . Drury.edu . Retrieved 2010-06-08 . [ permanent dead link ]
^ "New students, new spaces at OTC this fall" . Otc.edu . Retrieved 2010-06-08 .
^ "SBU-Springfield Campus" . Retrieved 2017-04-28 .
^ "Springfield-Greene County Park Board About Us"
^ "History and Background of Nathanael Greene Close Memorial Park"
^ "Springfield-Greene County Park Board Facilities"
^ "Ozark Greenways Maps"
^ "Springfield CNC"
^ "National Park Service - Wilson's Creek National Battlefield"
^ "FAQ's | Springfield Cardinals Content" . Springfield Cardinals . Retrieved 2019-03-10 .
^ "About" . Springfield Rugby Club, Missouri . Retrieved 2019-03-10 .
^ "History" . Price Cutter Charity Championship . Retrieved 2019-03-10 .
^ "Swimming | Missouri Winter Games" . missouriwintergames . Retrieved 2019-03-10 .
^ "Softball World Series Heads to Springfield, Mo., in 2019 and 2020" . NAIA.org . Retrieved 2019-03-10 .
^ "2018-19 Championships" . mvc-sports.com . Retrieved 2019-03-10 .
^ "Missouri Sports Hall of Fame | Inductees" . Missouri Sports Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2019-03-10 .
^ "CODP" . Team USA . Retrieved 2019-03-10 .
^ "Community Sports Development Program (CSDP) | Springfield-Greene County Park Board" . www.parkboard.org . Retrieved 2019-03-10 .
^ Edge, John T., Missouri Chinese: Two Cultures Claim This Chicken , March 10, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/dining/11cashew.html
^ "Springfield Ballet :: History" . springfieldballet.org . Retrieved 2019-02-20 .
^ "Landers Theatre History" . Springfield Little Theatre . Retrieved 2019-02-20 .
^ "About Us | Springfield Symphony" . www.springfieldmosymphony.org . Retrieved 2019-02-20 .
^ "About | Springfield Art Museum, MO - Official Website" . www.sgfmuseum.org . Retrieved 2019-02-20 .
^ "Springfield Art Museum unveils plan to turn site into a world-class attraction" . FOX 4 Kansas City WDAF-TV | News, Weather, Sports . 2018-10-13 . Retrieved 2019-02-20 .
^ "MO Food Truck Fest" . MO Food Truck Fest . Retrieved 2019-02-19 .
^ "First Friday Art Walk" . www.417mag.com . Retrieved 2019-02-19 .
^ "Cider Days on Walnut" . It's All Downtown . Retrieved 2019-02-19 .
^ "Birthplace of Route 66 Festival – Come see where it all started" . Retrieved 2019-02-19 .
^ "Japanese Fall Festival" . www.biz417.com . Retrieved 2019-02-19 .
^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/springfieldcitymissouri/IPE120218
^ "St. Louis-San Francisco Railway, Table 1". Official Guide of the Railways . National Railway Publication Company. 100 (5). October 1967.
^ "Missouri Pacific Railroad, Tables 6, 11". Official Guide of the Railways . National Railway Publication Company. 82 (8). January 1950.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mercy Hospital named to top 100 hospitals list" . Springfield News-Leader . Retrieved 2019-02-18 .
^ Partnership (SREP), Springfield Regional Economic. "Data" . Springfield Regional Economic Partnership . Retrieved 2019-02-18 .
^ "2017 a record-setting year for Children's Miracle Network Hospitals at CoxHealth" . www.coxhealth.com . Retrieved 2019-02-18 .
^ "Brad Pitt and siblings donate $1 million for pediatric cancer center in honor of mom" . Cure Today . Retrieved 2019-02-18 .
^ " MCPF Springfield ." Federal Bureau of Prisons . Retrieved on May 20, 2010.
^ "Media markets" (PDF) .
^ "Neilsen Local Television Market Universe Estimates 2017-2018" (PDF) . Neilsen . Retrieved 2019-05-23 .
^ "Ozarks history: Truman, Reagan in town for debut of film" . Springfield News-Leader . 2015-06-07 . Retrieved 2020-04-18 .
^ Press, MARCUS KABEL Associated. "Springfield competes to host 'Simpsons' movie premiere" . Columbia Missourian . Retrieved 2019-04-29 .
^ Landis, Michael. "New film festival to premiere in downtown Springfield" . www.ky3.com . Retrieved 2019-02-18 .
Municipalities and communities of Christian County, Missouri , United States
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Municipalities and communities of Greene County, Missouri , United States
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Springfield is the third largest city in the state of Missouri and the county seat of Greene County . [5] As of the 2010 census, the city's population was 159,498. As of 2019, the Census Bureau estimated its population at 167,882. It is the principal city of the Springfield metropolitan area , which has a population of 462,369 and includes the counties of Christian , Dallas , Greene , Polk , and Webster . [6]
Springfield's nickname is "Queen City of the Ozarks " as well as "The 417" after the area code for the city. It is also known as the "Birthplace of Route 66 ". It is home to three universities, Missouri State University , Drury University , and Evangel University .
The origin of the city's name is unclear, but the most common view is that it was named for Springfield , Massachusetts , by migrants from that area. One account holds that James Wilson, who lived in the then unnamed city, offered free whiskey to anyone who would vote for the name Springfield, after his hometown in Massachusetts. [7]
The editor of the Springfield Express, J. G. Newbill, said in the November 11, 1881 issue:
"It has been stated that this city got its name from the fact of a spring and field being near by just west of town. But such is not a correct version. When the authorized persons met and adopted the title of the "Future Great" of the Southwest, several of the earliest settlers had handed in their favorite names, among whom was Kindred Rose, who presented the winning name, "Springfield," in honor of his former home town, Springfield , Tennessee ." [8]
In 1883, historian R. I. Holcombe wrote:
"The town took its name from the circumstance of there being a spring under the hill, on the creek, while on top of the hill, where the principal portion of the town lay, there was a field ." [8]
The presence of the Native Americans in the area slowed the European-American settlement of the land. [9] Long before the 1830s, the native Kickapoo and Osage , and the Lenape (Delaware) from the mid-Atlantic coast had settled in this general area. The Osage had been the dominant tribe for more than a century in the larger region.
On the southeastern side of the city in 1812, about 500 Kickapoo Native Americans built a small village of about 100 wigwams . They abandoned the site in 1828. Ten miles south of the site of Springfield, the Lenape had built a substantial dwelling of houses that borrowed elements of Anglo colonial style from the mid-Atlantic, where their people had migrated from. [8]
The first European-American settlers to the area were John Polk Campbell and his brother, who moved to the area in 1829 from Tennessee. Campbell chose the area because of the presence of a natural well that flowed into a small stream. He staked his claim by carving his initials in a tree. [9] Campbell was joined by settlers Thomas Finney, Samuel Weaver, and Joseph Miller. They proceeded to clear the land of trees to develop it for farms. A small general store was soon opened. [8]
In 1833, the southern part of the state was named Greene County after Revolutionary War hero General Nathanael Greene . [9] The legislature deeded 50 acres of land to John Campbell for the creation of a county seat in 1835. Campbell laid out city streets and lots. [10] The town was incorporated in 1838. [11] In 1878, the town got its nickname the "Queen City of the Ozarks." [9]
The United States government enforced Indian Removal during the 1830s, forcing land cessions in the Southeast and other areas, and relocating tribes to Indian Territory , which later developed as Oklahoma. During the 1838 relocation of Cherokee natives, the Trail of Tears passed through Springfield to the west, along the Old Wire Road . [12] [13]
By 1861, Springfield's population had grown to approximately 2,000, and it had become an important commercial hub. In the late 1850s, telegraph lines, previously only to St. Louis, reached Springfield. News from point further west was brought to Springfield overland and then sent by telegraph to what was then called the New York Associated Press. At the start of the American Civil War , Springfield was divided in its loyalty, as it had been settled by people from both the North and South, as well as by German immigrants in the mid-19th century who tended to support the Union.
The Union and Confederate armies both recognized the city's strategic importance and sought to control it. They fought the Battle of Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861, a few miles southwest of town. [8] The battle was a Confederate victory, and Nathaniel Lyon became the first Union General killed in Civil War. Union troops retreated to Lebanon to regroup. When they returned, they found that most of the Confederate army had withdrawn. [13]
On October 25, 1861, Union Major Charles Zagonyi led an attack against the remaining Confederates in the area, in a battle known as the First Battle of Springfield , or Zagonyi's Charge. Zagonyi's men removed the Confederate flag from Springfield's public square and returned to camp. It was the only Union victory in southwestern Missouri in 1861. [14] The increased military activity in the area set the stage for the Battle of Pea Ridge in northern Arkansas in March 1862. [13]
On January 8, 1863, Confederate forces under General John S. Marmaduke advanced to take control of Springfield and an urban fight ensued. But that evening, the Confederates withdrew. This became known as the Second Battle of Springfield . Marmaduke sent a message to the Union forces asking that the Confederate casualties have a proper burial. The city remained under Union control for the remainder of the war. [13] The US army used Springfield as a supply base and central point of operation for military activities in the area. [8]
Promptly after the Civil War ended on July 21, 1865 Wild Bill Hickok shot and killed Davis Tutt in a shootout over a disagreement about a debt Tutt claimed Hickok owed him. During a poker game at the former Lyon House Hotel, in response to the disagreement over the amount, Tutt had taken Hickok's watch, which Hickok demanded he return immediately. Hickok warned that Tutt had better not be seen wearing that watch, then spotted him wearing it in Park Central Square, prompting the gunfight.
On January 25, 1866, Hickok was still in Springfield when he witnessed a Springfield police officer, John Orr, shoot and kill James Coleman after Coleman interfered with the arrest of Coleman's friend Bingham, who was drunk and disorderly. Hickok provided testimony in the case. Orr was arrested, released on bail, and immediately fled the country. He was never brought to trial or heard from again. [15]
The period after Reconstruction and into the early 20th century continued to be socially volatile, with whites attacking blacks in the South. Some cities and counties in Missouri, particularly in former slaveholding areas, also had lynchings of freedmen and their descendants.
On April 14, 1906, a white mob broke into the Springfield county jail, and lynched two black men, Horace Duncan and Fred Coker, for allegedly sexually assaulting Mina Edwards, a white woman. Later they returned to the jail, where other African-American prisoners were being held, and pulled out Will Allen, who had been accused of murdering a white man. All three suspects were hanged from the Gottfried Tower, which held a replica of the Statue of Liberty , and burned in the courthouse square by a mob of more than 2,000 citizens. Judge Azariah W. Lincoln called for a grand jury, but no one was prosecuted. The proceedings were covered by national newspapers, the New York Times and Los Angeles Times . [16]
Duncan's and Coker's employer testified that they were at his business at the time of the crime against Edwards, and other evidence suggested that they and Allen were all innocent. [16] [17] These three are the only recorded lynchings in Greene County. [18] But the extrajudicial murders were part of a pattern of discrimination, repeated violence and intimidation of African Americans in this city and southwest Missouri from 1894 to 1909, in an attempt to expel them from the region. [19] Whites in Lawrence County also lynched three African-American men in this period. [18] After the mass lynching in Springfield, many African Americans left the area in a large exodus. [19]
In the 21st century, the African American population has experienced steady minority growth in Springfield and throughout the Ozarks. A historic plaque on the southeast corner of the Springfield courthouse square commemorates Duncan, Coker, and Allen, the three victim
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