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Ed-Dyde buying ganja

From September, you may experience issues accessing our website. We recommend using the Firefox browser. An argument put forward in favour of more liberal cannabis laws in New Zealand is that the legalisation of cannabis would eliminate the widespread black market for the drug and the related private and social harms. This paper investigates these black market harms and draws out the implications for the current cannabis law reform debate. Several features of the New Zealand cannabis black market appear to contribute to lower individual and social impacts than experienced in black markets for cocaine and heroin overseas. These include the unprocessed nature of cannabis products; the relatively low price of cannabis; the tradition of sale through peer networks; and the widespread amateur cultivation of the drug. Additional research in these areas is required to confirm these trends. In a Parliamentary Select Committee inquiry was established to investigate the most effective public health strategies to reduce the harm associated with cannabis, including its legal status. Those in favour of more liberal cannabis laws have argued that one of the benefits of the legalisation of cannabis would be to eliminate the widespread black market for the drug and the related private and social harms Drug Policy Forum Trust , , Dawkins , NORML In the United States, proponents of the legalisation of drugs have identified a range of private and social harms that can be traced directly to the black markets created by drug prohibition Friedman , Nadelmann , Ostrowski , , Dennis , Miron and Zweibel , Hamowy These include:. However, the United States policy literature has dealt primarily with cocaine and heroin black markets in fairly unique urban environments. It is by no means clear that the cannabis black market in New Zealand is responsible for the same level of harm. This paper investigates the harms of the cannabis black market in New Zealand and draws out the implications for the current cannabis law reform debate. The illegality of cannabis, and the natural aversion of users and sellers to being identified, limits the statistical data that are available on the black market. Police and criminal justice databases often do not contain the type of data or level of detail that a social scientist would wish for. Consequently, at times the best that can be done is to identify areas where further research and better data are needed. For this reason, only cautious policy conclusions can be drawn from the analysis. Nevertheless, some general features of the cannabis black market in New Zealand can be identified, with real implications for the ongoing policy debate. Before beginning it is important to be clear about the aims of the analysis. The intention is not to discuss the health or social harms of cannabis use per se, or to evaluate the benefits and costs of different cannabis policy options. These issues have been summarised and discussed elsewhere e. The aim is to identify the harms directly related to having cannabis produced, traded and consumed in a black market as opposed to a legal, regulated market, and to discuss the implications for cannabis law reform. The available evidence of the extent of the cannabis black market in New Zealand suggests it is significant. Many cannabis users received the drug for free and some grew their own supply. In the s the police regularly seized over , cannabis plants during the annual Cannabis Recovery Operation New Zealand Police — Drugs produced in black markets are not manufactured under any safety or health regulations and are not labelled with ingredients or potency. This can result in unsafe drugs being produced and sold, and users experiencing problems from consuming unknown substances. In New Zealand, cannabis is produced in two main forms: cannabis plant material, which is the female flower buds and leaves of the cannabis plant; and hash hashish oil, which is a processed concentrate of cannabis plant material Ministry of Health The only processing that takes place with cannabis plant material is drying and curing Staff Hash oil is manufactured through a process of heating and reducing cannabis plant material with a solvent until a highly potent gummy substance remains personal correspondence National Drug Intelligence Bureau The manufacture process has occasionally resulted in chemical explosions, as the solvents used are highly flammable personal correspondence National Drug Intelligence Bureau , NZPA There is no known level of cannabis ingestion that will cause lethal overdose or poisoning Kuhn et al. Some cannabis users, most commonly inexperienced users, have experienced panic attacks from consuming unexpectedly high-potency cannabis Kuhn et al. These attacks are not life threatening and rarely lead to medical help-seeking Ministry of Health Unexpectedly high-dose cannabis may increase the risk of accidental injury. There have been anecdotal reports in New Zealand of dealers lacing cannabis plant material with the animal tranquilliser ketamine, and then selling it as very strong cannabis. The extent of these incidents is difficult to verify. It has been suggested that the police practice of spraying cannabis crops with a herbicide during cannabis crop eradication operations poses a health risk to cannabis users who subsequently smoke the sprayed material Fowlie The herbicide used by the police is a mixture of Roundup, blue dye and water personal correspondence ESR The National Drug Intelligence Bureau NDIB points out that both the speed at which the herbicide works and the discolouration it causes mean sprayed cannabis will rarely be fit for sale personal correspondence NDIB The main concern held by the police is that cultivators might attempt to disguise sprayed cannabis by processing it into hash oil. On the request of the police the Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited ESR prepared a report on the potential toxicological harm to humans of sprayed cannabis personal correspondence ESR It concluded the herbicide would not pose a significant health risk to cannabis users either in the original sprayed plant form or concentrated as hash oil. The report contained the caveats that for some of the chemicals involved there were gaps in the available toxicological information, and that the toxicological tests involved oral administration. However, the risk was held to be slight as exposure would probably be low and repeated only over a limited time period. Inflated black market prices for illicit drugs are often held to compel some drug users to resort to street crime and other illegal activity such as robbery, prostitution and drug dealing to pay for their drug use Michaels Heroin is most often associated with this economically driven crime because of its expense and addictive capacity. Two factors are likely to be central to the extent that a drug will be associated with economically driven crime: the prevalence of heavy addictive consumption in the population and the black market price. The average amount of cannabis smoked by a user on a typical occasion was 0. The highest average level of use was found among the 15—year-old age group, who smoked an average of 0. A heavy daily cannabis user 0. An average user 0. Purchasing cannabis in greater bulk, as regular users would be likely to do, would further reduce these costs. Note that these calculations are based on population-level consumption averages. Some individuals will have much higher levels of consumption than the population average, and consequently will face a much greater financial expense. The financial burden of cannabis use will be greater for low-income groups, such as the unemployed and minors. Buyers and sellers cannot call on the police and courts to enforce the terms of transactions and are unlikely to report incidents of victimisation to the authorities Goldstein They note that, in contrast, the private personal transactions associated with the cannabis market generate little violence or public nuisance. The strong addictive qualities of heroin and crack appear to explain why they are widely sold from public street markets Reuter and MacCoun , Reuter and Kleiman Heroin and crack users will often require immediate access to drug sales and are least able to maintain a supply of drugs on hand without consuming them. Cannabis users, on the other hand, are more prepared to wait for private situations to purchase the drug and will often buy large quantities at one time with the intention of maintaining a supply Reuter and MacCoun , Reuter and Kleiman In New Zealand, cannabis appears to be widely purchased and sold in private transactions between friends and personal acquaintances. The unprocessed nature of cannabis means physical inspection and weighing are fairly effective means of verifying the authenticity and value of cannabis products before payment is made Wilkins , Wilkins in press. A national survey of members of the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party ALCP on the reliability of their cannabis transactions found that experiences of assault and robbery while purchasing cannabis were rare Wilkins The selectivity of the ALCP sample, however, limits the conclusions that can be drawn about the New Zealand cannabis market as a whole. The sample contained a large number of experienced cannabis buyers who may well have more established and secure sources of supply than less experienced consumers. These are private dwellings, often run by gangs, which have been adapted for the public sale of cannabis. This type of selling is likely to increase the public nuisance associated with the cannabis market as large numbers of buyers are drawn to a single address, and may increase the risk of victimisation as transactions are no longer completed between personal acquaintances. Those involved in the production and sale of illicit drugs cannot employ the legal system to enforce contractual agreements or settle competitive disputes Moore , Goldstein , Ostrowski Threats and physical violence are therefore sometimes the sole means available to enforce rights against competitors or defaulting customers. The absence of the state also means that criminal entrepreneurs can use intimidation and violence to remove competitors and expand market share Paul and Wilhite , Miron and Zweibel Violent competition between rival criminal operators can injure and sometimes kill innocent third parties, and contributes to a general fear of crime and victimisation in neighbourhoods where drug markets are present Paul and Wilhite , Ostrowski The Northland police believe competition between rival cannabis cultivators and the theft of crops have been responsible for some incidents of violence in the area — including three of the last five murders Te Runanga o te Rarawa A study of the impact of cannabis cultivation in Northland found the risk of violence from cultivators, and the risk of injury from systems designed to protect cannabis crops from thieves such as traps and poison, created areas of public exclusion and intimidation Walker et al. Farmers, rural fire fighters and conservation staff have reported incidents of intimidation and violence by cultivators wanting to protect the secrecy of the location of cannabis plots Walker et al. Spier These statistics are unlikely to fully capture the relationship between cannabis cultivation and violence. Violent offences related to cannabis cultivation may occur without an accompanying conviction for cannabis cultivation or may go unreported. Further work is required to verify the extent that violence is related to cannabis cultivation and supply. The prohibition of popular commodities can create economic opportunities for those prepared to take the risk of selling these commodities on the black market Reuter , Kleiman , The enforcement of prohibition can have the further unintended consequence of promoting the more organised and violent of criminal groups as regular policing activity tends to eliminate those that are less organised and less willing to use violence Kleiman , The police can unintentionally reduce competition and increase profits for the most hardened of criminals, hence the need to established specialised enforcement agencies that concentrate specifically on organised crime. This view is consistent with statements made by leading police in the early s about the growing involvement of organised criminal groups in the cultivation of cannabis in New Zealand Abel and Casswell The police conducted a survey of their staff in to gain a clearer picture of the extent of organised crime in New Zealand McCardle A total of organised criminal groups were identified, but as many as groups were believed to exist McCardle The definition of organised crime used in the survey was fairly broad. A separate analysis of the characteristics of the groups involved in cannabis cultivation was unfortunately not available. The large number of groups involved in the cultivation of cannabis suggests no one group has any particular market power. Questions remain about the role gangs play in the cultivation of cannabis and whether the chapters and affiliations identified represent larger integrated organisations. Further research is required to gain a more complete picture of the people and criminal organisations involved in the cultivation of cannabis in New Zealand and the extent to which cannabis cultivation finances the growth of organised crime. The possibility of a marketing nexus between the black market sale of cannabis and the sale of other drugs is one of the rationales for the Dutch and South Australian systems, where authorities have endeavoured to separate the sale of cannabis from the sale of other drugs Lenton et al. In the National Drug Survey, people who identified themselves as current cannabis users and who bought at least some of their cannabis supply, were asked if they knew whether their cannabis supplier sold other drugs, and if their cannabis dealer had encouraged them to buy other drugs Field and Casswell b. Just over a quarter of these cannabis users 1. A question related to this issue which was not asked in the National Drug Survey is how many of the cannabis users who were encouraged to buy other drugs actually did so. That is, how successful were these cross-marketing tactics? Another possibility of cross-marketing that might occur in the New Zealand context is between cannabis and methamphetamine. The regional drug survey found that the level of current stimulant use — which includes methamphetamines — increased from 1. Those in favour of more liberal drug laws in the United States often argue that one of the benefits of the legalisation of heroin and cocaine would be to undermine the black markets for these drugs and the related private and social harms. A similar line of argument has recently been expressed in New Zealand with regard to cannabis prohibition. The evaluation of the harm of the New Zealand cannabis black market in this paper suggests these arguments may well be overstated in the New Zealand context. It is likely that, in general, black markets for cannabis are less harmful than black markets for heroin and cocaine. This is due to the less harmful and addictive qualities of cannabis compared to heroin and cocaine, the unprocessed nature of cannabis products, the relatively low price of cannabis compared to other illicit drugs, and the tradition of sale through peer networks rather than street markets. In the New Zealand context these tendencies appear to be further promoted by the widespread domestic cultivation of cannabis. Widespread domestic cultivation provides cannabis at low prices and undermines attempts by organised criminal groups to gain monopoly control over the cultivation and distribution of the drug. It may be the case that some emerging features of the cannabis scene in New Zealand are increasing the harm of the black market. Gangs may be becoming more organised with regard to cannabis cultivation, which may crowd out traditional independent sources of supply. Emerging indoor hydroponic cannabis cultivation may also undermine the traditional independent sources of supply by allowing professional syndicates to produce higher-potency cannabis at lower prices. Additional research is therefore required in a number of areas before strong policy conclusions can be drawn. From a wider policy perspective, a number of questions can be raised about the extent to which the legalisation of cannabis would actually reduce the cannabis black market. A significant black market for cannabis is likely to persist if the taxation and regulation of the legal cannabis market were too restrictive Kleiman and Saiger , Jacobs This would appear to be a particular risk in the case of cannabis, due to the ease of cultivation and the widespread nature of the existing black market. For some drug consumers — notably minors — the black market will remain the primary source of supply even after legalisation Wilkins and Scrimgeour Alternatively, if the cannabis black market were significantly reduced by the legalisation of the drug, violent criminals involved in the cannabis trade may simply switch to involvement in, and the expansion of, other illicit drug markets, such as the methamphetamine trade. The violence and victimisation associated with the cannabis black market may therefore simply shift to other black markets rather than be greatly reduced or eliminated. The question that emerges in this scenario is the extent to which markets for other illicit commodities may replace the cannabis black market. Finally, it is worth reiterating that the analysis and discussion in this paper has been confined to the harms of cannabis directly related to the black market conditions of supply. A full evaluation of cannabis policy options should of course address many other issues, such as the impact any law change might have on the prevalence of cannabis use, and the cost of an enforcement regime Field and Casswell The analysis in this paper is the exploration of just one of a number of issues that should be examined when considering future cannabis policy options. Abel, S. Barnett, R. Hamowy ed. Dealing with Drugs: Consequences of Government Control pp. Dawkins, K. Dennis, R. Field, A. Goldstein, P. Weinerand and M. Wolfgang eds. Hamowy, R. Jacobs, J. Kleiman, M. Saiger 'Drug legalization: the importance of asking the right question' Hofstra Law Review , Kuhn, C. Swartzwelder and W. Lenton, S. Heale, P. Erickson, E. Single, E. Lang and D. MacCoun, R. Reuter 'Evaluating alternative cannabis regimes' British Journal of Psychiatry, McCardle, H. Michaels, R. Miron, J. Zweibel 'The economic case against drug prohibition' Journal of Economic Perspectives , Nadelmann, E. Ostrowski, J. Boaz ed. Paul, C. Wilhite 'Illegal markets and the social costs of rent-seeking' Public Choice , Reuter, P. Kleiman 'Risks and prices: an economic analysis of drug enforcement' in M. Tonry and N. Morris eds. MacCoun 'Street drug markets in inner-city neighbourhoods' in J. Steinberg, D. Lyon and M. Vaiana eds. Staff, B. Walker, L. Cocklin and G. Wilkins, C. Bhatta and S. Casswell in press 'A demand side estimate of the financial turnover of the cannabis black market in New Zealand' Drug and Alcohol Review. Scrimgeour 'Economics and the legalisation of drugs' Agenda , Search msd. Size of the cannabis black market in New Zealand. Marketing of hard drugs by cannabis dealers. Abstract An argument put forward in favour of more liberal cannabis laws in New Zealand is that the legalisation of cannabis would eliminate the widespread black market for the drug and the related private and social harms. Introduction In a Parliamentary Select Committee inquiry was established to investigate the most effective public health strategies to reduce the harm associated with cannabis, including its legal status. Size of the cannabis black market in New Zealand The available evidence of the extent of the cannabis black market in New Zealand suggests it is significant. Black market health risks Drugs produced in black markets are not manufactured under any safety or health regulations and are not labelled with ingredients or potency. User crime Inflated black market prices for illicit drugs are often held to compel some drug users to resort to street crime and other illegal activity such as robbery, prostitution and drug dealing to pay for their drug use Michaels Black market violence Those involved in the production and sale of illicit drugs cannot employ the legal system to enforce contractual agreements or settle competitive disputes Moore , Goldstein , Ostrowski Organised crime The prohibition of popular commodities can create economic opportunities for those prepared to take the risk of selling these commodities on the black market Reuter , Kleiman , Conclusion Those in favour of more liberal drug laws in the United States often argue that one of the benefits of the legalisation of heroin and cocaine would be to undermine the black markets for these drugs and the related private and social harms. References Abel, S. Friedman, M. Moore, M. Newbold, G. Disabled people Community Business Providers. 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‘Clean weed’ is about to be everywhere in California. Here’s what you need to know

Ed-Dyde buying ganja

To find recreational pot shops in NJ, click here or scroll down. Given the novelty factor and pent up demand, there will be long lines at all 13 pot shops selling recreational weed today. Your money will overflow their tills too many times to count. I doubt it. I noticed multiple gallon-sized ziplock bag stuffed with high quality flowers, all free for anyone who raised their hand. But after watching a them giving away so much free weed to everyone else , I finally thrust my hand into the air. When the guy with good stuff arrived, he urged me to take what I wanted and when I grabbed what felt a lot, my friend Tracy rolled her eyes and smiled as I stuffed my sticky, dank windfall into my bag. When a good samaritan dumped a full-sized cooler of weed onto a picnic table, the mad scramble for free buds almost knocked me over. The whole scene, an impressive flex by the black market, left me flush with high-grade cannabis products including flowers, edibles candies, and concentrates. Plus tax. And they were out in force yesterday, loads of name-branded swag all over the place. Did I mention this all played out on the State House lawn in Trenton, our actual seat of government, without a cop in sight the entire day? Giordano told InsiderNJ. In the past two weeks, Mr. Giordano scored notable victories unionizing cultivation- and dispensary workers at The Botanist in Egg Harbor as well as dispensary workers at Cannabist aka Columbia Care in Deptford. Those efforts failed when Columbia Care workers overwhelmingly voted to unionize, to Atlantic County. Phone: Bergen Co. Ascend NJ, Rochelle Park. Burlington Co. Camden Co. Curaleaf Creek Rd, Bellmawr. Cumberland Co. Essex Co. Gloucester Co. Mercer Co. Passaic Co. Union Co. Zen Leaf Spring St, Elizabeth. Warren Co. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. You can unsubscribe anytime. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Most Popular Latest News. All Rights Reserved. Constant Contact Use. By submitting this form, you are granting: Insider NJ, P. Box , Verona, NJ, , permission to email you. You may unsubscribe via the link found at the bottom of every email. Emails are serviced by Constant Contact. Read More.

Ed-Dyde buying ganja