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Its main task is the identification of illegal drugs and their dosage. The unit is also responsible for the control and analysis of medicines, food supplements and products of unknown origins suspected of containing medicinal or illicit substances. Dr sc. Serge Schneider has headed the service since Our task is drug analysis and drug control. We analyse various kinds of samples to determine their composition and dosage, and work closely with the legal authorities. If they come across powders, crystals or pills, as is often the case at the airport or railway station, they can carry out rapid tests, but these are sometimes faulty and do not stand up in court. According to international recommendations, each sample should be tested twice using different analytical methods. This is where we come in, receiving official requests from customs, the police or the legal authorities. The sample then goes through a strictly regulated procedure: it is photographed and weighed and then analysed using various chemical-physical methods e. We can then determine which substance it is using our database. In our analyses, however, it is not only a matter of recognising what the substances are composed of, but also of determining what proportions we are dealing with. We determine the exact composition during a second examination of the sample. A sample is considered suspicious if it is particularly clean or extra dirty. In these cases, a report is therefore made to the Health Ministry, which can issue a warning. The Ministry of Health is also always informed if new designer drugs are detected. These are mostly synthetic cannabinoids that are supposed to imitate the effect of cannabis. Cannabis is illegal and by producing a new substance that resembles cannabis but is not cannabis, manufacturers and consumers try to circumvent the fact that it is a banned substance. However, NPSs can also be natural substances that have existed for a long time, are newly discovered and were just not present on the Luxembourg market until now, as in the case of ayahuasca. In various South American countries, ayahuasca is allowed for well-defined usages, but in our country this substance is banned. For example, we had a case where a user went to a drug counselling centre in Luxembourg to report that he had smoked a very suspicious joint. The consumer reported that he regularly used cannabis, but this time he felt sick, something was wrong with this substance. The Ministry of Health then issued a warning. Such reports are published about times a year in the Luxembourgish media and thus contribute to the protection of the population against dangerous drugs or drug mixtures. The Service of Analytical Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry is currently running several research projects, mostly in collaboration with national or international universities and research institutes. It is worth noting that the drugs samples from the consumption facilities were of a significantly poorer quality. This makes it possible to record the quality of recreational drugs in Luxembourg. The project is realised in cooperation with 4-motion. The results provide information about the frequency of the drugs consumed. In comparison with various cities in Europe, above-average cocaine concentrations were found in Luxembourg. Drug analysis in the laboratory: LNS identifies dangerous substances. What does a typical day of work look like for you team? What are your tasks? Which substances do you usually come across in your analyses and what happens afterwards? When is a sample particularly suspicious? Tell us about a concrete event from your everyday work. Projects The Service of Analytical Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry is currently running several research projects, mostly in collaboration with national or international universities and research institutes. Overview: — Drug Checking : In this project, consumers of the drug consumption facilities voluntarily give a small amount of their sample for analysis. The latest news Mpox overview: scientific briefing.

Drug analysis in the laboratory: LNS identifies dangerous substances

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Harm Reduction Journal volume 21 , Article number: Cite this article. Metrics details. Studies have shown that contamination of surfaces by illicit drugs frequently occurs in forensic laboratories when manipulating seized samples as well as in pharmacies and hospitals when preparing medicinal drugs. In this project, we extended these studies to a Drug Consumption Room to investigate drug levels and possible exposure of the staff members. We investigated pre and post cleaning contamination by heroin and cocaine and their degradation products 6-monoacetylmorphine and benzoylecgonine on different surfaces tables, counters, computers and door handles and in the ambient air. We also collected urine and hair samples from staff members to check for potential short and long term contaminations. Medium to heavy contamination has been detected on most surfaces and door handles; as expected, air contamination was particularly high in the smoking room. The cleaning efficiency of the surfaces, carried out by staff and drug users after drug consumption, was often not satisfactory. The very low drug levels in hair indicate that acute health risks for staff members are low. The Abrigado is open every day of the week and offers sleeping possibilities, medical support and social counselling for the drug users. A smoking room with 6 and an injection room with 8 places are available. Each of these places is used several times a day. Currently, 54 people are working at the Abrigado in the administration, social and medical healthcare or as security and cleaning staff. Previous studies have shown that surfaces in forensic laboratories \[ 3 , 4 \] and in police stations handling, analyzing seized product \[ 5 \] may be contaminated by drugs. All major drugs cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine and fentanyls have been found on most of the surfaces in a forensic laboratory. Not surprisingly, only background levels of drugs were detected at benches, the report writing sections and significantly higher levels were detected at surfaces used for unpacking and analysis of the samples. The concentration ranges spread over several orders of magnitude 0. A similar study investigating drug contamination over 6 years in hospital pharmacies found highest contamination at locations where the medicines were prepared \[ 6 \]. As for surface contamination, reports on the contamination of ambient air by drugs are sparse. In Cecinato and co-workers detected cocaine in the air in 9 out of 11 cities investigated. Another study showed that cocaine might be present in the air directly by smoking and indirectly by the transport via the cloths or the hair of people in contact with this substance \[ 10 \]. Particles resulting from drug smoking may persist for several weeks and may convert to other potentially dangerous compounds \[ 11 \]. To the best of our knowledge, no studies investigating drug contamination of surfaces and of the air have been carried out in DCRs. All staff members of the Abrigado may be in contact with drug users during a normal working day at all premises of the DCR. Direct contact with the drugs during the check-in of the drug consumers to the consumption and smoking rooms;. No specific cleaning procedures were defined at the Abrigado at the moment of the study; standard commercial desinfectants were used to clean surfaces contaminated with blood, the smoking room was cleaned with soap and hot water. In this project, we investigated the contamination of 13 surfaces and of the air at 5 spots within the Abrigado. We also tested urine and hair samples from 20 volunteer staff members. A simplified map of the DCR is presented in Fig. The DCR includes:. A meeting room for drug users Sampling spots 1 table , 2 counter , 3 window sill for needle exchange and 4 door handle were chosen in the meeting room;. A smoking room 9. Sampling spots 5 table and 6 door handle were chosen. An injection room Sampling spots 7 table , 8 door handle and 9 client side counter were selected;. A staff cabin 5. Sampling spots 10 and 13 computer keyboard and mouse and 11 staff side counter were selected;. Sampling spot 12 was chosen on the table of the office room 1. Surface samples were collected each day during 4 days at the 13 spots. Samples from door handles 4, 6 and 8 were taken on both sides of the door and treated as one sample. The swabs were moistened with methanol MeOH before the sample collection. For the handles, keyboard and the computer mouse, the entire object was sampled using a single swab. The swabs were placed in a 25 mL amber bottle and stored in a desiccator with silica gel until analysis in order to prevent degradation. Active air samples were collected simultaneously at 5 spots A - E in Fig. IOM sampling cassettes were connected to each pump and loaded with 24 mm glass microfiber filters VWR, — Filters were placed at a high of 2 m from the floor. Air was sampled for a mean of min per day; a total of 20 samples were collected. After sampling, the filters were placed in a 25 mL amber bottle and stored in a desiccator until analysis. Plan of the ground and first floor of the Abrigado drug consumption room. Surface samples were collected on spots 1 to 13; air samples were collected on spots A - D. The limit of quantification LOQ was 0. Surface swabs were extracted with 15 mL MeOH, vortexed for 30 s at rpm and then placed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min. The filters were extracted with 2 mL of MeOH and also placed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min. Dilution factors varied according to surfaces tested and, when necessary, were adapted to fit into the calibration curve. No participant has or had a known history of heroin or cocaine consumption. All participants received a medical prescription for hair and urine analysis and they all provided written consent for anonymized publication of the results. No individual results were communicated to the Abrigado facility management. The collection of samples took place at the Abrigado. Hair samples were collected from the vertex posterior of the head \[ 13 \]. The proximal 3 cm segment was used for analysis. The samples were stored at room temperature in aluminium foil before analysis. The mixture was then centrifuged at 10, rpm for 15 min. Hair locks were decontaminated twice with methanol, then pulverized in a ball mill and the powered hair was incubated in a phosphate buffer for 2 h in an ultrasonic bath after addition of deuterated internal standards. The 2 washing solutions used for the hair decontamination were analyzed to investigate passive contamination of the participants. An overview of the results is given in Table 1. Cocaine was not only the most frequently detected compound but also the compound with the highest concentrations measured. A summary of the maximum concentrations measured for the 4 compounds is given in Table 2. The highest mean surface contamination was measured on the door handle linking the smoking room to the injection room spot 6. Contamination was 1. The mean results for the door handles are presented in Fig. Cleaning measures had an obvious effect in the injection room but were never totally efficient. The mean results for the 3 counters are presented in Fig. In all cases much lower contamination levels were measured in the morning samples following cleaning. The mean results for the tables are presented in Fig. Other surfaces analyzed were the window sill for needle exchange spot 3 , the computer in the staff cabin spot 10 and the bureau at the office on the first floor spot The mean contamination concentrations were all below the LOQ. The cleaning efficiency was estimated by calculating the ratio of surface contamination in the evening and surface contamination in the morning, a higher value representing a higher cleaning efficiency. This ratio was highly variable ranging from 0 no variation to Not surprisingly, contamination was by far highest in the smoking room mean COC: The injection room and staff cabin had similar contamination levels for all compounds, indicating passive exposure to smoke of staff members working at this spot. The doors and the counter windows were most often kept open during the opening hours of the DCR, thus allowing constant air exchange between the two rooms. No BZE was detected in any of the air samples, presumably because BZE is not a volatile degradation product of cocaine. The exposure at the Abrigado to cocaine and heroin and their metabolites was too low to generate a positive urine result. The hair washing solutions and the hair extracts were analyzed separately. The washing solutions are an indicator for passive contamination by drug in the ambient air and the extracts are considered as an indicator of passive or active drug ingestion \[ 17 \]. But as concentrations were always far below recommended cut-off values \[ 18 \] 0. A summary of the results is given in Table 3. This project is the first aiming to evaluate presence of drugs at surfaces and in the air in a DCR and to evaluate the exposure and potential contamination of staff via urine and hair analysis. The substances included in the project were those consumed at the DCR: cocaine, heroin and their degradation products, benzoylecgonine and 6-monoacetylmorphine. The samples were collected over 4 days, in the morning before opening and at the end of the day before closing of the DCR. Three out of the 54 staff members had complained at least once about symptoms headache, nausea and a scratchy throat when working in this room. Also, no difference in air contamination was observed between the injection room and the staff cabin, presumably because doors between these spaces were left open most of the time. This may be important considering that the same doors are used by drug users and DCR staff without any protection i. Regarding the tables, contamination levels were lower than for door handles but still high in the smoking and the drug injection rooms in the evening before cleaning. Even if the drug users are supposed to clean the tables after usage, this process was obviously not efficient most of the time. Despite frequent presence in drug consumption rooms, urine samples of staff members were negative for the drugs investigated. The presence of COC and BZE in hair and hair washing solutions and the presence of 6-MAM in washing solutions however show that employees may be contaminated by drugs present in these places. But, as drug concentrations were largely below the cut-off values, these findings are compatible with passive contamination of hair and not with active drug use. Most important, all drug levels measured in hair and urine samples indicate that no short term health risk was present for the staff members working at the DCR. A long term health risk due to chronic exposure \[ 19 \] should not be excluded and requires further investigations. Drug consumption rooms: an overview of provision and evidence Perspectives on drugs. Accessed 18 August Consumer expectations, drug effects, price and purity of heroin and cocaine purchased at drug consumption rooms. Harm Reduct J. Article Google Scholar. Sisco E, Najarro M. A multi-laboratory investigation of drug background levels. Forensic Chem. A snapshot of drug background levels on surfaces in a forensic laboratory. CAS Google Scholar. Patterns and characteristics associated with surface contamination of hazardous drugs in hospital pharmacies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. PMID: A new tool to investigate the social incidence of drugs? Total Envrion. Psychotropic substances in indoor environments. Environ Int. Epub Jul 2. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Cecinato A, Balducci C. Detection of cocaine in the airborne particles of the Italian cities Rome and Taranto. J Sep Sci. Gent L, Paul R. Air monitoring for illegal drugs including new psychoactive substances: a review of trends, techniques and thermal degradation products. Drug Test Anal. Bitter JL. The persistence of illicit drug smoke residues and their recovery from common household surfaces. Epub Jun Cooking heroin the Turkish way: chemical investigation on an unusual heroin preparation method. The Society of Hair Testing consensus on general recommendations for hair testing and drugs of abuse testing in hair. AEME production in cocaine positive hair after thermal hair treatment. Forensic Sci Int. The physics of human breathing: flow, timing, volume, and pressure parameters for normal, on-demand, and ventilator respiration. J Breath Res. Passive inhalation of cocaine. J Anal Toxicol. Evaluation of decontamination procedures for drug testing in undamaged versus damaged hair. Lombardo J, Roussel C. Download references. Abrigado, 8, Route de Thionville, L, Luxembourg. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Participants received an easy-to-understand explanation of the study with the dual goals of occupational health and scientific analysis and publication. Data were collected anonymously and participants gave written consent for hair and urine samples. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Cuffaro, F. Contamination of a drug consumption room with drugs and potential risks for social health care workers. Harm Reduct J 21 , Download citation. Received : 22 February Accepted : 08 August Published : 16 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Abstract Background Studies have shown that contamination of surfaces by illicit drugs frequently occurs in forensic laboratories when manipulating seized samples as well as in pharmacies and hospitals when preparing medicinal drugs. Methods We investigated pre and post cleaning contamination by heroin and cocaine and their degradation products 6-monoacetylmorphine and benzoylecgonine on different surfaces tables, counters, computers and door handles and in the ambient air. Results Medium to heavy contamination has been detected on most surfaces and door handles; as expected, air contamination was particularly high in the smoking room. Conclusion The cleaning efficiency of the surfaces, carried out by staff and drug users after drug consumption, was often not satisfactory. The major contamination sources are: Direct contact with the drugs during the check-in of the drug consumers to the consumption and smoking rooms; Contact with contaminated surfaces; Exposure to the vapors of the smoked drugs. The DCR includes: A meeting room for drug users Sampling spots 1 table , 2 counter , 3 window sill for needle exchange and 4 door handle were chosen in the meeting room; A smoking room 9. Sampling spots 7 table , 8 door handle and 9 client side counter were selected; A staff cabin 5. Sampling spots 10 and 13 computer keyboard and mouse and 11 staff side counter were selected; 3 offices, a meeting room and 2 sleeping rooms are located on the first floor. Collection of air samples Active air samples were collected simultaneously at 5 spots A - E in Fig. Full size image. Table 3 Summary of results mean, minimum, maximum and median for hair and hair washing solution of 20 persons working at the DCR Full size table. Discussion, recommendations and conclusion This project is the first aiming to evaluate presence of drugs at surfaces and in the air in a DCR and to evaluate the exposure and potential contamination of staff via urine and hair analysis. Finally, for preventive and efficient protection against staff contamination, we recommend. FFP2 when working in the smoking room. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Participants received an easy-to-understand explanation of the study with the dual goals of occupational health and scientific analysis and publication. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. About this article. Cite this article Cuffaro, F. Copy to clipboard. Contact us Submission enquiries: journalsubmissions springernature.

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