Down Syndrome Adults

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Those with Down syndrome nearly always have physical and intellectual disabilities. As adults, their mental abilities are typically similar to those of an 8- or 9-year-old. They also typically have poor immune function and generally reach developmental milestones at a later age.
Causes: Third copy of chromosome 21
Treatment: Educational support, sheltered work environment
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome
What are the challenges of being an adult with Down syndrome?
What are the challenges of being an adult with Down syndrome?
Challenges change as children become teenagers and adults, and so do the opportunities for learning new skills. Many adults with Down syndrome are now leaving home, living independently with varying degrees of support, holding down jobs, forming relationships and generally getting the most out of life.
downsyndrome.ie/support-detail/adults/
When do people with Down syndrome reach old age?
When do people with Down syndrome reach old age?
Adults with Down syndrome are now reaching old age on a regular basis and are commonly living into their 50s, 60s and 70s. While there are many exciting milestones that accompany growing older, old age can also bring unexpected challenges for which adults with Down syndrome, their families and caregivers may not feel adequately prepared.
www.ndss.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/…
How many people in the United States have Down syndrome?
How many people in the United States have Down syndrome?
This means that in 2002 about 83,000 children and teenagers were living with Down syndrome. Researchers estimated that in 2008 about 1 out of every 1,200 people (children, teens, and adults) living in the United States had Down syndrome.
www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyn…
Where can I go as an adult with Down syndrome?
Where can I go as an adult with Down syndrome?
There may be local clubs, groups and skills programs for adults with Down syndrome in your state or territory. You can find out more about these through your local Down syndrome association. The State and Territory Down syndrome associations host social events, workshops, skills programs, fundraisers and more.
www.downsyndrome.org.au/resources/life-s…
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/tips-adults-down-syndrome
Ориентировочное время чтения: 4 мин
As teenagers with Down syndrome finish their high school years and enter into adulthood, they face the same questions as other young people. They need to figure out where to live, what to do for work, and how to create new social circles outside of school. Its exciting, but stressful for any young adult, and can be even harder for someone with Down syndrome. That makes it important to start p…
sma.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Care_of_the_Adult_Patient.pdf
prevalence is 5% in the Down syndrome population.30,50 There are no screening guidelines for adults with Down syndrome, but because of the increased risk, chronic abdominal symptoms (including vague symptoms such as dyspepsia, diffuse abdomi-nal pain, and flatulence), …
https://www.ndss.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Aging-and-Down-Syndrome.pdf
Adults with Down syndrome are now reaching old age on a regular basis and are commonly living into their 50s, 60s and 70s. While there are many exciting milestones that accompany growing older, old age can also bring unexpected challenges for which adults with Down syndrome, …
https://www.downsyndrome.org.au/resources/life-stages/adults
Перевести · Get in touch with your Down syndrome association. Your State or Territory Down syndrome association may be able to provide advice and support to young people and their families. Call our 1300 number 1300 881 935 to connect with your local state or territory Down syndrome …
Синдро́м Да́уна — одна из форм геномной патологии, при которой чаще всего кариотип представлен 47 хромосомами вместо …
Текст из Википедии, лицензия CC-BY-SA
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https://www.everydayhealth.com/down-syndrome/affects-everyday-living-adulthood
Перевести · 11.06.2018 · It used to be that adults with Down syndrome weren’t really given a chance. In the early 1900s, a person with Down syndrome was expected to live fewer than 10 years. Today, …
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome
Causes: Third copy of chromosome 21
Symptoms: Delayed physical growth, …
Deaths: 26,500 (2015)
Treatment: Educational support, sheltered work environment
Those with Down syndrome nearly always have physical and intellectual disabilities. As adults, their mental abilities are typically similar to those of an 8- or 9-year-old. They also typically have poor immune function and generally reach developmental milestones at a later age. They have an increased risk of a number of other health problems, including congenital heart defect, epilepsy, leukemia, thyroid diseases, and mental disorders.

Physical
Those with Down syndrome nearly always have physical and intellectual disabilities. As adults, their mental abilities are typically similar to those of an 8- or 9-year-old. They also typically have poor immune function and generally reach developmental milestones at a later age. They have an increased risk of a number of other health problems, including congenital heart defect, epilepsy, leukemia, thyroid diseases, and mental disorders.

Physical
People with Down syndrome may have some or all of these physical characteristics: a small chin, slanted eyes, poor muscle tone, a flat nasal bridge, a single crease of the palm, and a protruding tongue due to a small mouth and relatively large tongue. These airway changes lead to obstructive sleep apnea in around half of those with Down syndrome. Other common features include: a flat and wide face, a short neck, excessive joint flexibility, extra space between big toe and second toe, abnormal patterns on the fingertips and short fingers. Instability of the atlantoaxial joint occurs in about 20% and may lead to spinal cord injury in 1–2%. Hip dislocations may occur without trauma in up to a third of people with Down syndrome.

Growth in height is slower, resulting in adults who tend to have short stature—the average height for men is 154 cm (5 ft 1 in) and for women is 142 cm (4 ft 8 in). Individuals with Down syndrome are at increased risk for obesity as they age. Growth charts have been developed specifically for children with Down syndrome.

Neurological
This syndrome causes about a third of cases of intellectual disability. Many developmental milestones are delayed with the ability to crawl typically occurring around 8 months rather than 5 months and the ability to walk independently typically occurring around 21 months rather than 14 months.

Most individuals with Down syndrome have mild (IQ: 50–69) or moderate (IQ: 35–50) intellectual disability with some cases having severe (IQ: 20–35) difficulties. Those with mosaic Down syndrome typically have IQ scores 10–30 points higher. As they age, people with Down syndrome typically perform worse than their same-age peers.

Commonly, individuals with Down syndrome have better language understanding than ability to speak. Between 10 and 45% have either a stutter or rapid and irregular speech, making it difficult to understand them. After reaching 30 years of age, some may lose their ability to speak.

They typically do fairly well with social skills. Behavior problems are not generally as great an issue as in other syndromes associated with intellectual disability. In children with Down syndrome, mental illness occurs in nearly 30% with autism occurring in 5–10%. People with Down syndrome experience a wide range of emotions. While people with Down syndrome are generally happy, symptoms of depression and anxiety may develop in early adulthood.

Children and adults with Down syndrome are at increased risk of epileptic seizures, which occur in 5–10% of children and up to 50% of adults. This includes an increased risk of a specific type of seizure called infantile spasms. Many (15%) who live 40 years or longer develop Alzheimer’s disease. In those who reach 60 years of age, 50–70% have the disease.

Senses
Hearing and vision disorders occur in more than half of people with Down syndrome. Vision problems occur in 38 to 80%. Between 20 and 50% have strabismus, in which the two eyes do not move together. Cataracts (cloudiness of the lens of the eye) occur in 15%, and may be present at birth. Keratoconus (a thin, cone-shaped cornea) and glaucoma (increased eye pressure) are also more common, as are refractive errors requiring glasses or contacts. Brushfield spots (small white or grayish/brown spots on the outer part of the iris) are present in 38 to 85% of individuals.

Hearing problems are found in 50–90% of children with Down syndrome. This is often the result of otitis media with effusion which occurs in 50–70% and chronic ear infections which occur in 40 to 60%. Ear infections often begin in the first year of life and are partly due to poor eustachian tube function. Excessive ear wax can also cause hearing loss due to obstruction of the outer ear canal. Even a mild degree of hearing loss can have negative consequences for speech, language understanding, and academics. It is important to rule out hearing loss as a factor in social and cognitive deterioration. Age-related hearing loss of the sensorineural type occurs at a much earlier age and affects 10–70% of people with Down syndrome.

Heart
The rate of congenital heart disease in newborns with Down syndrome is around 40%. Of those with heart disease, about 80% have an atrioventricular septal defect or ventricular septal defect with the former being more common. Mitral valve problems become common as people age, even in those without heart problems at birth. Other problems that may occur include tetralogy of Fallot and patent ductus arteriosus. People with Down syndrome have a lower risk of hardening of the arteries.

Cancer
Although the overall risk of cancer in Down syndrome is not changed, the risk of testicular cancer and certain blood cancers, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is increased while the risk of other non-blood cancers is decreased. People with Down syndrome are believed to have an increased risk of developing cancers derived from germ cells whether these cancers are blood- or non-blood-related.

Blood cancers
Leukemia is 10 to 15 times more common in children with Down syndrome. In particular, acute lymphoblastic leukemia is 20 times more common and the megakaryoblastic form of acute myeloid leukemia (acute megakaryoblastic leukemia), is 500 times more common. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is a leukemia of megakaryoblasts, the precursors cells to megakaryocytes which form blood platelets. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome accounts for 1–3% of all childhood cases of ALL. It occurs most often in those older than nine years or having a white blood cell count greater than 50,000 per microliter and is rare in those younger than one year old. ALL in Down syndrome tends to have poorer outcomes than other cases of ALL in people without Down syndrome.

In Down syndrome, AMKL is typically preceded by transient myeloproliferative disease (TMD), a disorder of blood cell production in which non-cancerous megakaryoblasts with a mutation in the GATA1 gene rapidly divide during the later period of pregnancy. The condition affects 3–10% of babies with Down. While it often spontaneously resolves within three months of birth, it can cause serious blood, liver, or other complications. In about 10% of cases, TMD progresses to AMKL during the three months to five years following its resolution.

Non-blood cancers
People with Down syndrome have a lower risk of all major solid cancers, including those of lung, breast, and cervix, with the lowest relative rates occurring in those aged 50 years or older. This low risk is thought due to an increase in the expression of tumor suppressor genes present on chromosome 21. One exception is testicular germ cell cancer which occurs at a higher rate in Down syndrome.

Endocrine
Problems of the thyroid gland occur in 20–50% of individuals with Down syndrome. Low thyroid is the most common form, occurring in almost half of all individuals. Thyroid problems can be due to a poorly or nonfunctioning thyroid at birth (known as congenital hypothyroidism) which occurs in 1% or can develop later due to an attack on the thyroid by the immune system resulting in Graves' disease or autoimmune hypothyroidism. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also more common.

Gastrointestinal
Constipation occurs in nearly half of people with Down syndrome and may result in changes in behavior. One potential cause is Hirschsprung's disease, occurring in 2–15%, which is due to a lack of nerve cells controlling the colon. Other frequent congenital problems include duodenal atresia, pyloric stenosis, Meckel diverticulum, and imperforate anus. Celiac disease affects about 7–20% and gastroesophageal reflux disease is also more common.

Teeth
People with Down syndrome tend to be more susceptible to gingivitis as well as early, severe periodontal disease, necrotising ulcerative gingivitis, and early tooth loss, especially in the lower front teeth. While plaque and poor oral hygiene are contributing factors, the severity of these periodontal diseases cannot be explained solely by external factors. Research suggests that the severity is likely a result of a weakened immune system. The weakened immune system also contributes to increased incidence of yeast infections in the mouth (from Candida albicans).

People with Down syndrome also tend to have a more alkaline saliva resulting in a greater resistance to tooth decay, despite decreased quantities of saliva, less effective oral hygiene habits, and higher plaque indexes.

Higher rates of tooth wear and bruxism are also common. Other common oral manifestations of Down syndrome include enlarged hypotonic tongue, crusted and hypotonic lips, mouth breathing, narrow palate with crowded teeth, class III malocclusion with an underdeveloped maxilla and posterior crossbite, delayed exfoliation of baby teeth and delayed eruption of adult teeth, shorter roots on teeth, and often missing and malformed (usually smaller) teeth. Less common manifestations include cleft lip and palate and enamel hypocalcification (20% prevalence).

Taurodontism, an elongation of the pulp chamber, has a high prevalence in people with DS.

Fertility
Males with Down syndrome usually do not father children, while females have lower rates of fertility relative to those who are unaffected. Fertility is estimated to be present in 30–50% of females. Menopause usually occurs at an earlier age. The poor fertility in males is thought to be due to problems with sperm development; however, it may also be related to not being sexually active. As of 2006, three instances of males with Down syndrome fathering children and 26 cases of females having children have been reported. Without assisted reproductive technologies, around half of the children of someone with Down syndrome will also have the syndrome.
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Adults with Down syndrome have a range of needs, abilities, and desires, just like any other group of people. Some will learn to drive, have relationships, and live almost entirely on their own. Others will need more day-to-day care, but even then may still be able hold a part-time job and participate in meaningful social activities.
With the right support, they can have rich, fulfilling lives and feel part of their communities. There are more options now than ever for jobs and living arrangements. And doctors are always learning more about health issues people with Down syndrome face as they get older. So it helps to know what options are out there and what you’ll want to keep an eye on.
As teenagers with Down syndrome finish their high school years and enter into adulthood, they face the same questions as other young people. They need to figure out where to live, what to do for work, and how to create new social circles outside of school. It’s exciting, but stressful for any young adult, and can be even harder for someone with Down syndrome. That makes it important to start planning as early as possible.
The Individualized Education Program (IEP) that children with Down syndrome have in public schools includes transition planning. The goal is to picture the future and think about the skills and services teens will need as they become adults. When you work closely with teachers, doctors, and therapists to make a solid plan, it can ease the stress of going out into the world.
Sometimes, as the changes get closer, teens with Down syndrome may seem moody, or they may not do as well in school. Keep in mind that school provides not just a place to learn, but a regular social structure with built-in supports, like teachers and an IEP. Thinking about moving away from that can be hard to get used to. If you notice changes like these, check in with your doctor or with the school for some extra help.
Adults with Down syndrome have several possibilities for where and how to live. It’s all a matter of matching needs and desires. Some will live:
Some adults with Down syndrome go on to college or trade schools. Others get jobs.
There are three types of jobs someone with Down syndrome can look for:
Social activities help people feel fulfilled in life. As with anyone else, work may fill part of that role, but it’s also important for people with Down syndrome to take part in sports, hobbies, and other interests.
Many with Down syndrome also date, have loving relationships, and get married. That means it’s important to talk to teens with Down syndrome about things like sexuality, birth control, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Some may also want to start families, although men with Down syndrome usually can’t father children. Women who have it can have babies, though they’re more likely to have miscarriages and babies born early. Parenting is hard for anyone, and even more so for people with Down s
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