Ecstasy (MDMA) Tunisia
Ecstasy (MDMA) Tunisia______________
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We need ecstasy and opioids in place of Prozac and Xanax
Become a Friend of Aeon to save articles and enjoy other exclusive benefits. Aeon email newsletters are issued by the not-for-profit, registered charity Aeon Media Group Ltd Australian Business Number 80 This Email Newsletter Privacy Statement pertains to the personally identifying information you voluntarily submit in the form of your email address to receive our email newsletters. More generally, when visiting the Aeon site you should refer to our site Privacy Policy here. This Email Newsletter Privacy Statement may change from time to time and was last revised 18 May, We are committed to ensuring that your information is secure. We have taken reasonable measures to protect information about you from loss, theft, misuse or unauthorised access, disclosure, alteration and destruction. No physical or electronic security system is impenetrable however and you should take your own precautions to protect the security of any personally identifiable information you transmit. 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Marc Lewis. His latest book is The Biology of Desire He lives in the Netherlands. Shaun Shelly. He is also on a number of local and international advisory boards. He lives in Cape Town, South Africa. Brought to you by Curio , an Aeon partner. Edited by Marina Benjamin. What can doctors do to ease emotional pain? The physicians of ancient and medieval times found many plants and plant-derived substances ie, drugs that soothed mental as well as physical ills. Rarely did they draw a line between the psychological and physiological benefits of their remedies. Modern medicine has confirmed the overlap of bodily and mental maladies through painstaking research, and yet treatment for psychological problems lags far behind a cascade of stunning advances in the treatment of physical ills — advances that have doubled the human lifespan and improved our quality of life immeasurably. For those with more serious disturbances, powerful antidepressants and antipsychotics were developed. But these medicines had significant side-effects: emotional flatness, somnolence, and physical limitations. Currently, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs such as Prozac and Zoloft have evolved as a silver bullet for the treatment of depression and anxiety. SSRIs are the drugs most frequently prescribed for Americans aged 18 to 44, at a rate four times greater than 25 years ago, while their use has doubled in the United Kingdom over the past decade. Yet a large number of well-controlled studies, and the meta-analytic research that puts them in perspective, find that SSRIs compared with placebos have little or no benefit for people with mild to moderate levels of depression. Their utility for severe depression is still subject to debate, with many studies showing little or no improvement, and a definitive impact on anxiety disorders has not been demonstrated. Nor are SSRIs free of serious side effects, including sexual dysfunction, rapid weight gain and, most troubling, suicidal ideation, especially in younger patients. SSRIs have not lived up to their promise. The question is whether there are drugs that can relieve emotional or psychological problems effectively and reliably, without debilitating side effects. Historically, humans have relied on a panoply of drugs to remedy emotional concerns. Our Victorian-era ancestors used opiates eg, laudanum to minimise anxiety, melancholia and sleep problems. Opiates are still acknowledged as the most effective defence against pain — and also anxiety, in limited circumstances eg, routine colonoscopy. The indigenous people of South America have long bolstered their physical and mental endurance with coca leaves; and early 20th-century Europeans such as Sigmund Freud used its derivative, cocaine, to sharpen their wits. Self-actualisation, presumably an overall boon to mental health, has been enhanced with natural psychedelics eg, peyote, ayahuasca throughout the Americas for at least 1, years. And the youth of more recent times re discovered the value of cannabis in extending their aesthetic, social, even intellectual horizons. But these drugs are almost universally banned. To use them as correctives for psychological concerns is anathema to Western medicine, and to society at large. According to the American Medical Association, the National Institutes of Health, and other authorities, brain changes caused by the recurrent use of illegal drugs become hard-wired and permanent. Addicts are rendered dysfunctional in relationships, blind to accepted realities, and incapable of controlling impulses — reason enough to withhold recreational drugs, not only from prescribing doctors but from researchers who might study them further. The argument sounds straightforward. But addiction is no simple matter. For one thing, the brain changes associated with addiction are observed whenever people repeatedly pursue highly attractive goals, in sports, religion, business, politics, romantic love — even shopping! Second, addiction is neither automatic nor chronic. And of those who do get addicted, about half quit within four to five years, and almost everyone quits eventually. Cocaine addicts stop, on average, four years after their first snort. Those smoking cannabis daily quit, on average, six years after starting. Contrary to popular opinion, most people identified as drug dependent do recover , and most do so without any formal treatment. Doctors readily prescribe analgesics both opioid and non-opioid , methylphenidate Ritalin , tranquilisers and antidepressants, even though all are known to be addictive. So addiction is considered an acceptable risk in medicine. In society at large, addiction is not sufficiently problematic to attempt banning alcohol or tobacco, even though the average duration of alcohol dependence is 16 years, and only half of those dependent on tobacco quit in 30 years. Many people develop all-consuming relationships with activities, identities, and even people. Gambling is considered a more serious social problem than substance use in much of the UK and Australia. Sex addiction, compulsive internet use, gaming addiction and various eating disorders are common responses to the frustration, loneliness and existential malaise suffered in contemporary life. Addiction is part of being human. However, when it comes to drug use, addiction is vilified, and those defined as addicts are stigmatised, excluded or incarcerated. Once we bypass the myths about addiction, our capacity for medicating emotional problems looks remarkably different. There are obvious places to start. Psilocybin, the active ingredient in magic mushrooms is neither toxic in any dose nor addictive. For those with obsessive-compulsive disorder, psilocybin is shown to reduce symptoms significantly. Studies have catalogued the relief of end-of-life anxieties, alcoholism and depression with psilocybin. But doctors cannot prescribe it. Current treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder involves reliving the traumatic event and re-experiencing the fear it elicited. Instead of worrying so much about addiction, which tends to correct itself when life becomes tolerable, maybe we should worry more about the sources of emotional suffering. Depression not only hurts, it kills. Anxiety drives people to intractable isolation and fertilises stress-linked diseases. Are we concerned that people might feel too good? Addiction is a side issue. Inequality leaves people feeling inferior, envious and sometimes desperate. Depression and anxiety are umbrella terms that obscure enormous diversity in the causes and consequences of emotional pain. We might start by exploring the options that human nature gravitates toward when left unfettered: drugs that help different individuals feel good in different ways. Stripped of stigma or the prospect of arrest, moved out of clandestine labs and back alleys, and prescribed with sensitivity and compassion, these drugs can do a lot of good. Limestone frieze c BCE with inscription in Numidian; half of a bilingual inscription, the other half being Punic from the mausoleum of Ateban at Dougga, Tunisia. Courtesy the Trustees of the British Museum, London. Courtesy the Wellcome Collection. Catherine Stinson. Matthew Bothwell. Become a Friend of Aeon to save articles and enjoy other exclusive benefits Make a donation. Courtesy Wikipedia. Marc Lewis is a neuroscientist and a recently retired professor of developmental psychology — he was at the University of Toronto from to , and at Radboud University in the Netherlands from to Shaun Shelly is affiliated with the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Pretoria where he is a researcher and lecturer. Aeon for Friends Find out more. Medicine Illness and disease Addiction. Aeon is not-for-profit and free for everyone. Get Aeon straight to your inbox.
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