El placebo eres tú

Notas

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Notas

[1] C. K. Meador, «Hex Death: Voodoo Magic or Persuasion?», Southern Medical Journal, vol. 85, n.° 3, págs. 244-247, 1992. <<

[2] R. R. Reeves, M. E. Ladner, R. H. Hart, et al., «Nocebo Effects with Antidepressant Clinical Drug Trial Placebos», General Hospital Psychiatry, vol. 29, n.° 3, págs. 275-277, 2007; C. K. Meador, True Medical Detective Stories, North Charleston, SC, CreateSpace, 2012. <<

[3] A. E Leuchter, I. A. Cook, E. A. Witte, et al., «Changes in Brain Function of Depressed Subjects During Treatment with Placebo», American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 159, n.° 1, págs. 122-129, 2002. <<

[4] B. Klopfer, «Psychological Variables in Human Cancer», Journal of Protective Techniques, vol. 21, n.° 4, págs. 331-340, 1957. <<

[5] J. B. Moseley, Jr., N. P. Wray, D. Kuykendall, et al., «Arthroscopic Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee, A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Results of a Pilot Study», American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 24, n.° 1, págs. 28-34, 1996. <<

[6] Discovery Health Channel, Discovery Networks Europe, Discovery Channel University, et al., Placebo: Mind Over Medicine? Este documental, dirigido por J. Arrisen, se emitió en el 2002. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, Princeton, Nueva Jersey, 2004, DVD. <<

[7] J. B. Moseley, Jr., K. O’Malley, N. J., Petersen, et al., «A Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee», New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 347, n.° 2, págs. 81-88, 2002. El siguiente estudio independiente también reveló los mismos resultados: A. Kirkley, T. B. Birmingham, R. B. Litchfield, et al., «A Randomized Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee», New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 359, n.° 11, págs. 1097-1107, 2008. <<

[8] L. A. Cobb, G. I. Thomas, D. H. Dillard, et al, «An Evaluation of Internal- Mammary-Artery Ligation by a Double-Blind Technic», New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 260, n.° 22, págs. 1115-1118, 1959; E. G. Diamond, C. F. Kittle y J. E. Crockett, «Comparison of Internal Mammary Artery Ligation and Sham Operation for Angina Pectoris», American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 5, n.° 4, págs. 483-486, 1960. <<

[9] T. Maruta, R. C. Colligan, M. Malinchoc, et al, «Optimism-Pessimism Assessed in the 1960s and Self-Reported Health Status 30 Years Later», Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 77, n.° 8, págs. 748-753, 2002. <<

[10] T. Maruta, R. C. Colligan, M. Malinchoc, et al, «Optimists vs. Pessimists: Survival Rate Among Medical Patients over a 30-Year Period», Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 75, n.° 2, págs. 140-143, 2000. <<

[11] B. R. Levy, M. D. Slade, S. R. Kunkel, et al, «Longevity Increased by Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 83, n.° 2, págs. 261-270, 2002. <<

[12] I. C. Siegler, P. T. Costa, B. H. Brummett, et al, «Patterns of Change in Hostility from College to Midlife in the UNC Alumni Heart Study Predict High-Risk Status», Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 65, n.° 5, págs. 738-745, 2003. <<

[13] J. C. Barefoot, W. G. Dahlstrom y R. B. Williams, Jr., «Hostility CHD Incidence, and Total Mortality: A 25-Year Follow-Up Study of 255 Physicians», Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 45, n.° 1, págs. 59-63, 1983. <<

[14] D. M. Becker, L. R. Yanek, T. F. Moy, et al, «General Well-Being is Strongly Protective Against Future Coronary Heart Disease Events in an Apparently Healthy High-Risk Population», resumen n.° 103966 presentado en las Sesiones Científicas de la Asociación Americana del Corazón, Anaheim, California, 12 de noviembre del 2001. <<

[15] National Cancer Institute, «Anticipatory Nausea and Vomiting (Emesis)», 2013, www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/nausea/HealthProfessional/page4#Reference4.2. <<

[16] J. T. Hickok, J. A. Roscoe y G. R. Morrow, «The Role of Patients’ Expectations in the Development of Anticipatory Nausea Related to Chemotherapy for Cancer», Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, vol. 22, n.° 4, págs. 843-850, 2011. <<

[17] R. de la Fuente-Fernández, T. J. Ruth, V. Sossi, et al, «Expectation and Dopamine Release: Mechanism of the Placebo Effect in Parkinsons Disease», Science, vol. 293, n.° 5532, págs. 1164-1166, 2001. <<

[18] C. R. Hall, «The Law, the Lord, and the Snake Handlers: Why a Knox County Congregation Defies the State, The Devil, and Death», Louisville Courier Journal, 21 de agosto de 1988; véase también: www.wku.edu/agriculture/thelaw.pdf. <<

[19] K. Dolak, «Teen Daughters Lift 3,000-Pound Tractor Off Dad», ABC News, (10 de abril, 2013), http.//abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/04/ teendaughters-lift-3000-pound-tractor-off-dad. <<

[20] Véase la nota 1. <<

[1] H. K. Beecher, «The Powerful Placebo», Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 159, n.° 17, págs. 1602-1606, 1955. <<

[2] W. B. Cannon, «Voodoo Death», American Anthropologist, vol. 44, n.° 2, págs. 169-181, 1942. <<

[3] La palabra placebo se usó por primera vez en el salmo 116 con el que se iniciaban las vísperas católicas para los difuntos. Durante la Edad Media la familia del difunto solía pagar a plañideras para que recitaran estos versos, y como sus llantos fingidos eran a veces demasiado exagerados, la palabra placebo acabó significando «adulador» o «zalamero». A principios del siglo diecinueve los médicos comenzaron a administrar tónicos y pastillas inertes, y otros tratamientos parecidos, para tranquilizar a aquellos pacientes a los que no podían ayudar o a los hipocondríacos. Esos médicos tomaron prestada la palabra placebo y le dieron el significado que tiene en la actualidad. <<

[4] Y. Ikemi y S. Nakagawa, «A Psychosomatic Study of Contagious Dermatitis», Kyoshu Journal of Medical Science, vol. 13, págs. 335-350, 1962. <<

[5] R. Luparello, H. A. Lyons, E. R. Bleecker, et al., «Influences of Suggestion on Airway Reactivity in Asthmatic Subjects», Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 30, n.° 6, págs. 819-829, 1968. <<

[6] J. D. Levine, N. C. Gordon y H. L. Fields, «The Mechanism of Placebo Analgesia», Lancet, vol. 2, n.° 8091, págs. 654-657, 1978; J. D. Levine, N. C. Gordon, R. T. Jones, et al., «The Narcotic Antagonist Naloxone Enhances Clinical Pain», Nature, vol. 272, n.° 5656, págs. 826-827, 1978. <<

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[8] H. Benson, The Relaxation Response, Morrow, Nueva York, 1975. [Edición en castellano: La relajación, Grijalbo, Barcelona, 1997.] <<

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[11] N. Cousins, Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient: Reflections on Healing and Regeneration, W. W. Norton and Company, Nueva York, 1979. <<

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[13] N. Cousins, Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient: Reflections on Healing and Regeneration, Norton, Nueva York, 1979, pág. 56. <<

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[18] R. de la Fuente-Fernández, T. J. Ruth, V. Sossi, et al., «Expectation and Dopamine Release: Mechanism of the Placebo Effect in Parkinsons Disease», Science, vol. 293, n.° 5532, págs. 1164-1166, 2001. <<

[19] F. Benedetti, L. Colloca, E. Torre, et al., «Placebo-Responsive Parkinson Patients Show Decreased Ativity in Single Neurons of the Subthalamic Nucleus», Nature Neuroscience, vol. 7, n.° 6, págs. 587-588, 2004. <<

[20] F. Benedetti, A. Pollo, L. Lopiano, et al., «Conscious Expectation and Unconscious Conditioning in Analgesic: Motor, and Hormonal Placebo/Nocebo Responses», Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 23, n.° 10, págs. 4315-4323, 2003. <<

[21] F. Benedetti, H. S. Mayberg, T. D. Wager, et al., «Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect», Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 25, n.° 45, págs. 10390-10402, 2005. <<

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[1] A. Vickers, People v. the State of Illusion, película dirigida por S. Cervine (Phoenix, AZ, Exalt Films, 2012). Véase también Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Universidad de California, Los Ángeles, www.loni.ucla.edu/About_Loni/education/brain_trivia.shtml. <<

[2] L. R. Squire y E. R. Kandel, Memory: From Mind to Molecules, Scientific American Library, Nueva York, 1999. Véase también D. Church, The Genie in Your Genes: Epigenetic Medicine and the New Biology of Intention, Elite Books, Santa Rosa, California, 2007, pág. 94. [Edición en castellano: El genio en sus genes: la medicina energética y la nueva biología de la intención, Obelisco, Barcelona, 2008]. <<

[3] También se conoce como regla de Hebb o ley de Hebb. Véase D. O. Hebb. The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory, John Wiley & Sons, Nueva York, 1949. [Edición en castellano: Organización de la conducta, Debate, Barcelona, 1985]. <<

[4] K. Aydin, A. Ucar, K. K. Oguz, et al., «Increased Gray Matter Density in the Parietal Cortex of Mathematicians: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study», American Journal of Neuroradiology, vol. 28, n.° 10, págs. 1859-1864, 2007. <<

[5] V. Sluming, T. Barrick, M. Howard, et al., «Voxel-Based Morphometry Reveals Increased Gray Matter Density in Brocas Area in Male Symphony Orchestra Musicians», NeuroImage, vol. 17, n.° 3, págs. 1613-1622, 2002. <<

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[1] E. J. Langer, Mindfulness, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1989; E. J. Langer, Counter Clockwise: Mindful Health and the Power of Possibility, Ballantine Books, Nueva York, 2009. <<

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[11] Véase: www.epigenome.org. <<

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[16] T. Rönn, P. Volkov, C. Davegárdh, et al., «A Six Months Exercise Intervention Influences the Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Pattern in Human Adipose Tissue», PEGS Genetics, vol. 9, n.° 6, pág. el003572, 2013. <<

[17] D. Chow, «Why Your DNA May Not Be Your Destiny», LiveScience (4 de junio, 2013), http://www.livescience.com/37135-dna-epigenetics-disease-research.xhtml. Véase también la nota 12 de este capítulo. <<

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[22] J. Kiecolt-Glaser, T. J. Loving, J. R. Stowell, et al, «Hostile Marital Interactions, Proinflammatory Cytokine Production, and Wound Healing», Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 62, n.° 12, págs. 1377-1384, 2005. <<

[23] J. A. Dusek, H. H. Otu, A. L. Wohlhueter, et al, «Genomic Counter-Stress Changes Induced by the Relaxation Response», PEGS ONE, vol. 3, n.° 7, pág. e2576, 2008. <<

[24] M. K. Bhasin, J. A. Dusek, B. H. Chang, et al, «Relaxation Response Induces Temporal Transcriptome Changes in Energy Metabolism, Insulin Secretion, and Inflammatory Pathways», PLOS ONE, vol. 8, n.° 5, pág. e62817, 2013. <<

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[1] Discovery Channel, «Brainwashed», segunda temporada, cuarto episodio de la serie Curiosity emitida el 28 de octubre del 2012. <<

[1] A. Mardiyati, «Ruda Lumping: a Spirited, Glass-Eating Javanese Game of Horse», Jakarta Globe (16 de marzo, 2010), www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/kuda-lumping-a-spirited-glass-eating-javanese-game-of-horse. <<

[2] Lo demuestran dos estudios en particular. En el primero los sujetos se pusieron gafas especiales con las que lo veían todo de color azul al mirar a la izquierda, y de color amarillo al mirar a la derecha. Pero después de un cierto tiempo en lugar de ver el mundo de color azul y amarillo volvieron a verlo como antes, porque no lo estaban percibiendo a través de los ojos sino de su cerebro, el cual llenó la realidad basándose en los recuerdos de los sujetos. Véase I. Kohler, The Formation and Transformation of the Perceptual World, International Universities Press, Nueva York, 1964. En el otro estudio, cuando a los participantes depresivos les mostraron dos imágenes distintas en una rápida secuencia —la de una fiesta y la de un funeral—, recordaban la escena del funeral más a menudo de lo habitual, indicando que tendemos a percibir el ambiente de una manera que reafirma cómo nos sentimos. Véase A. T. Beck, Cognitive Therapy and The Emotional Disorders, International Universities Press, Nueva York, 1976. <<

[3] D. P. Phillips, T. E. Ruth y L. M. Wagner, «Psychology and Survival», Lancet, vol. 342, n.° 8880, págs. 1142-1145, 1993. <<

[4] P. D. Rozée y G. van Boemel, «The Psychological Effects of War Trauma and Abuse on Older Cambodian Refugee Women», Women and Therapy, vol. 8, n.° 4, págs. 23-50, 1989; G. B. van Boemel y P. D. Rozée, «Treatment for Psychosomatic Blindness Among Cambodian Refugee Women», Women and Therapy, vol. 13, n.° 3, págs. 239-266, 1992. <<

[5] L. Siegel, «Cambodians’ Vision Loss Linked to War Trauma», Los Angeles Times (15 de octubre, 1989), http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-15-news/mn-232_l_vision-loss. <<

[6] A. Kondo, «Blinding Horrors: Cambodian Womens Vision Loss Linked to Sights of Slaugther», Los Angeles Times (4 de junio, 1989), http://artides.latimes.com/1989-06-04/news/hl-2445_l_pol-pot-khmer-rouge-blindness. <<

[7] P. Cooke, «They Cried until They Could Not See», New York Times Magazine, vol. 140, págs. 24-25,45-48 (23 de junio, 1991). <<

[8] R. de la Fuente-Fernández, T. J. Ruth, V. Sossi, et al., «Expectation and Dopamine Release: Mechanism of the Placebo Effect in Parkinsons Disease», Science, vol. 293, n.° 5532, págs. 1164-1166, 2001. <<

[9] S. Siegel y B. M. C. Ramos, «Applying Laboratory Research: Drug Anticipation and the Treatment of Drug Addiction», Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, vol. 10, n.° 3, págs. 162-183, 2002. <<

[10] S. L. Assefi y M. Garry, «Absolut Memory Distortions: Alcohol Placebos Influence the Misinformation Effect», Psychological Science, vol. 14, n.° 1, págs. 77-80, 2003. <<

[11] R. S. Ulrich, «View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery», Science, vol. 224, n.° 4667, págs. 420-421, 1984. <<

[12] C. W. F. McClare, «Resonance in Bioenergetics», Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol 227, págs. 74-97,1974. <<

[13] B. H. Lipton, The Biology of Belief: Unleashing the Power of Consciousness, Matter & Miracles, Hay House, Carlsbad, California, 2008, pág. Ill; A. R. Liboff, «Toward an Electromagnetic Paradigm for Biology and Medicine», Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 10, n.° 1, págs. 41-47, 2004; R. Goodman y M. Blank, «Insights into Electromagnetic Interaction Mechanisms», Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 192, n.° 1, págs. 16-22, 2002; L. B. Sivitz, «Cells Proliferate in Magnetic Fields», Science News, vol. 158, n.° 13, págs. 196-197, 2000; M. Jin, M. Blank y R. Goodman, «ERK1/2 Phosphorylation, Induced by Electromagnetic Fields, Diminishes During Neoplastic Transformation», Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 78, n.° 3, págs. 371-379, 2000; C. F. Blackman, S. G. Benane y D. E. House, «Evidence for Direct Effect of Magnetic Fields on Neurite Outgrowth», FASEB Journal, vol. 7, n.° 9, págs. 801-806,1993; A. D. Rosen, «Magnetic Field Influence on Acetylcholine Release at the Neuromuscular Junction», American Journal of Physiology, vol. 262, n.° 6, pt. 1, págs. C1418-C1422, 1992; M. Blank, «Na-K-APTase Function in Alternating Electrical Fields», FASEB Journal, vol. 6, n.° 7, págs. 2434-2438, 1992; T. Y. Tseng, «Deciphering the Language of Cells», Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol. 14, n.° 3, págs. 89-92, 1989; G. P. A. Yen-Patton, W. F. Patton, D. M. Beer, et al., «Endothelial Cell Response to Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields: Stimulation of Growth Rate and Angiogenesis in Vitro», Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 134, n.° 1, págs. 37-46, 1988. <<

[1] N. Bohr, «On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules», Philosophical Magazine, vol. 26, n.° 151, págs. 1-25,1913. <<

[2] F. A. Popp, «Biophotons and their Regulatory Role in Cells», Frontier Perspectives, vol. 7, n.° 2, págs. 13-22,1998. <<

[1] D. J. Siegel, The Mindful Brain: Reflection and Attunement in the Cultivation of Well-Being, W. W. Norton and Company, Nueva York, 2007. [Edición en castellano: Cerebro y mindfulness: la reflexión y la atención plena para cultivar el bienestar, Paidós Ibérica, Barcelona, 2012.] <<

[1] L. Fehmi y J. Robbins, The Open-Focus Brain: Harnessing the Power of Attention to Heal Mind and Body, Trumpeter Books, Boston, 2007. <<

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