EPA V EME HOMER CITY GENERATION

CocaineCocaine is a tropane alkaloid and central nervous system stimulant, derived primarily from the leaves of two South American coca plants, Erythroxylum coca and E. novogranatense, which are cultivated almost exclusively in the Andes. Indigenous South Americans have traditionally used coca leaves for over a thousand years. Notably, there is no evidence that habitual coca leaf use causes addiction or withdrawal, unlike cocaine. Medically, cocaine is rarely employed, mainly as a topical medication under controlled settings, due to its high abuse potential and adverse effects. Recreational use is widespread, driven by its euphoric and aphrodisiac properties. Prenatal cocaine exposure is particularly harmful. Cocaine is typically snorted, injected, or smoked as crack cocaine, with effects beginning within seconds to minutes and lasting up to 90 minutes depending on the route. Pharmacologically, it is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI) that activates the mesolimbic pathway. Intoxication may cause euphoria, psychosis, and physical symptoms like tachycardia and mydriasis. An overdose can lead to stroke, heart attack, or sudden cardiac death. Chronic cocaine use leads to cocaine dependence and can cause nose disorders, commonly referred to as "Cocaine nose", including cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions (CIMDL) when insufflated. Large-scale chemical synthesis of cocaine is unexplored; Instead, 99% of all global cocaine is made by first harvesting coca leaves by cocaleros from their coca plantations in the Andes. These leaves are then extracted into cocaine paste, which is subsequently processed into powdered hydrochloride salt. Both the pharmaceutical supply chain and the illicit supply chain use all these steps, but they operate under very different controls and oversight. For example, legal coca cultivation, which is regulated by governments such as the National Coca Company in Peru, contrasts sharply with illegal cultivation that is targeted by government-led coca eradication efforts. Cocaine is prohibited globally except for restricted medical and scientific uses under treaties like the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Nevertheless, legal penalties vary by country. Some jurisdictions decriminalize possession of small amounts, leading to inconsistency in the legal status of cocaine worldwide.

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Clean Air Act (United States)The Clean Air Act (CAA) is the United States' primary federal air quality law, intended to reduce and control air pollution nationwide. Initially enacted in 1963 and amended many times since, it is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, the Clean Air Act is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in coordination with state, local, and tribal governments.: 2–3 EPA develops extensive administrative regulations to carry out the law's mandates. Associated regulatory programs, which are often technical and complex, implement these regulations. Among the most important, the National Ambient Air Quality Standards program sets standards for concentrations of certain pollutants in outdoor air, and the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants program which sets standards for emissions of particular hazardous pollutants from specific sources. Other programs create requirements for vehicle fuels, industrial facilities, and other technologies and activities that impact air quality. Newer programs tackle specific problems, including acid rain, ozone layer protection, and climate change. The CAA has been challenged in court many times, both by environmental groups seeking more stringent enforcement and by states and utilities seeking greater leeway in regulation. Although its exact benefits depend on what is counted, the Clean Air Act has substantially reduced air pollution and improved US air quality—benefits which EPA credits with saving trillions of dollars and many thousands of lives each year.

Brett KavanaughBrett Michael Kavanaugh (; born February 12, 1965) is an American lawyer and jurist serving as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President Donald Trump on July 9, 2018, and has served since October 6, 2018. He was previously a U.S. circuit judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 2006 to 2018. Kavanaugh studied history at Yale University, where he joined the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He then attended Yale Law School, after which he began his career as a law clerk working under Judge Ken Starr. After Starr left the D.C. Circuit to become the head of the Office of Independent Counsel, Kavanaugh assisted him with investigations concerning President Bill Clinton, including drafting the Starr Report recommending Clinton's impeachment. He joined the Bush administration as White House staff secretary and was a central figure in its efforts to identify and confirm judicial nominees. Bush nominated Kavanaugh to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in 2003. His confirmation hearings were contentious and stalled for three years over charges of partisanship. Kavanaugh was confirmed to the D.C. Circuit in May 2006. President Trump nominated Kavanaugh to the U.S. Supreme Court on July 9, 2018, to fill the position vacated by Justice Anthony Kennedy. Before his U.S. Senate confirmation proceedings began, Christine Blasey Ford accused Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her in the early 1980s. Three other women also accused Kavanaugh of sexual misconduct, one of whom later recanted her story. None of the accusations were corroborated by eyewitness testimony, and Kavanaugh denied them. The Senate Judiciary Committee held a supplemental hearing over the allegations and voted 11–10 along party lines to advance the confirmation to a full Senate vote. On October 6, the full Senate confirmed Kavanaugh by a vote of 50–48. Since the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 2020, Kavanaugh has come to be regarded as a swing vote on the Court. He was the target of an assassination plot in June 2022; the suspect had hoped to disrupt the rulings in Dobbs and Bruen.

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2013 term opinions of the Supreme Court of the United StatesThe 2013 term of the Supreme Court of the United States began October 7, 2013, and concluded October 5, 2014. The table illustrates which opinion was filed by each justice in each case and which justices joined each opinion.

2013 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader GinsburgNo description available.

2013 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin ScaliaNo description available.

List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 572This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 572 of the United States Reports:

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