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Its main task is the identification of illegal drugs and their dosage. The unit is also responsible for the control and analysis of medicines, food supplements and products of unknown origins suspected of containing medicinal or illicit substances. Dr sc. Serge Schneider has headed the service since Our task is drug analysis and drug control. We analyse various kinds of samples to determine their composition and dosage, and work closely with the legal authorities. If they come across powders, crystals or pills, as is often the case at the airport or railway station, they can carry out rapid tests, but these are sometimes faulty and do not stand up in court. According to international recommendations, each sample should be tested twice using different analytical methods. This is where we come in, receiving official requests from customs, the police or the legal authorities. The sample then goes through a strictly regulated procedure: it is photographed and weighed and then analysed using various chemical-physical methods e. We can then determine which substance it is using our database. In our analyses, however, it is not only a matter of recognising what the substances are composed of, but also of determining what proportions we are dealing with. We determine the exact composition during a second examination of the sample. A sample is considered suspicious if it is particularly clean or extra dirty. In these cases, a report is therefore made to the Health Ministry, which can issue a warning. The Ministry of Health is also always informed if new designer drugs are detected. These are mostly synthetic cannabinoids that are supposed to imitate the effect of cannabis. Cannabis is illegal and by producing a new substance that resembles cannabis but is not cannabis, manufacturers and consumers try to circumvent the fact that it is a banned substance. However, NPSs can also be natural substances that have existed for a long time, are newly discovered and were just not present on the Luxembourg market until now, as in the case of ayahuasca. In various South American countries, ayahuasca is allowed for well-defined usages, but in our country this substance is banned. For example, we had a case where a user went to a drug counselling centre in Luxembourg to report that he had smoked a very suspicious joint. The consumer reported that he regularly used cannabis, but this time he felt sick, something was wrong with this substance. The Ministry of Health then issued a warning. Such reports are published about times a year in the Luxembourgish media and thus contribute to the protection of the population against dangerous drugs or drug mixtures. The Service of Analytical Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry is currently running several research projects, mostly in collaboration with national or international universities and research institutes. It is worth noting that the drugs samples from the consumption facilities were of a significantly poorer quality. This makes it possible to record the quality of recreational drugs in Luxembourg. The project is realised in cooperation with 4-motion. The results provide information about the frequency of the drugs consumed. In comparison with various cities in Europe, above-average cocaine concentrations were found in Luxembourg. Drug analysis in the laboratory: LNS identifies dangerous substances. What does a typical day of work look like for you team? What are your tasks? Which substances do you usually come across in your analyses and what happens afterwards? When is a sample particularly suspicious? Tell us about a concrete event from your everyday work. Projects The Service of Analytical Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry is currently running several research projects, mostly in collaboration with national or international universities and research institutes. Overview: — Drug Checking : In this project, consumers of the drug consumption facilities voluntarily give a small amount of their sample for analysis. The latest news Mpox overview: scientific briefing.

Investigation on heroin and cocaine quality in Luxembourg

Dudelange where can I buy cocaine

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Heroin and cocaine are among the most dangerous illicit drugs available and their presence on the market is increasing. These facts have led to the investigation of the quality of heroin and cocaine samples seized in Luxembourg by police and customs but also collected at the national supervised drug consumption facilities. The statistical evaluation of concentration changes depending on the source of collection is based on an ANOVA single factor test and a two-tailed t test. Results showed important differences between seizure and collection sources. For both drugs, customs samples had significantly higher concentrations than police samples and the latter had significantly higher concentrations than samples from drug consumption facilities, whereas for heroin two cutting steps were identified, for cocaine samples only one appears to occur on the local market. Indeed, cocaine samples seized by police consisted of a mixture of low and high concentration samples. The results show that extensive adulteration with pharmacological active and inactive compounds takes place at local levels, which, however, are different for heroin and cocaine. This knowledge on variability of quality of drugs should be considered in the elaboration of drug and harm prevention strategies. In Europe, cocaine and heroin are considered being among the most dangerous psychoactive drugs sold on the illegal market when considering overall harm, that is to say physical, psychological and social effects to users and to others \[ 1 \]. Furthermore, both products raise major concerns as cocaine is the second most frequently used illicit drug and heroin the most commonly used opioid. In , cocaine seizures have increased to reach a peak with more than tonnes and seizure volumes of heroin have almost doubled with 9. Cocaine is extracted from coca plant leaves. Extracts are most often cut with adulterants i. Adulterants such as phenacetin, levamisole and lidocaine together with diluents such as mono- or polysaccharides are typically used. On the European market, cocaine is almost exclusively sold in the form of hydrochloride salt. In Luxembourg, it is the most prevalent controlled substance illegally sold after cannabis. Cocaine lifetime and last month prevalence are estimated at 2. Heroin is an opium extract consisting of diacetylated morphine, commonly adulterated with paracetamol and caffeine. Black tar or white powder heroines are extremely rare in Luxembourg and in Europe in general. Heroin, lifetime and last month prevalence rates, in Luxembourg, are estimated at 0. Collection of data on drug quality mainly relies on the analysis of illicit products seized by customs CUS and police POL. The determination of composition and quality of illegal heroin and cocaine is routinely performed by the National Laboratory of Health. Toxicological evidences are used for law enforcement, for criminal justice ruling but also for the drafting of national drug policies, intervention strategies and awareness campaigns. Thus, the national ministry of health is collecting data notably in the framework of its early warning system on controlled drugs and emerging drug use patterns. This enables decision making and actions to be implemented in case of new or unforeseen developments such as the detection of new or unsuspected adulterants or new psychoactive substances with potentially increased risks for health. Several projects have been implemented nationally to increase data collection on the use of heroin and cocaine. In return for providing a small amount of their substance, drug consumers obtain feedback on its quality. In this paper, an investigation on heroin and cocaine quality, according to the source of sample collection is presented. The study includes samples from to collected by customs and police or obtained from DCR clients during the same period. The goal was to assess drug quality on the local markets, to investigate quality differences according to various sample collection sources and thus, to provide reliable information for political decision makers and evidence-based drug policies. Seized drug samples were received from customs and police for routine screening. Qualitative analyses were realized using GC—MS technique. If n was between 11 and in a seizure, only 10 samples were analyzed. Drug samples from heroin and cocaine users at DCRs were collected by social health care workers. Pyridine was bought from Sigma-Aldrich Diegem, Belgium. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and ethyl acetate were provided by Chem-Lab Zedelgem, Belgium. The final temperature was held for Total run time per sample was 24 min. Helium was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1. Identification was performed using retention time and against MS databases \[ 8 \]. Identification was based on comparison with known retention time from reference compounds and simultaneous presence of at least 3 ions among which the molecular and base peak ions when compared to the MS database. About 10 mg of each sample was weighted exactly and dissolved in 10 mL of methanol using an ultrasonic bath for 5 min. UV DAD was monitored from to nm, quantification wavelength was nm. A 5-point calibration curve was established by injecting 1, 2. Preparation of cocaine samples was the same as for heroin except that the final dilution occurred in solvent D. For cocaine, retention time was 2. About 10 to 25 mg of each DCR sample was weighted exactly and dissolved in 1 mL of methanol using an ultrasonic bath for 5 min. The evaluation of concentration changes depending on the source of collection i. All samples were seized by customs and police or collected from DCR clients from January to December All samples collected in DCR were included in the study regardless of the heroin or cocaine concentration as they were bought by the consumers as heroin or cocaine. Regardless of the source, speedballs a mixture of cocaine and heroin were not included in this study. A total of heroin and cocaine samples have been analyzed. Only the heroin base was detected. Nearly all heroin samples No other cutting agents were detected in any samples analyzed e. The addition of caffeine may be helpful for heroin to vaporize at lower temperature thus giving a faster rush when smoked and to counterbalance the sedative effects of heroin. Paracetamol may be added because of its analgesic properties and its bitter taste which can disguise poor quality heroin. The overall heroin concentrations varied from 0. In DCR samples 2. In the POL seizures The heroin, paracetamol and caffeine concentrations are presented in Fig. These findings suggest that first an adulteration step of the CUS samples using paracetamol and caffeine is performed followed by a cutting step with non-pharmacological compounds or the easily available caffeine by small-time dealers or end-users at DCR. Indeed, paracetamol and caffeine concentrations changed very similarly factor about 1. This result is in accordance with reports of addition of caffeine, sand, or starch but not paracetamol at the DCR for cutting of heroin samples \[ 10 \]. As for heroin, a GC—MS analysis was performed to identify psychoactive or pharmacologically active drugs, adulterants and diluents. A FRX analysis showed that only cocaine chlorhydrate was available on the local market. Main adulterants identified were levamisole present in As only few CUS and DCR samples contained adulterants above the lower limit of quantification no statistical interpretation on adulterants was carried out. There is much speculation about the rational of adding prohibited and withdrawn pharmacologically active substances to cocaine and no undisputed explanation has emerged so far. Possibly, lidocaine is added because some of its effects resemble those of cocaine i. Diluents identified were carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose and lactose. No quantification of the diluents has been performed. Cocaine samples are more heterogeneous than heroin samples. The concentration range varied from 3. A summary of the content of cocaine and its major adulterants is presented in Fig. Samples originating from CUS were in the concentration range However, contrary to heroin, this decline in quality and purity was not counterbalanced by an increase in adulterant concentrations. A closer look at the POL seizures also revealed that only two cocaine batches may be distinguished on the local market Fig. To our knowledge, this has not been reported before and deserves further investigation at the European level. Thus, a significant qualitative difference could only be detected for caffeine. It was present in 6. Toxicological analysis of heroin and cocaine samples seized by customs and police or collected from end-users at drug consumption rooms was carried out in and No NPS e. Heroin concentrations decreased from Cocaine concentration also decreased from Unlike heroin, POL cocaine samples revealed two different quality batches, one with high levels of cocaine, similar to the CUS samples, and one with low-quality cocaine, similar to the one found in DCR samples. Knowledge and surveillance of the cutting processes, adulteration practices and variability of quality and purity of street drugs should be considered in the elaboration of drug and harm prevention and law enforcement strategies. Also, more international research is needed to further assess quality and adulteration gradients along the distribution chain in controlled substances available on illicit markets in order to enrich evidenced-based drug policies. The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Health for their support and the national drug consumption facilities for collecting the samples and helpful inputs. NG and FM performed the chemical analyses. GD performed the statistical analyses. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Harm Reduct J. Find articles by Georges Dahm. Find articles by Nicolas Gengler. Find articles by Alain Origer. Find articles by Serge Schneider. Received May 21; Accepted Sep 2; Collection date Open in a new tab. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Dudelange where can I buy cocaine