Ebony Japanese
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Ebony Japanese
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the cattle. For the lacquer, see Japan black . For the people, see Black people in Japan .
Japanese : 黒毛和種 Kuroge Washu Kuro Ushi
^ Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources , annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture . Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629 . Accessed January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J. G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Breed data sheet: Japanese Black/Japan . Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed January 2017.
^ Breeds reported by Japan: Cattle . Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed January 2017.
^ T. Muramoto, M. Higashiyama, T. Kondo (2005). Effect of pasture finishing on beef quality of Japanese Black steers . Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 18 : 420–426.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kiyoshi Namikawa (2016 [1992]). Breeding history of Japanese beef cattle and preservation of genetic resources as economic farm animals . Kyoto: Wagyu Registry Association. Accessed January 2017.
^ [National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences] (2005). Country Report: Japan , annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture . Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629 . Accessed January 2017.
^ Daniel Krieger (26 August 2010). All for the love of Tajima cows . The Japan Times . Accessed January 2017.
These are the cattle breeds considered in Japan to be wholly or partly of Japanese origin. Inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively Japanese.
The Japanese Black ( Japanese : 黒毛和種 , Kuroge Washu) is a breed of Japanese beef cattle . It is one of six native Japanese cattle breeds, [4] and one of the four Japanese breeds known as wagyū , the others being the Japanese Brown , the Japanese Polled and the Japanese Shorthorn . [5] : 420
All wagyū cattle derive from cross-breeding in the early twentieth century of native Japanese cattle with imported stock, mostly from Europe. [6] : 5 In the case of the Japanese Black, the foreign influence was from European breeds including Braunvieh , Shorthorn , Devon , Simmental , Ayrshire and Holstein . [3]
Cattle were brought to Japan from China at the same time as the cultivation of rice , in about the second century AD, in the Yayoi period . [2] : 209 Until about the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were used only as draught animals , in agriculture , forestry , mining and for transport, and as a source of fertiliser . Milk consumption was unknown, and – for cultural and religious reasons – meat was not eaten. Cattle were highly prized and valuable, too expensive for a poor farmer to buy. [6] : 2
Japan was effectively isolated from the rest of the world from 1635 until 1854; there was no possibility of intromission of foreign genes to the cattle population during this time. Between 1868, the year of the Meiji Restoration, and 1887, some 2600 foreign cattle were imported. At first there was little interest in cross-breeding these with native stock, but from about 1900 it became widespread. It ceased abruptly in 1910, when it was realised that, while the cross-breeds might be larger and have better dairy qualities, their working capacity and meat quality was lower. From 1919, the various heterogeneous regional populations that resulted from this brief period of cross-breeding were registered and selected as "Improved Japanese Cattle". Four separate strains were characterised, based mainly on which type of foreign cattle had most influenced the hybrids, and were recognised as breeds in 1944. These were the four wagyū breeds, the Japanese Black, the Japanese Brown , the Japanese Polled and the Japanese Shorthorn . [6] : 8
The Japanese Black developed in south-western Japan, in the prefectures of Kyoto and Hyogo in the Kansai region; of Hiroshima , Okayama , Shimane , Tottori and Yamaguchi in the Chūgoku region; of Kagoshima and Oita on the island of Kyūshū ; and of Ehime on the island of Shikoku .
Among the European breeds which influenced its development were Braunvieh and Simmental cattle from Switzerland, Ayrshire , Devon and Shorthorn stock from the United Kingdom, and Holstein cattle from Germany and the Netherlands. [6] : 8
In 1960 the total breed population was reported to be over 1 800 000. [6] : 23 In 2008 it was reported as about 707 000. [3] In 1999, the Japanese Black constituted about 93% of the national beef herd. [7] : 17
When registration of "Improved Japanese Cattle" began in 1919, there were notable variations between regional populations. It was left up to the prefectural administration to decide breed
objectives. As a result, several different strains or sub-types developed with the Japanese Black population. [6] : 8 One of these is the Tajima strain ( Japanese : 但馬牛 , Tajima Ushi or Tajima-gyu). Meat from animals of this strain only, raised only in Hyōgo Prefecture , may be approved for marketing as Kobe beef . [8]
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[Rivonne] And to know that it still happens at home...
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In the wake of the 2020 killing of George Floyd, African-Americans and others mounted ongoing street protests.
But African-Americans living abroad felt the anguish as profoundly as their families and friends back "home."
Some have chosen to live in Japan, one of the most homogeneous nations in the world. Despite being in a smaller minority in Japan than in their home country, they express feelings of safety and freedom.
Yet, racism in the U.S. still plays a role in their lives. In this short film, several African-Americans living in Japan discuss how their encounters with police and racism in the U.S. played into their decision to live abroad and how leaving the U.S. changed their perceptions of who they are and their connection to the country of their birth.
• Read "This Is A Film About What It's Like Living While Black, In Japan" at https://n.pr/3hB7F6E
FEATURING
Rivonne Moore; Henry Moreland Seals; Tamru Grant; Ebony Bowens; LaTanya Whitaker; Tyrone Jones II
CREDITS
Director/Producer/Cinematographer: Shiho Fukada, Keith Bedford; Editor: Shiho Fukada; Consulting Editor: Marlo Poras; Supervising Producer: Nicole Werbeck; Video Producer: Nikki Birch; Executive Producer: Keith Jenkins; Audio Engineer: James Willetts; Subtitles by Renee Klahr; James Baldwin footage (1963) provided by CriticalPast; Data on shooting deaths as of August 8, 2021, provided by Mapping Police Violence
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Get Home Safe: Amid Rising Anti-Asian Hate, These People Feel Safer Walking Together | NPR
GENDERDOC-M shelter provides housing, food, medical and legal support for LGBTQ Ukrainian refugees
Videos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your computer.
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1:01 / 15:12 • Watch full video Live
In the wake of the 2020 killing of George Floyd, African-Americans and others mounted ongoing street protests.
But African-Americans living abroad felt the anguish as profoundly as their families and friends back "home."
Some have chosen to live in Japan, one of the most homogeneous nations in the world. Despite being in a smaller minority in Japan than in their home country, they express feelings of safety and freedom.
Yet, racism in the U.S. still plays a role in their lives. In this short film, several African-Americans living in Japan discuss how their encounters with police and racism in the U.S. played into their decision to live abroad and how leaving the U.S. changed their perceptions of who they are and their connection to the country of their birth.
• Read "This Is A Film About What It's Like Living While Black, In Japan" at https://n.pr/3hB7F6E
FEATURING
Rivonne Moore; Henry Moreland Seals; Tamru Grant; Ebony Bowens; LaTanya Whitaker; Tyrone Jones II
CREDITS
Director/Producer/Cinematographer: Shiho Fukada, Keith Bedford; Editor: Shiho Fukada; Consulting Editor: Marlo Poras; Supervising Producer: Nicole Werbeck; Video Producer: Nikki Birch; Executive Producer: Keith Jenkins; Audio Engineer: James Willetts; Subtitles by Renee Klahr; James Baldwin footage (1963) provided by CriticalPast; Data on shooting deaths as of August 8, 2021, provided by Mapping Police Violence
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Follow NPR elsewhere, too:
• Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/npr/
• TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@npr
• Twitter: https://twitter.com/npr
• Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NPR
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