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This research described the perspective of illicit drug users regarding illicit drug use prevention initiatives. The study used a convergent parallel mixed methods design, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 11 subjects who were selected from among the participants and who declared themselves to be personally affected as being or having been illicit drugs users. From the perspective of drug users, the results pointed out different prevention initiatives and the institutions that should be responsible for them. For preventive actions to be successful, they must be intersectoral and involve government, community and families.. Illicit drugs use continues to grow as a public health problem because of its harmful effects on individuals and communities. Illicit drugs include substances that are prohibited under international law, such as amphetamine type stimulants, cannabis, cocaine, heroin and other opioids, and ecstasy. Illicit drug use is a key issue in national and international agendas, causing damage to health, society and the economy in general, interfering in internal development and in the relationship between countries. Besides that, the intensification of illicit drug trafficking remains a serious issue, associated with violence and therefore requiring the redefinition and improvement of actions for its combat as well as the promotion of respect for human rights. Around million people worldwide use illicit drugs 4 and illicit drug use directly accounts for 0. Based on the reality described, it is essential to address the issue of drug prevention in Brazil, considering the Brazilian importance in global drug trade and the accessibility of these substances in the country. Prevention comprises processes to promote well-being, growth and optimal development at individual, family and community levels. It aims at foreseeing problems, enabling early intervention, avoiding drug use, strengthening protective factors, and decreasing risk factors. Effective prevention requires a broader health promotion approach and has to be linked to other drug control responses in order to achieve long-term benefits. Preventing substance use is one of the key components of a public health approach. Substance use prevention has the potential to prevent or reduce substance use, as well as social conditions and negative health consequences that affect individuals and society. In this sense, extensive efforts have been and continue to be made by governments and nongovernmental organizations at all levels to eliminate and prevent illicit drug production, consumption, trafficking, and distribution. The United Nations Office on Drugs and crime recommends that the most effective action to address the illicit drug problem is to coordinate a comprehensive and balanced approach in which the provision, control and demand reduction are mutually reinforcing. In addition, experiences around the world have shown that substance use and related problems cannot be significantly prevented or reduced by any single, limited measure. Measures are being adopted at international and national levels against the demand for illicit drugs. To be effective, these approaches require goal-oriented strategies that are inherently positive. Measures for the prevention of illicit drugs should value the context in which illicit drug users take part, in order to direct actions of prevention. Based on these considerations, this study aimed to describe the perspective of illicit drug users regarding initiatives to prevent illicit drug use. The study represents the continuity of a multi-center project that aimed at identifying the critical perspective of family members and significant others to illicit drug users in seven Latin American countries and Canada. The project focused on risk and protective factors, prevention initiatives, services and treatments and laws and policies on illicit drugs. Considering the data obtained from the research with family members and significant others to illicit drug users, it was also important to understand the perspective of illicit drug users themselves and to compare the data from the 2 studies. The combination was based on the acknowledgement that the methods are complementary and possess distinguished strengths, so that convergences can be compared and the results confirmed. The population of this study is comprised of adults over the age of 18 who identified themselves as personally affected because they are or have been illicit drugs users. The study included a total of illicit drug users recruited from a psychosocial care centre CAPS-AD using a convenience sample. Three interviewers were selected and trained on how to approach and interview the participants, as well as to fill out the data collection form, according the literature on the topic. The inclusion criteria were as follows: men and women over 18 years of age who self-identify and are perceived by researchers with the cognitive skills necessary to participate in research, who use or have already used illicit drugs during the course of their lives. The exclusion criteria were people who were identified as not possessing the cognitive skills necessary to participate in research, or people who at the time of the interview were under the influence of some substance could impair their participation in the study. Quantitative data were collected through an instrument with closed questions, documented on paper and filled out by the researcher or selected research team member. The questionnaire contained questions on socio-demographic data sex, marital status, religion, social network, schooling, occupation, housing conditions, family income and living conditions and questions on prevention initiatives. The instrument was not submitted to psychometric testing. Other questions related to the responsibility of institutions in prevent people in general from having problems with the use of illicit drugs, used a Likert scale. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews followed by a guide with 7 questions, one of them regarding preventive initiatives for drug use. The purpose of these questions was to better understand how people describe, act, and deal with everyday situations related to illicit drug use issues. The interviews were recorded, documented and transcribed. To standardize the data capture, a form was developed in the EpiData program. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed separately and later in triangulation. The qualitative data were tape-recorded and then transcribed to assure quality control and the precise reproduction of the contents. Hence, after the transcription, the interviews were again checked and read to guarantee information precision, complete existing gaps, correct imprecisions and start the process of getting familiar with the data. The interview transcripts were identified with the help of numerical codes. The study was conducted with the permission of the local ethics committee, subject to Resolution No. With regard to demographic characteristics, Respondents were active in various professions administrative, financial or clerical; sales or service; trades, transport or equipment operator; homemaker and With regard to the illicit drugs use, there was a prevalence of marijuana Some participants used more than one illicit drug. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. The questions on prevention initiatives were focused on the opinions illicit drug users had about different strategies that would help to prevent illicit drug use, as well as the perception of the effectiveness of the strategies developed at the community level for the prevention of illicit drug use. Data regarding prevention initiatives related to illicit drug use are presented in Table 2. In most items related to prevention initiatives, illicit drugs users gave more affirmative answers regarding prevention of illicit drug use. Among the participants, About the organization of supervised activities outside of school hours, The program for prevention of illicit drug use in the workplace was reported by Participants also stated that campaigns and advertisements that raise awareness about illicit drug use Organization of community games and competitions were cited by Moreover, police monitoring In addition, In order to complement these results, the qualitative data pointed at prevention initiatives for the use of illicit drugs, actions to be developed in the community, at some work programs, recreational programs and specific initiatives. Besides that, they also indicated what could be done to help people to avoid the use of illicit drugs, highlighting issues related to accepting illicit drug users as human beings. To feel rescued, thus… because we are humans too… You know? I think it helps a lot to get the person off, so I think I should broaden this range of activity. There have to be campaigns at schools with testimonies of users. Powerful campaigns are needed to show, just like with cigarette smoking, that it is bad, it gives cancer. The person reads the information needs to clearly indicate a person suffering with cancer as a result of illicit drug use. Such information should also be given via television. The participants also revealed information on prevention initiatives for illicit drugs use that exceeded the need for action through programs involving sports, job opportunities, the creation of artistic and cultural activities and the dissemination of information on the damage of illicit drugs. But I think that in a certain way humanity as a whole should change, I think the focus should be on what you have. So I think this is complex, but with love, we can deal with what is coming, based on love and support. The results presented in Table 3 show that the majority of illicit drug users considered family and the government as MR for developing preventive actions, and pointed to schools, religious institutions and private initiatives as having LR for actions to prevent people from having problems with illicit drug use. To help you, in my opinion, measures that can be taken in the middle of society to get people far from the drugs, for example, to create a government policy that gives nothing to anyone. This study aimed to describe the perspective of illicit drug users regarding illicit drug use prevention initiatives. Preventive initiatives and programs usually provide accurate and relevant information, encouraging interactive education, and developing skills as primary characteristics. Many prevention programs focus on schools, ranging from kindergarten through high school, being especially intensive before the age of first use. In this sense, prevention in schools was initially motivated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO in when it convened several countries to discuss drug use and prevention. The school setting can act as a point of reference for the promotion of a lifestyle that distances people from drug use, since it enables the consolidation of values that are beneficial for the health of the community as well as in the identification of risk areas. School drug prevention programs use strategies that range from providing didactic drug information to developing psychosocial skills. Studies that used interventions based on life skills training, including problem solving, coping with stressful situations, and developing social and communication skills, showed results beyond the prevention of drug use, such as the development of personal and social skills. These activities can be developed through community-based drug abuse prevention programs, including a combination of school, family, mass media, public policy, and community organization components. The recreational programs, represented by free sports, cultural and community events, were seen as prevention alternatives by the majority of participants. The promotion of recreational activities can be an alternative to offer people well-being, contributing with the development of emotional abilities in the human being to deal with victories, frustrations, joys and sorrows. In addition, sports and other recreational activities allow the experience of new challenges, the development of joy, and the confidence to participate in life. However, a study showed that sports practice can be presented as both a factor associated with protection and risk of drug use, depending on a series of variables, such as gender, sports, socio-cultural environment and motivation for both sports practice and drug use. Those planning preventive actions involving sports should consider the different factors involved in order to promote the prevention of drug use among adolescents. With regard to drug-specific prevention initiatives, the promotion of conferences on illicit drug-related issues in the community was the most consistent initiative. Information about drugs may be a powerful instrument to prevent young people from using drugs. Important initiatives have also made use of mass media campaigns. These campaigns have an effective communication potential and are educational tools. Mass-media campaigns are a powerful means for disseminating health promotion messages. In the field of drug addiction and dependence, advertisements may contribute to shaping patterns of drug use and the intention to use drugs, as well as modifying mediators such as awareness, knowledge and attitudes about drugs. However, a better understanding of which media interventions work best is likely to result in a more effective prevention of drug use and increased efficiency in the management of public resources. All participants said that they followed a religion, with a predominance of Catholicism expressed by With this in mind, various studies identified that religion plays a fundamental role in the prevention of drug use, especially among young people. When asked about the main institutions contributing to the prevention of illicit drug problems, participants mostly identified family and the government. Family-based initiatives, promoting family involvement and parent-child communication with parents serving as positive role models are strategies to prevent or reduce substance use among young people. The average effect was times greater than school based interventions that focused solely upon young people. The government was also pointed out by the participants as an important institution that contributes to illicit drug use prevention and this reality is corroborated by measures that are being adopted at international and national levels regarding the demand for illicit drugs. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health has been proposing actions and guidelines for the development of initiatives, at all levels of care, aimed at focusing on drug users. It is important, therefore, to understand these actions as well as the challenges for their realization. The development of actions committed to the promotion, education, prevention and follow-up of users and their families in the perspective of social integration, family and valuing of autonomous users not only contributes to reducing consumption, but also to reducing suffering caused by the consumption of such drugs in the various segments of society. These actions are in line with the characterization of prevention, operating at the primary level reduction of drug-related risks , secondary level reduction of drug-related harm based on existing problems and tertiary level preventing drug-related harm intensification. The participants of this study considered families and governments the main institutions to prevent people from having problems with illicit drug use. This highlights the importance of the family in issues related to illicit drug use. Based on this reality, strategies to prevent the use of illicit drugs should focus on intersectoral actions, which should be subsidized through policy interventions and the involvement of illicit drug users, family and community. Strategies to prevent the use of illicit drugs involving the family are considered successful when they focus on the relationship between parents and children, seeking to improve family dynamics, develop skills and resolve conflicts. ISSN: Exportar referencia. Original Article. DOI: Descargar PDF. Carla Aparecida Arena Ventura a ,. Autor para correspondencia. Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. For preventive actions to be successful, they must be intersectoral and involve government, community and families. Palabras clave:. Texto completo. Introduction Illicit drugs use continues to grow as a public health problem because of its harmful effects on individuals and communities. Methods The study represents the continuity of a multi-center project that aimed at identifying the critical perspective of family members and significant others to illicit drug users in seven Latin American countries and Canada. Inclusion and exclusion criteria The inclusion criteria were as follows: men and women over 18 years of age who self-identify and are perceived by researchers with the cognitive skills necessary to participate in research, who use or have already used illicit drugs during the course of their lives. Quantitative data Quantitative data were collected through an instrument with closed questions, documented on paper and filled out by the researcher or selected research team member. Qualitative data Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews followed by a guide with 7 questions, one of them regarding preventive initiatives for drug use. Data analysis To standardize the data capture, a form was developed in the EpiData program. Results Characteristics of the study participants With regard to demographic characteristics, Drug users Prevention initiatives Yes No Do not know Work programs and skills development Work and manual skills training programs Degenhardt, A. Whiteford, A. Ferrari, F. Baxter, W. Charlson, G. Hall, et al. The global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: Results from the GBD study. Alcohol use and burden for countries and territories, a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Reichenheim, E. Souza, C. Moraes, M. Mello Jorge, C. Silva, M. Souza Minayo. Violence and injuries in Brazil: the effect, progress -made, and challenges ahead. World Drug Report ; Prevention programming theories, models, techniques and strategies. Wallace, D. Renstrom, M. Ferri, A. Substance use prevention: evidence-based intervention. International standards on drug use prevention. Promoting science-based prevention in communities. Addict Behav. World Drug Report. Geneva: WHO; McCusker, S. Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research. Neale, D. Allen, L. Qualitative research methods within the addictions. Orton, J. Whitehead, J. Mhizha-Murira, M. Clarkson, M. Watson, C. Mulvaney, et al. School-based education programmes for the prevention of unintentional injuries in children and young people. Cochrane Database System Rev. Moreira, C. Drug abuse prevention in school: challenges and possibilities for the role of the educator. Bavarian, R. Duncan, K. Lewis, A. Miao, I. Adolescent substance use following participation in a universal drug prevention program: examining relationships with program recall and baseline use status. Substance Abuse. Moore, A. Karpinski, F. An examination of an interactive substance abuse prevention program for high school students. J Child Adolesc Substance Abuse. Onrust, R. Otten, J. Lammers, F. School-based programmes to reduce and prevent substance use in different age groups: What works for whom? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. Guo, T. Chilee, J. YuLiao, C. Prevention of illicit drug use through a school-based program: results of a longitudinal, cluster-randomized controlled trial. J Adolesc Health. Griffin, G. Evidence-based interventions for preventing substance use disorders in adolescents. Christens, P. Community organizing: Practice, research, and policy implications. Social Issues and Policy Review. Christens, C. Influences of community and organizational participation, social support, and sense of community on psychological empowerment: Income as moderator. Family and Consumer Sciences. Tavares, V. Costa, M. Dingle, T. Cruwys, D. Social identities as pathways into and out of addiction. Front Psychol. Page, J. The role of recreation and recreational therapists in developing a recovery-oriented identity for people with substance use disorders. Alcohol Treat Q. Eime, J. Young, J. A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. Nandi, R. Sene, L. Revista Digital de Esportes. Bedendo, A. Andrade, L. Monezi, A. Sanchez, L. Oliveira, L. Ribeiro, S. Principles of drug addiction treatment: a research based guide. Allara, M. Bo, A. Gasparrini, F. Are mass-media campaigns effective in preventing drug use?. A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. Brusamarello, M. Maftum, V. Silva, V. Ferreira, F. Gubert, A. Martins, M. Vieira, P. The role of religiosity in the opposition to drug use. Alcohol and drug prevention programs for youth: what works? Toronto: CAMH; Family-based interventions for the prevention of substance abuse and other impulse control disorders in girls. ISRN Addiction. Stockwell, P. Gruenenwald, J. Toumbourou, W. Preventing harmful substance. The evidence base for policy and practice. Vargens, B. Brands, E. Adlaf, N. Giesbrecht, L. Simich, M. Revista Latino-Americana de. Eckschmidt, A. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria. Frazatto, B. J Health Psychol. Rocha, H. Singh, Y. Balhara, P. Gupta, N. Primary and secondary prevention strategies against illicit drug use among adults aged a narrative review. Australasian Psychiatry. Prado, D. Cordova, S. Huang, Y. Estrada, A. Rosen, G. Bacio, et al. The efficacy of familias unidas on drug and alcohol outcomes for hispanic delinquent youth: main effects and interaction effects by parental stress and social support. Drug Alcohol Depend. Haggerty, M. Skinner, E. MacKenzie, R. A randomized trial of parents who care: effects on key outcomes at month follow-up. Prev Sci. Spoth, C. Redmond, C. Randomized trial of brief family interventions for general populations: adolescent substance use outcomes 4 years following baseline. J Consult Clin Psychol. Kaminski, E. Stormshak, R. Good, M. Prevention of substance abuse with rural head start children and families: results of project STAR. Psychol Addict Behav. Zibe-Piegel, R. How to detect early harmful and hazardous substance use in workplace: a qualitative study. J Alcohol Drug Depend. Un estudio de corte transversal. Civil status. Religious practices. Primary School incomplete. Primary School complete. High School completed. Technical education. University graduate. Monthly family income US dollars. Work programs and skills development. Work and manual skills training programs. Recreational programs. Organization of community games and competitions painting, drawing, music, bingo. Organization of free cultural activities art, films, theater in the park, concerts. Organization of supervised activities outside of school hours. Organization of community programs for children and young people e. Specific drug prevention initiatives. Existence of telephone help lines for drug use and abuse. Promotion in the community of conferences on issues related to illicit drugs. Police monitoring. Program for prevention of illicit drug use in the workplace. Campaigns and advertisements that raise awareness about illicit drug use radio, television, newspapers and billboards. Is your community doing enough to stop people from having problems with illicit drug use?

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