Emperor Hadrian And Antinous
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Emperor Hadrian And Antinous
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There’s a Roman love story between Emperor Hadrian and his Greek sex servant, Antinous, that is so fantastic, it’s almost impossible to believe. It’s a tragic tale of immense love, scandal, sacrifice, and mystery. The scandal was not really about two men having sex; it was about two men having very real feelings for each other.
We don’t know a lot about Hadrian for certain. Many of the sources documenting his legend are considered unreliable. As Antinous was a lowly Greek servant, even less of his story is written with any complete certainty. We do know that Antinous was Greek and exceptionally beautiful. Hadrian fell madly in love with him and made no secret of his affections for the young beauty.
For a Roman Emperor to take a male lover was not a huge deal. It was OK under certain guidelines, as long as Hadrian appeared to be the ‘Top’ and there was no real emotion involved, the rest of Roman society could tolerate the affair. Also as long as the sex object was a foreigner, as Antinous the Greek was, then it became even easier to accept. Foreigners were like animals, simply not as important as Romans and thus suitable human sex toys.
The love affair endured for years – Hadrian brought his boyfriend to state dinners and royal ceremonies. They also toured the empire together and were banging each other’s brains out from Britain to Byzantium.
Hadrian was married to a woman and was expected to father an heir to the Roman throne. Failing to produce a son was one of the biggest mistakes of Hadrian’s career. Not getting his wife pregnant let the whole empire down and fanned the flames of gossip about him possibly being a complete homosexual – scandalous.
Hadrian was really very talented at keeping the empire together and spent so little time in Rome that he managed to escape any real consequences for his fabulous love life. The empire basically turned a blind eye to the gay activity, as Hadrian was so good at being an absolute boss.
In the year 130 AD, yes about 1900 years ago, Hadrian and Antinous were sailing on the river Nile. Antinous fell into the water and drowned. There are several theories as to how this happened. He may have thrown himself into the water to end the relationship that could have ruined his beloved Hadrian’s reputation. The longer the affair lasted, the greater the risk of being remembered as a homosexual rather than a great Emperor. It could have been that Antinous was drowned on purpose to try and prolong Hadrian’s life. It was believed that human sacrifice could extend the life of another. It could also have just been a simple case of murder on the Nile for reasons forgotten or unknown.
We do know that Hadrian’s reaction to the death of his boyfriend was nothing short of absolutely epic. He founded a city close to where the man died and named it Antinopolis in his memory. He decided Antinous could now be worshiped as a god and built temples to his memory across the empire, commissioning up to 2000 statues of his beautiful deceased lover.
Hadrian hired Greek sculptors to recreate the stunning beauty of his departed sweetheart. The statues of Antinous all shared similar characteristics such as a broad swelling chest, a head of Grecian curls and his face always turned down, making them very easy to identify. When the Roman Empire converted to Christianity, most of these temples were destroyed, and many of the beautiful statues disappeared. At least 80 survive today, many of them in the Vatican museums.
Hadrian was a man very much ahead of his time. Before his leadership, Roman Emperors were expected to be clean shaven. Hadrian preferred a full bristling beard and made the beard so fashionable that each emperor after him also had one. The original hipster was a Roman. He also was a fan of fake news and alternative facts. He forged his own adoption papers to become Emperor in the first place, and spread prophecies of his greatness as if they were facts. He essentially invented history as he wanted it to be, rather than being concerned with irrefutable facts and actual events. He also managed to build a wall in Northern England to keep the violent and barbarous Celts out of the peaceful and elegant Roman Empire. Uncanny, how history can repeat itself.
So Hadrian made his boyfriend into a god. What has your boyfriend done for you lately? #justsaying.
Got a Gay History story yourself and want to share it?
Send an email to social@planetromeo.com .
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Reddish-purple indicates emperor of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty
lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned
grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants
bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties
^ Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
^ Giacosa (1977), p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b Levick (2014), p. 161.
^ Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.
^ Jump up to: a b Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b c DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), "Hadrian" .
^ Jump up to: a b Giacosa (1977), p. 9.
^ Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.
^ Smith (1870), "Julius Servianus" .
^ Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of HA Hadrianus 11:3
^ Smith (1870), "Hadrian" , pp. 319–322.
^ Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim ; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.
^ Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997), Hadrian, the Restless Emperor , p. 251, cited in Levick (2014), p. 30, who is sceptical of this suggestion.
^ Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Levick (2014), p. 163.
^ It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Levick (2014), p. 162.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Levick (2014), p. 164.
^ Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
^ Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
^ The epitomator of Cassius Dio ( 72.22 ) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in HA "Marcus Aurelius" 24 .
^ Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.
^ Jump up to: a b c Levick (2014), p. 117.
Constructs such as ibid. , loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ), or an abbreviated title. ( April 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
^ The day and month of his birth come from an inscription on a tablet from Lanuvium dated 136 AD; the year is uncertain, but Antinous must have been about 18 when he drowned, the exact date of which place is itself not clear: certainly a few days before 5 October 1 AD when Hadrian founded the city of Antinoöpolis, possibly on the 13nd (the Nile festival) or more likely the 24th (anniversary of the death of Osiris ). See Lambert 1984 , p. 19, and elsewhere.
^ Birley 2000 , p. 144.
^ Renberg, Gil H.: Hadrian and the Oracles of Antinous (SHA, Hadr. 14.7); with an appendix on the so-called Antinoeion at Hadrian's Villa and Rome's Monte Pincio Obelisk , Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 55 (2010) [2011], 159–198; Jones, Christopher P., New Heroes in Antiquity: From Achilles to Antinoos (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 2010), 75–83; Bendlin, Andreas: Associations, Funerals, Sociality, and Roman Law: The collegium of Diana and Antinous in Lanuvium (CIL 14.2112) Reconsidered, in M. Öhler (ed.), Aposteldekret und antikes Vereinswesen: Gemeinschaft und ihre Ordnung (WUNT 280; Tübingen, 2011), 207–296.
^ Jump up to: a b Mark Golden (2011). "Mark Golden on Caroline Vout, Power and Eroticism" (PDF) . The Ancient History Bulletin Online Reviews . 1 : 64–66.
^ Vout 2007 , p. 54.
^ Opper 1996 , p. 170.
^ Jump up to: a b Lambert 1984 , p. 48.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 15.
^ R.R.R. Smith :Antinous: boy made god, 2018 p15
^ Jump up to: a b c Lambert 1984 , p. 19.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 20.
^ Antinous: boy made god Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, 2018. ISBN 978-1-910807-27-9 p. ####
^ Ibid., 157; R. Lambert, Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous, 24.
^ "Ephebic" . Merriam-Webster . Accessed 25 March 2022.
^ Brinkmann, Vinzenz, and Raimund Wünsche, eds. Color of the Gods: Painted Sculpture in Classical Antiquity . Munich: Stiftung Archäologie, 2007.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 20–21.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 21–22.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 22.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 60.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 61–62.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lambert 1984 , p. 63.
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^ Lambert 1984 , p. 30.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 39.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 90–93.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 78.
^ 118 Fox, T. E. (2014). The Cult of Antinous and the Response of the Greek East to Hadrian's Creation of a God [Undergraduate thesis, Ohio University].
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 81–83.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 65.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 94.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 73–74.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lambert 1984 , p. 71.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 71–72.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 100–106.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 101–106.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 110–114.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 115–117.
^ Jump up to: a b Lambert 1984 , pp. 118–121.
^ Ibid., 157; R. Lambert, Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous, 24.
^ Jump up to: a b Fox, T. E. (2014). The Cult of Antinous and the Response of the Greek East to Hadrian's Creation of a God [Undergraduate thesis, Ohio University].
^ Jump up to: a b A.R. Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor, 241; T. Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008), 173.
^ D.R. Cartlidge, D.L. Dungan, Documents for the Study of the Gospels, 195; R. Lambert, Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous, 60.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 121, 126.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 126.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 127–128.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 128.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 142; Vout 2007 , p. 57.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 129.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Skinner 2013 , p. 334.
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^ Vout 2007 , p. 100–106.
^ Vout 2007 , p. 111.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 184–185.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lambert 1984 , p. 186.
^ Jump up to: a b Vermeule 1979 , p. 95.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 189–190.
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 188.
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^ Lambert 1984 , p. 194.
^ Wong, Desmond (2013). "Antinous: From the Pederastic to the Divine" .
^ Lambert 1984 , p. 187.
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^ Jump up to: a b Lambert 1984 , pp. 192–193.
^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 8.9.7 and 8.9.8
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^ Jump up to: a b Lambert 1984 , p. 196.
^ Lambert 1984 , pp. 195–196.
^ White, Ethan Doyle. "The New Cultus of Antinous: Hadrian's Deified Lover and Contemporary Queer Paganism." Nova Religio 20, no. 1 (2016): 32-59. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.32
^ Wilson 1998 , p. 440.
^ Vout 2007 , p. 72.
^ Vout 2005 , p. 83; Vout 2007 , p. 87.
^ Vout 2007 , pp. 77–78.
^ Jump up to: a b Waters 1995 , p. 198.
^ Jump up to: a b Vout 2005 , p. 82.
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^ Lambert 1984 , p. 209.
^ Mari, Zaccaria and Sgalambro, Sergio: "The Antinoeion of Hadrian's Villa: Interpretation and Architectural Reconstruction", American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 111, No. 1, January 2007,
^ Renberg, pp. 181–191.
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^ Waters 1995 , p. 194.
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^ Teleny, or the Reverse of the Medals , vol. 1 p.14
^ Hugo, Victor (1976). Les Misérables . London: Penguin Classics. pp. 556–557 . ISBN 978-0-14-044430-8 .
^ Rainer Maria Rilke . Der Neuen Gedichte . Gutenberg.org . Retrieved 2014-06-29 .
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Antinous or Antinoös ( / æ n ˈ t ɪ n oʊ ʌ s / ; Greek : Ἀντίνοος ; 27 November, c. 111 – before 30 October 130 [a] ) was a Greek youth from Bithynia and a favourite beloved of the Roman emperor Hadrian . [1] After his premature death before his twentieth birthday, Antinous was deified on Hadrian's orders, being worshipped in both the Greek East and Latin West , sometimes as a god ( θεός , theós ) and sometimes merely as a hero ( ἥρως , hḗrōs ). [2]
Little is known of Antinous's life, although it is known that he was born in Claudiopolis (present day Bolu , Turkey), in the Roman province of Bithynia et Pontus . He was probably introduced to Hadrian in 123, before being taken to Italy for a higher education. He had become the favourite of Hadrian by 128, when he was taken on a tour of the Roman Empire as part of Hadrian's personal retinue. Antinous accompanied Hadrian during his attendance of the annual Eleusinian Mysteries in Athens , and was with him when he killed the Marousian lion in Libya . In October 130, as they were part of a flotilla going along the Nile , Antinous died amid mysterious circumstances. Various suggestions have been put forward for how he died, ranging from an accidental drowning to an intentional human sacrifice or suicide .
Following his death, Hadrian deified Antinous and founded an organised cult devoted to his worship that spread throughout the Empire. Hadrian founded the city of Antinoöpolis close to Antinous's place of death, which became a cultic centre for the worship of Osiris-Antinous . Hadrian also founded games in commemoration of Antinous to take place in both Antinoöpolis and Athens, with Antinous becoming a symbol of Hadrian's dreams of pan-Hellenism. The worship of Antinous proved to be one of the most enduring and popular of cults of deified humans in the Roman empire, and events continued to be founded in his honour long after Hadrian's death. [3]
Antinous became a symbol of male homosexuality in Western culture, appearing in the work of Oscar Wilde and Fernando Pessoa .
The Classicist Caroline Vout noted that most of the texts dealing with Antinous's biography only dealt with him briefly and were post-Hadrianic in date, thus commenting that "reconstructing a detailed biography is impossible". [4] The historian Thorsten Opper noted that "Hardly anything is known of Antinous's life, and the fact that our sources get more detailed the later they are does not inspire confidence." [5] Antinous's biographer Royston Lambert echoed this view, commenting that information on him was "tainted always by distance, sometimes by prejudice and by the alarming and bizarre ways in which the principal sources have been transmitted to us." [6]
Antinous was born to a Greek family near the city of Claudiopolis , which was located in the Roman province of Bithynia , in what is now north-west Turkey. [7] He was born in the territory to the east of the city called Mantineion, a rural locality:
"This was important later for the cult character expressed in his statues: he was a figure of the country, a woodland boy (Robert 1980, 132-8; Jones 2010,75)." [8]
The year of Antinous's birth is not recorded, although it is estimated that it was probably between 110 and 112 CE . [9] Early sources record that his birthday was in November, and although the exact date is not known, Lambert asserted that it was probably on 27 November. [9] Given the location of his birth and his physical appearance, it is likely that part of his ancestry was not Greek. [10]
R. R. R. Smith suggests that the statues of Antinous are concerned with depicting the real age of Antinous at the age of his death, and that this is more likely to be "around thirteen to fourteen". [11] An ephebe of eighteen or nineteen would be depicted with full pubic hair, whereas the statues of Antinous depict him as prepubescent "without pubic hair and with carefully represented soft groin tissue". A boy ( pais ) up to the age of 17 would be depicted as prepubescent, which is consonant with the depiction of Antinous in the Delphi statue, discovered in a chamber adjacent to the temple of Apollo .
This reassessment of Antinous's age brings into question the accuracy of the reconstruction of his life with Hadrian.
The common image of Antinous is of an ephebic teenager [12] which would be of the age of 18 or 19 years old. [13] As for the statues of Antinous portraying his real age one must remember the statues are artistic representations. If the statues look young it may only be how the artist envisioned him in their mind. Most of the artists
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