Egypt buy cocaine

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Egypt buy cocaine

I told a small white lie in my last blog as there was actually a third reason I noticed the seven small cylindrical bronze measures in the Petrie Museum. It was the reason they first caught my eye — their museum label described them as being opium measures. We know that the Egyptians consumed wine because we are able to test archaeological artefacts that could have contained wine for its presence. The scientific techniques used is actually the same as what I use in my PhD research looking at the decay of plastics. But the use of such a drug, either medicinal or recreational, was unknown to me. As today is April 20 th , I thought we could discuss a little bit about the use of drugs in Egypt…. The set of opium measures is dated to the 18 th dynasty, which places them at the start of the opium trade in Egypt. There are a number of interesting questions stemming from this statement:. We know ancient Egyptians were using drugs for two reasons: First, through written records; second, through scientific analysis. In the fields of archaeological science, heritage science and forensic science, one technique reigns supreme; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS is held as being the gold standard when it comes to identifying compounds. This leads to very specific information about each chemical compound that made up the original sample, which in turn makes identifying these compounds relatively straight forward. Possibly the best example of this, in relation to the Egyptians, is the case of the Cocaine Mummie s. In , Dr. Svetlana Balabanova, a German toxicologist, found traces of cocaine, tobacco, and hash in several different mummies. For such an important conclusion, her data treatment is lacking, but more worrying is the utter lack of context in her work. In the three scientific fields I mentioned above, context is king. This is because we are not dealing with fresh newly made samples. At a minimum, samples could be a few days old and likely highly contaminated by their surroundings. Contamination is something that can easily happen over the course of years from either poor storage conditions, poor handling or even cross-contamination with another object. Learning about where to sample from archaeological or artistic objects is one of the fundamental skills you are taught when entering the field. This means without proper provenance or records all results, no matter how good the analysis was conducted, need to be taken with a very large pinch of salt. So, what of our German Mummies then? Unlike what Eric Clapton said, cocaine can lie, and three things need to be confirmed before I would be willing to believe the results. The first is are these really ancient Egyptian mummies? Many of the mummies entered collections in the s when record keeping was poor and forgeries were common. Along with this dubious provenance, we have thousands of years of cross-contamination to reconcile. One-nil against. Secondly is the issue of false positives. I have personal experience with this, and experience where the context allows for the correct answer to win out. Last week I finished some work at Tate Britain on a plastic artwork. After running a search on the results, something very weird popped up. A clear peak which showed the presence of codeine , a type of opiate. This was a plastic artwork from the s and stored in its protective case at Tate for many years. There is no way this peak was from codeine. In the below image you can see, in red a big peak at and then a scattering of many smaller peaks — this was the signal from my sample. The scattering is noise. The reference sample, in blue, has one main peak at and not a much else. The red line is from my sample, the blue line is the library reference. The list on the left-hand side are possible matches with match scores — being a perfect match, an R. Match of means an almost certain match. The software thinks that because the two samples have the same main peak they must be the same, but context tells us something else might be at play. The noisy smaller values plus a peak at around screams that our GCMS is wearing out and one of its parts will need replacing soon. But if you only ever went by what the software told you would say that this plastic had a drug problem! The last issue is where these mummies got their drugs — and again, context remains crucial. Cocaine is derived from the coca leaf, something that is not grown in Egypt. A trade route between Egypt and the New World would have had to been in operation for them to get their fix. While not totally out of the realms of possibility, a pre- Columbian trade route is not something that historians believe happened. There is a suggestion of contact with the New World before the arrival of Columbus, such as the one every Irish child is taught in school , but a fully-fledged industrial trade route does not have enough evidence to support it. Three-nil, Game over. A number of years ago VICE reported on heroin users in the Czech Republic who would take a vacation to the poppy fields outside the city to cook up their own batch of heroin from latex produced by the poppies in the field. These two compounds will get you high… just not as high as heroin. Filed under Uncategorized. Name required. Mail will not be published required.

Cocaine in Egypt

Egypt buy cocaine

Human trafficking is a pervasive criminal market in Egypt, affecting men, women, and children who are often subjected to forced labour or sex trafficking. Victims are frequently employed in domestic service, cleaning, or delivery work, with child-buying schemes also prevalent. Unaccompanied minors among African smuggled individuals as well as Syrian refugees are particularly vulnerable to trafficking. Moreover, many migrant workers and refugees from Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East who reside in Egypt may find themselves susceptible to forced labour as well as abusive practices that resemble human trafficking. The use of social media platforms and such has been reported as a means of facilitating labour-trafficking networks between Egypt and the Middle East. Organ trafficking is also a persistent issue in Egypt, with illegal kidney transplants leading to the arrest of those involved, including doctors and members of organized crime groups. Egypt is a source and transit country for people smuggling, especially for people from Eastern Africa. Although government controls and COVID border restrictions have at times reduced smuggling, it has broadly increased since Economic hardship caused by increasing inflation and poverty rates has resulted in a notable increase in human smuggling out of Egypt. There has been a resurrection of the migration route extending to Italy through the Libyan coast, the use of which had declined due to violence in Libya and the Egyptian shuttering of the border. In this line, a significant increase in the number of Egyptian irregular migrants arriving in Italy has been observed in recent years. Refugees in Egypt are at risk of exploitation, unlawful detention, and deportation. Extortion and protection racketeering are also reported, though they are not very recurrent and generally not strictly connected to organized crime. Arms trafficking continues to pose a significant challenge in Egypt, with the country being among the world's top arms importers. Ongoing conflict in Sinai and instability in neighbouring Libya have contributed to the illicit trade of weapons. Egypt has also been identified as a risky country for exporting arms, with concerns raised about the country's disproportionate use of weapons. The Egyptian Border Guards have seized large quantities of weapons and ammunition in recent years, indicating efforts to combat the problem. Counterfeit goods are a widespread issue in Egypt, with locally produced fake products and infringed items being traded online through various platforms. The country is particularly known for being a source of counterfeit footwear, jewellery, leather goods, and handbags imported into the EU. Illicit trade of excise goods, such as illegal tobacco products as well as alcoholic beverages, is another issue in Egypt. Almost one-tenth of cigarettes in circulation are illegal, but the country has taken measures to address this, including implementing a track-and-trace system on cigarettes, controlling the country's borders, and conducting periodic and sudden inspections of manufacturers' and traders' warehouses. The e-cigarette sector has also been heavily affected by counterfeits, although the government lifted the ban on vaping products to promote the legal e-cigarette business. While there is no evidence of an illegal flora trafficking market in Egypt, the illegal trade of fauna is a problem. Protected species, such as Egyptian tortoises, falcons, and fennecs, are trafficked for the illegal pet market or traditional medicine. Birds are hunted for food and trade, with songbirds being the most commonly traded. Poachers take advantage of the relative lawlessness of desert areas, primarily the Sinai, to hunt protected animals such as the ibex, wild donkeys, oryx, and Dorcas gazelles, sometimes using motorized vehicles and war weapons. The Egyptian black market is reportedly full of imported exotic animals, including apes, felines, and crocodiles from Libya and West Africa. In addition, there have been ivory seizures and illegal fishing has worsened. Gold mining operations in Egypt have increased, leading to a rise in the number of actors involved in smuggling gold. Although historically Egypt has not been a significant exporter of this metal, the UAE has reported imports from Egypt have grown substantially, suggesting that the country is being used as a transit point for Sudanese gold being moved to the Middle East. Fuel smuggling between Libya and Egypt is also increasing as a result of the price differences between the two countries. Underground tunnels have been used to smuggle various goods, including fuel, between Egypt and the Gaza Strip across the Rafah border for several years. The trade of heroin persists in Egypt, despite efforts by security forces to eliminate it. Egypt's strategic location makes it a significant destination and transit point for heroin moving from Asia to Europe, Africa, and the US. Poppy cultivation takes place in north Sinai using new technologies such as solar panel water pumps, which enable off-grid farming. While there have been substantial seizures of heroin and other drugs in the country, the trade thrives. In contrast, Egypt is not a primary destination for cocaine, but its geographic location could serve as a critical crossroad between major cocaine-producing areas and large consumer countries. Inbound seizures of cocaine in Egypt are usually small and rarely exceed a few kilograms. Cocaine consumption is mostly limited to the middle and upper classes in metropolises and holiday destinations. Despite strict laws prohibiting cannabis consumption, the drug is widely used in Egypt, which serves as both a destination and source country. Cannabis is prevalent, and there are reports that illegal growers of the drug in Sinai are improving their production quality using new technology, seeds, and methods to meet local market demands. Synthetic drugs, too, are a growing concern, with Tramadol being one of the most commonly used and trafficked drugs. Tramadol is smuggled into Egypt from Libya or arrives via maritime routes and is popular among Egyptian youth. Additionally, the trafficking and domestic consumption of Captagon is increasing, primarily from Lebanon and Syria and en route to other Arab countries. Increased production of methamphetamine in Afghanistan also raises concern as Egypt is being targeted as a source for new markets and transit routes. Cybercrime is becoming a serious threat. With communications and technology being the fastest-growing economic sectors, Egypt has become more vulnerable to cyber-attacks than ever before. Every year, millions of email threats, fake URLs, and malware attacks are detected within the country. The thriving informal sector in Egypt is under serious threat from various financial crimes, including fraud and corruption. In the North African country, financial crimes are prevalent and diverse, with organized crime groups, tax evaders, and illicit gamblers all playing a part. Terrorist groups also receive funding through donations from the public and legitimate sources of income provided by businesspeople who support these groups. Financial crimes have infiltrated Egypt's legitimate economy, revealing connections between powerful families, businesspeople, and ruling elites. Mafia-style groups in Egypt continue to engage in trafficking activities with Sudan and Israel, with little change in their operations. Meanwhile, criminal networks with transnational connections are also present, particularly in human trafficking and people smuggling, which involve moderate levels of violence and other activities such as drug trafficking, robbery, and car hijacking. Some tribes in Egypt are also involved in black or grey market activity. They are usually located in Sinai and the western desert. Corruption remains a big issue in Egypt, with frequent cases of bribery and embezzlement. Criminal actors with connections to the government have been implicated in trafficking and sexual assault. Due to the military's strict control over the country, the state dominates society and the economy, including some of the criminal activity. Foreign criminal actors in Egypt include expats from Sudan, Libya, the Middle East, and Asia, as well as criminal groups involved in smuggling of people, human trafficking, drugs, and contraband. Efforts to combat human trafficking and smuggling have resulted in a slight reduction in foreign actors' involvement. Private sector actors in Egypt, such as entrepreneurs, have been found to engage in various types of crimes, particularly financial crimes, such as tax evasion, embezzlement of funds, fraudulent activities and corruption, which pervaded the economy in the country. There are also reports indicating terrorist financing provided by businessmen who are loyal to certain terrorist groups. Political leadership and governance in Egypt have been stable in recent years, with a greater focus on public declarations than practical improvements. While the government has shown commitment to combating terrorism and organized crime on a regional and international level, this fight has also been used to justify arbitrary deprivation of liberty. Political dissent against the regime is harshly punished, with political opponents and activists facing persecution, arbitrary arrests, extrajudicial violence, and other forms of pressure. The government is committed to implementing cybersecurity strategies, but these policies are believed to be also used to control political dissent on some occasions. Corruption is still widespread at all levels of government and is a growing problem in the country. The lack of transparency and accountability is reflected in the weakness and ineffectiveness of official mechanisms for investigating and punishing corruption. The government's commitment to fighting corruption is also called into question due to its lack of transparency about spending and the military's budget and economic activities. Egypt's international cooperation on law enforcement and criminal investigations is limited, with more focus on terrorism than organized crime. Nevertheless, the country has good bilateral cooperation with several countries. Moreover, Egypt has committed to intensifying bilateral and regional efforts to fight terrorist organizations and organized crime groups in the Sahel region. Domestically, Egypt exhibits significant gaps in its crime legislation and legal framework, with no clear national strategy against organized crime. The government ratified laws criminalizing child marriage in , but the law on cybercrime is largely used to suppress freedom of expression and criticism against the regime. Overall, international agreements and laws tend to have limited impact in practice in Egypt as the country is ruled by a military regime. Egypt's judicial system remains heavily influenced by the government, with the current president as the veto-wielding head of the Supreme Council for Judicial Bodies and Authorities. Unfair trials, arbitrary detentions, and convictions are used to suppress government critics, political opponents, and human rights activists. Refugees, asylum-seekers, and smuggled individuals are at higher risk of arbitrary detention and forced deportation in Egypt. Prisoners endure grave human rights violations, such as torture, ill-treatment, and illegal reprisals, with some groups more likely to be targeted by prison authorities. Prison officials regularly fail to provide adequate healthcare to prisoners, even after the COVID outbreak. Despite calls to release political prisoners, Egypt is building a new prison complex in the Sinai region. There are still critical issues related to law enforcement in Egypt, especially regarding the excessive use of force and arbitrary detentions. Egypt has been increasing its security efforts to maintain territorial integrity, such as building a second wall on the border with the Gaza Strip and boosting its military presence near the Rafah border crossing, in agreement with Israel. Nevertheless, the Sinai Islamist insurgency remains a big threat to Egyptian territorial integrity, as it continues to be a hot war zone with intermittent aircraft bombings and rebel attacks. The risk of money laundering in Egypt is moderate. Although competent authorities have overall access to financial and intelligence information, the types of money laundering activities investigated and prosecuted are not entirely consistent with the country's risk profile. Egypt is vulnerable to money laundering generated from drugs, arms, and human trafficking, with banking and real estate sectors being among the most affected. The low number of convictions shows that the penal system is not achieving its intended objective of deterring money laundering. Alternative measures for criminal justice are not implemented when possible to prosecute money laundering crimes and issue a conviction. To address this, the government is implementing a new law that requires local growers to sell more than half of their annual harvest to the government, and many producers and intermediaries have already been arrested for allegedly smuggling grain to avoid this measure. Additionally, Egypt is working on building its first gold refinery to attract extra investments in mining following amended legislation. Egypt has tried to improve victim and witness support, particularly in addressing drug addiction in the country. The Fund for Drug Control and Treatment of Addiction is expanding its network of drug treatment centres, and the country has shown heightened efforts in identifying and protecting victims of human trafficking. However, there are still challenges, such as unidentified victims being penalized for crimes their traffickers force them to commit and inadequate services for male and foreign victims. Additionally, whistle-blowers are still being automatically arrested. While prevention efforts include awareness campaigns about drug addiction and the adoption of a national anti-human trafficking strategy, they have had limited impact due to a broader failed strategy. The Egyptian government's targeting of NGOs and the media has resulted in a decline in press freedom and an increase in crackdowns and detentions of journalists. Egypt is considered to be lacking media freedom and is one of the largest jailers of journalists in the world. Prominent political and human rights activists are incarcerated as prisoners of conscience, and NGOs face restrictions under a stringent NGO law that became even more restrictive in The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. Capital Cairo. Population ,, Geography type Coastal. Income group Lower middle income. GINI Index Criminal markets 5. Human trafficking 6. Human smuggling 6. Extortion and protection racketeering 3. Arms trafficking 7. Trade in counterfeit goods 6. Illicit trade in excisable goods 3. Flora crimes 1. Fauna crimes 5. Non-renewable resource crimes 4. Heroin trade 5. Cocaine trade 2. Cannabis trade 7. Synthetic drug trade 8. Cyber-dependent crimes 2. Financial crimes 8. Criminal actors 5. Mafia-style groups 3. Criminal networks 5. State-embedded actors 8. Foreign actors 5. Private sector actors 3. Government transparency and accountability 2. International cooperation 5. National policies and laws 4. Judicial system and detention 3. Law enforcement 5. Territorial integrity 6. Anti-money laundering 5. Economic regulatory capacity 4. Victim and witness support 2. Prevention 2. Non-state actors 2. Analysis Download full profile english. People Human trafficking is a pervasive criminal market in Egypt, affecting men, women, and children who are often subjected to forced labour or sex trafficking. Trade Arms trafficking continues to pose a significant challenge in Egypt, with the country being among the world's top arms importers. Environment While there is no evidence of an illegal flora trafficking market in Egypt, the illegal trade of fauna is a problem. Drugs The trade of heroin persists in Egypt, despite efforts by security forces to eliminate it. Cyber Crimes Cybercrime is becoming a serious threat. Financial Crimes The thriving informal sector in Egypt is under serious threat from various financial crimes, including fraud and corruption. Criminal Actors Mafia-style groups in Egypt continue to engage in trafficking activities with Sudan and Israel, with little change in their operations. Leadership and governance Political leadership and governance in Egypt have been stable in recent years, with a greater focus on public declarations than practical improvements. Criminal justice and security Egypt's judicial system remains heavily influenced by the government, with the current president as the veto-wielding head of the Supreme Council for Judicial Bodies and Authorities. Economic and financial environment The risk of money laundering in Egypt is moderate. Civil society and social protection Egypt has tried to improve victim and witness support, particularly in addressing drug addiction in the country. Next Skip.

Egypt buy cocaine