EXPULSIONS AND EXODUSES OF JEWS
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Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, Reichsdeutsche (German citizens) and Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans living outside the Nazi state) fled and were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries, including Czechoslovakia, and from the former German provinces of Lower and Upper Silesia, East Prussia, and the eastern parts of Brandenburg (Neumark) and Pomerania (Farther Pomerania), which were annexed by Provisional Government of National Unity of Poland and by the Soviet Union. The idea to expel the Germans from the annexed territories had been proposed by Winston Churchill, in conjunction with the Polish and Czechoslovak governments-in-exile in London since at least 1942. Tomasz Arciszewski, the Polish prime minister in-exile, supported the annexation of German territory but opposed the idea of expulsion, wanting instead to naturalize the Germans as Polish citizens and to assimilate them. Joseph Stalin, in concert with other Communist leaders, planned to expel all ethnic Germans from east of the Oder and from lands which from May 1945 fell inside the Soviet occupation zones. In 1941, his government had already transported Germans from Crimea to Central Asia. Between 1944 and 1948, millions of people, including ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) and German citizens (Reichsdeutsche), were permanently or temporarily moved from Central and Eastern Europe. By 1950, about 12 million Germans had fled or been expelled from east-central Europe into Allied-occupied Germany and Austria. The West German government put the total at 14.6 million, including a million ethnic Germans who had settled in territories conquered by Nazi Germany during World War II, ethnic German migrants to Germany after 1950, and the children born to expelled parents. The largest numbers came from former eastern territories of Germany ceded to the Polish People's Republic and Soviet Union (about seven million), and from Czechoslovakia (about three million). The areas affected included the former eastern territories of Germany, which were annexed by Poland, as well as the Soviet Union after the war and Germans who were living within the borders of the pre-war Second Polish Republic, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and the Baltic states. The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions is disputed, with estimates ranging from 500,000 up to 2.5 million according to the German government. The removals occurred in three overlapping phases, the first of which was the organized evacuation of ethnic Germans by the Nazi state in the face of the advancing Red Army from mid-1944 to early 1945. The second phase was the disorganised flight of ethnic Germans immediately following the Wehrmacht's surrender. The third phase was a more organised expulsion following the Allied leaders' Potsdam Agreement, which redefined the Central European borders and approved expulsions of ethnic Germans from the former German territories transferred to Poland, Russia, and Czechoslovakia. Many German civilians were sent to internment and labour camps where they were used as forced labour as part of German reparations to countries in Eastern Europe. The major expulsions were completed in 1950. Estimates for the total number of people of German ancestry still living in Central and Eastern Europe in 1950 ranged from 700,000 to 2.7 million.
In connection with: Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
Title combos: Germans Flight and of Flight of 1944 Germans expulsion
Description combos: various In people Germans Pomerania Poland government leaders from as During annexed early in people stages proposed Polish minister at Romania conjunction provinces Volksdeutsche three about and ethnic expelled territory prime By Allied in in of with 1950 Potsdam the of in his exile ethnic and citizens the to with Volksdeutsche idea least the 1945 exile later state the Central 1950 following from immediately and of the in pre war from Germans Republic born to all 1945 Many early The disorganised
Benny Morris (Hebrew: בני מוריס; born 8 December 1948) is an Israeli historian. He was a professor of history in the Middle East Studies department of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in the city of Beersheba, Israel. Morris was initially associated with the group of Israeli historians known as the "New Historians", a term he coined to describe himself and historians Avi Shlaim, Ilan Pappé and Simha Flapan. Morris's 20th century work on the Arab–Israeli conflict and especially the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has won praise and criticism from both sides of the political divide. Despite regarding himself as a Zionist, he writes, "I embarked upon the research not out of ideological commitment or political interest. I simply wanted to know what happened." One of Morris major works is the 1989 book The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1948 which, based on then recently declassified Israeli archives, demonstrated that the 1948 exodus of Palestinian refugees was in large part a response to deliberate expulsions and violence by forces loyal to Israel, rather than the result of orders by Arab commanders as had often been historically claimed. Scholars have perceived an ideological shift in Morris's work starting around 2000, during the Second Intifada. Morris's perspective has been described as having become more conservative and more negative towards Palestinians, viewing the 1948 expulsions as a justified act.
In connection with: Benny Morris
Title combos: Benny Morris
Description combos: ideological to 1948 of was December ideological Morris recently an happened professor himself to מוריס the Morris historian of refugees work Middle the an with department the Ilan political Negev by the historian to Pappé Morris known century Benny is Negev historian and the had expulsions as conservative the the justified embarked associated describe 1989 based Palestinian happened than Beersheba political what Historians מוריס Morris the historians then Gurion in historians on Israeli conflict Negev professor Zionist of Israeli himself from
Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
This article lists expulsions, refugee crises and other forms of displacement that have affected Jews.
In connection with: Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
Title combos: Expulsions and Jews Expulsions of Jews of exoduses and
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Jewish population centers have shifted tremendously over time, due in modern times to large scale population movements, and in earlier times due to a combination of population movements, religious conversions and assimilation. Population movements have been caused by both push and pull factors, with the most notable push factors being expulsions and persecutions, in particular the pogroms in the Russian Empire and the Holocaust. The 20th century saw a large shift in Jewish populations, particularly the large-scale migration to the Americas and Palestine (later Israel). The 1948 Palestine war sparked mass exodus of Jews from Arab and Muslim countries. Today, the majority of the world's Jewish population is concentrated in Israel and the United States.
In connection with: Historical Jewish population
Title combos: population Jewish Historical Jewish population
Description combos: migration expulsions population the large time majority particularly Empire religious modern time the 20th time the been to times Population Israel and the over Holocaust exodus shifted to Palestine world and the times Arab the war saw movements in war the assimilation pogroms shift have push population of Palestine time population being large particular the Russian 20th Jewish shifted the Americas the Arab Palestine the push centers and shift is century The Jewish Muslim centers Russian Israel religious 1948 world Jews
World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries
World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries (WOJAC) was an international advocacy organization, created in 1975, representing Jewish refugees from Arab countries. The World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries was created to make certain that any "just settlement of the refugee problem" recognizes those Jews who were forced to flee from lands where they had lived for centuries. The WOJAC functioned for approximately 25 years (from 1975 until 1999). WOJAC's aspiration was to operate in the national arena, to counterbalance the claims of the Palestinian leadership on the right to the land and on the refugee question. The monograph "The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue, published by WOJAC, 1975" by Maurice M. Roumani was used in preparation of the first International conference on the subject organized by WOJAC in 1975 in Paris. The English version of the monograph subsequently appeared in four editions, the last was 1983, and translated into French and Spanish and parts of it in Hebrew, in 1977.
In connection with: World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries
Title combos: Jews of Organization of from Organization World Arab of
Description combos: on the WOJAC Palestinian monograph 25 the Case published monograph World was organization and of representing had Organization centuries WOJAC Arab Case international 25 four approximately functioned was Maurice lands World problem subsequently they who until Countries to WOJAC any countries World Maurice to Jewish were centuries for from approximately Jews from was WOJAC Hebrew aspiration national 1999 World 1975 problem Arab French national were for international recognizes for years the WOJAC counterbalance 25 monograph from WOJAC Countries international of 1975
20th century departures of foreign nationals from Egypt
The 20th century departures of foreign nationals from Egypt primarily concerned European and Levantine communities. These communities consisting of British, French, Greeks, Italians, Armenians, Maltese and Jews of Egyptian descent had been established in Egypt since the 19th century. These foreign nationals became known as the "Egyptianized", or the Mutamassirun. The foreign resident population in Egypt numbered around 200,000 by the end of World War 1. This departure of foreign nationals was precipitated by political instability, the Suez Crisis, the abolition of the capitulations system, and the rise of Egyptian nationalism under Gamal Abdel Nasser. In 1956, the Egyptian Minister of Interior Zakaria Mohieddin said that of Egypt's 18,000 British and French citizens, 12,000 were ordered expelled, their properties seized by the Egyptian government.
In connection with: 20th century departures of foreign nationals from Egypt
Title combos: 20th century nationals Egypt from from Egypt of foreign
Description combos: had foreign Egyptian under under nationals descent The known French In the of was abolition foreign descent British by Interior numbered of foreign foreign departures Egyptian These by precipitated abolition the Zakaria Egyptian These since that the under foreign consisting by rise the citizens Nasser and Suez from nationals the system 18 Egypt said World the nationals of nationals 12 The This established Egyptian been from the had Armenians Maltese 20th 19th and Egypt French The 20th the century as 200
Justice for Jews from Arab Countries
Justice for Jews from Arab Countries (JJAC) is a political advocacy organization founded in New York in 2002, which was formed by the Conference of Presidents, the World Jewish Congress, the American Sephardi Federation, and the World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries. Today, JJAC works with the American Jewish Committee, American Jewish Congress, Jewish Council for Public Affairs, the World Sephardic Congress.
In connection with: Justice for Jews from Arab Countries
Title combos: from for Justice Countries Arab from Justice for Countries
Description combos: Jewish from World political founded New Federation is Countries Today Justice is Countries Committee New Presidents American American Justice Jews Jews the the in from Congress Sephardic Arab which the from Congress from is Arab the American works the American Countries in Justice works JJAC of for York works organization the advocacy World Jews Countries American Sephardic is American formed was Federation Justice World for JJAC Jews the by advocacy Jews in for the the American Congress Jewish Sephardi Countries Council
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