Down-Low (Sexual Slang)

Down-Low (Sexual Slang)



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Down-low is an African Amer­i­can slang term[1] that typ­i­cally refers to a sub­cul­ture of black men who usu­ally iden­tify as het­ero­sex­ual, but who have sex with men; some avoid shar­ing this in­for­ma­tion even if they have fe­male sex­ual part­ner(s), they are mar­ried, or they are single.[2][3][4][5] The term is also used to refer to a re­lated sex­ual iden­tity.[5][6] Down-low has been viewed as "a type of im­pres­sion man­age­ment that some of the in­for­mants use to pre­sent them­selves in a man­ner that is con­sis­tent with per­ceived norms about mas­cu­line at­tribute, at­ti­tudes, and behavior".[7]
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The term orig­i­nated in the black com­mu­nity, and was orig­i­nally used to de­scribe "any kind of slick, se­cre­tive be­hav­ior, in­clud­ing in­fi­delity in het­ero­sex­ual relationships".[2][8]
Ac­cord­ing to a study pub­lished in the Jour­nal of Bi­sex­u­al­ity, "[t]he Down Low is a lifestyle pre­dom­i­nately prac­ticed by young, urban [b]lack men who have sex with other men and women, yet do not iden­tify as gay or bisexual".[9]
In this con­text, "being on the Down Low" is more than just men hav­ing sex with men in se­cret, or a vari­ant of clos­eted ho­mo­sex­u­al­ity or bi­sex­u­al­ity—it is a sex­ual iden­tity that is, at least partly, de­fined by its "cult of mas­culin­ity" and its re­jec­tion of what is per­ceived as white cul­ture (in­clud­ing white LGBT cul­ture) and terms.[3][10][11][12] A 2003 New York Times Mag­a­zine cover story on the Down Low phe­nom­e­non ex­plains that the black com­mu­nity sees "ho­mo­sex­u­al­ity as a white man's perversion."[10] It then goes on to de­scribe the Down Low cul­ture as fol­lows:
Re­ject­ing a gay cul­ture they per­ceive as white and ef­fem­i­nate, many black men have set­tled on a new iden­tity, with its own vo­cab­u­lary and cus­toms and its own name: Down Low. There have al­ways been men – black and white – who have had se­cret sex­ual lives with men. But the cre­ation of an or­ga­nized, un­der­ground sub­cul­ture largely made up of black men who oth­er­wise live straight lives is a phe­nom­e­non of the last decade. ... Most date or marry women and en­gage sex­u­ally with men they meet only in anony­mous set­tings like bath­houses and parks or through the In­ter­net. Many of these men are young and from the inner city, where they live in a hy­per­mas­cu­line thug cul­ture. Other DL men form ro­man­tic re­la­tion­ships with men and may even be pe­riph­eral par­tic­i­pants in main­stream gay cul­ture, all un­known to their col­leagues and fam­i­lies. Most DL men iden­tify them­selves not as gay or bi­sex­ual but first and fore­most as black. To them, as to many blacks, that equates to being in­her­ently masculine.[10]
In his book Be­yond the Down Low: Sex, Lies and De­nial in Black Amer­ica, Keith Boykin states that se­cret ho­mo­sex­ual re­la­tions are not unique to African Amer­i­can men, and in fact occur in many so­ci­eties and among all races.[13]
In "Power Plays, Power Works" John Fiske sug­gests that clos­eted ho­mo­sex­u­al­ity may be more com­mon in Amer­i­can com­mu­ni­ties suf­fer­ing from wide­spread poverty, in which mem­bers re­port­edly de­pend heav­ily on tra­di­tional fam­ily net­works (and often re­li­gious in­sti­tu­tions) for fi­nan­cial and emo­tional support.[14]
The term quickly be­came con­flated with an eroti­cism of black and Latino ho­mo­sex­ual ac­tiv­ity. Through­out the gay porn in­dus­try and in­ter­net net­works, "down-low" quickly be­came a mar­ket­ing term used to pub­li­cize porno­graphic movies, mod­els, sex-clubs and so­cial gath­er­ings that in­cluded black and Latino men.[13]
The first known per­son to use "down-low" in a ho­mo­sex­ual con­text was George Hanna, who used the term in the 1930 song Boy in the Boat about les­bian women.[15] The term was pop­u­lar­ized in the late 1990s and after by a se­ries of main­stream media re­ports em­pha­siz­ing the dan­ger of such men trans­mit­ting HIV to their un­sus­pect­ing fe­male partners.[16]
The first main­stream media ac­count of the down-low as clos­eted ho­mo­sex­u­al­ity was re­ported in the Los An­ge­les Times on Feb­ru­ary 7, 2001. By the end of the year, nu­mer­ous major media out­lets had re­ported on the down-low. They in­cluded The New York Times (11 Feb­ru­ary), USA Today (March 15), Colum­bus Dis­patch (March 19), St. Louis Post-Dis­patch (April 1), New York Times (April 3), Chicago Sun-Times (April 22), At­lanta Jour­nal-Con­sti­tu­tion (June 3), San Fran­cisco Chron­i­cle (June 4), Vil­lage Voice (June 6), VIBE mag­a­zine (July), Jet mag­a­zine (Sep­tem­ber 8), Essence mag­a­zine (Oc­to­ber), San Diego Union-Tri­bune (De­cem­ber 2), and Los An­ge­les Times (De­cem­ber 7). Nearly all these sto­ries con­nected the down-low to the HIV/AIDS epi­demic in the African-Amer­i­can community.[15][16]
In the sum­mer of 2003, Vil­lage Voice con­tribut­ing writer and NYU pro­fes­sor Jason King pub­lished "Remix­ing the Closet: The Down Low Way of Knowledge",[17] in the news­pa­per's June 2003 "Queer Issue," a con­tro­ver­sial op-ed piece that ques­tioned the re­la­tion­ship be­tween HIV/AIDS and men "on the down low". The ar­ti­cle was the first main­stream piece to openly crit­i­cize neg­a­tive main­stream media de­pic­tions of down-low men and put a dif­fer­ent spin on the DL phenomenon.[17]
King ar­gued that the use of the term "down low" was a way for many African Amer­i­can men to admit to hav­ing sex with other men with­out nec­es­sar­ily iden­ti­fy­ing as "gay" in the tra­di­tional sense.[17] On the heels of that ar­ti­cle, San Fran­cisco Chronicle con­tribut­ing writer Frank Leon Roberts pub­lished "Stereo­types and Sex­ual Ori­en­ta­tion: The 'down-low' – Com­ing out your own way in black clubs"[18] in the news­pa­per's July 23, 2003 issue.
Then in Au­gust 2003 the New York Times Mag­a­zine ran a cover story called "Dou­ble Lives on the Down Low", writ­ten by Benoit Denizet-Lewis. Sev­eral episodes of The Oprah Win­frey Show were also ded­i­cated to the sub­ject in­clud­ing an episode aired 16 April 2004 and ti­tled A Se­cret Sex World: Liv­ing on the 'Down Low' ; the show fea­tured J. L. King dis­cussing his book On the Down Low: A Jour­ney Into the Lives of Straight Black Men Who Sleep with Men.[19] The down-low was also part of story lines on episodes of the tele­vi­sion shows Law and Order: Spe­cial Vic­tims Unit, Homi­cide Hunter, The Starter Wife, ER, and Oz.
In 2003 Jef­frey Q. Mc­Cune, Jr. wrote a full-length play en­ti­tled Dancin the Down Low that he di­rected and pro­duced at North­west­ern Uni­ver­sity in April 2004. In ad­di­tion, Mc­Cune has ded­i­cated a dis­ser­ta­tion on this topic. His study ex­am­ines DL dis­courses closely, while also ex­plor­ing how DL men han­dle mas­culin­ity and sexuality.[citation needed]
In 2008, writer Ter­rance Dean pub­lished his mem­oir, Hid­ing in Hip-Hop: On the Down Low in the En­ter­tain­ment In­dus­try—from Music to Hol­ly­wood, where he dis­cusses his own ex­pe­ri­ence being down-low in the in­dus­try as well as oth­ers in the in­dus­try who are also down-low. He dis­tin­guishes the dif­fer­ence be­tween being down-low and being down-low-gay. Some­one who is down-low is on the re­ceiv­ing end of ho­mo­sex­ual sex­ual plea­sure and for that rea­son does not view them­selves as gay, while down-low-gay is some­one who is a clos­eted gay man.[20]
Using a con­tent analy­sis of more than 170 ar­ti­cles writ­ten be­tween 2001 and 2006, so­ci­ol­o­gist Richard N. Pitt, Jr. con­cluded that the media pathol­o­gized black bi­sex­ual men's be­hav­ior while ei­ther ig­nor­ing or sym­pa­thiz­ing with white bi­sex­ual men's sim­i­lar ac­tions. He ar­gued that the "down-low" black bi­sex­ual is often de­scribed neg­a­tively as a du­plic­i­tous heterosexual man whose be­hav­iors threaten the black com­mu­nity. Al­ter­na­tively, the "Broke­back" white bi­sex­ual (when seen as bi­sex­ual at all) is often de­scribed in pity­ing lan­guage as a vic­tim­ized homosexual man who is forced into the closet by the het­ero­sex­ist so­ci­ety around him.[21]
Men who have sex with both men and women are a "sig­nif­i­cant bridge for HIV to women," a CDC study sug­gested. The CDC's Young Men's Sur­vey shows that about one in 10 men re­port­ing sex with men also have sex with women. And more than one in four of these bi­sex­ual men have un­safe sex with both kinds of part­ners. "Men who also have sex with women have sim­i­lar lev­els of HIV and STDs [as ex­clu­sively ho­mo­sex­ual men] and higher lev­els of many risky behaviors."[22]
A study by Glenn and Spielden­ner uses the CDC as a source to re­port the fol­low­ing:
"This issue con­tin­ues to be stig­ma­tized and con­nected to HIV/AIDS re­search, par­tic­u­larly how it con­nects to risky sex­ual prac­tices in­flu­enc­ing its trans­mis­sion to part­ners, con­tro­ver­sies re­gard­ing so­cial aware­ness and ac­cep­tance of Black male sex­u­al­ity, as well as dis­clo­sure or nondis­clo­sure of those prac­tices and behaviors."[23]
The CDC re­port that an­a­lyzes the above-men­tioned sur­vey states that "many men who have sex with men (MSM), es­pe­cially young and mi­nor­ity MSM, do not dis­close their sex­ual ori­en­ta­tion" in order to avoid "so­cial iso­la­tion, dis­crim­i­na­tion, or ver­bal or phys­i­cal abuse." The re­port con­nects non-dis­clo­sure to an in­creased risk of HIV by stat­ing: "Young MSM who do not dis­close their sex­ual ori­en­ta­tion (nondis­closers) are thought to be at par­tic­u­larly high risk for human im­mun­od­e­fi­ciency virus (HIV) in­fec­tion be­cause of low self-es­teem, de­pres­sion, or lack of peer sup­port and pre­ven­tion ser­vices that are avail­able to MSM who are more open about their sex­u­al­ity (disclosers)."[24]
The CDC added a note to their re­port stat­ing, in part:
"The find­ings in this re­port are con­sis­tent with pre­vi­ous re­search sug­gest­ing that among MSM, nondis­clo­sure of sex­ual ori­en­ta­tion is as­so­ci­ated with being a mem­ber of a racial/eth­nic mi­nor­ity group, iden­ti­fy­ing as bi­sex­ual or het­ero­sex­ual, hav­ing greater per­ceived com­mu­nity and in­ter­nal­ized ho­mo­pho­bia, and being less in­te­grated so­cially within ho­mo­sex­ual com­mu­ni­ties (1—3,6). Al­though this study did not find that nondis­clos­ing MSM were at higher risk for HIV in­fec­tion than MSM who are more open about their sex­u­al­ity (1—3), the data sug­gests that a sub­stan­tial pro­por­tion of nondis­closers are in­fected with HIV and other STDs and are at high risk for trans­mit­ting these in­fec­tions to their male and fe­male sex part­ners.
The find­ing that more than one in three nondis­closers re­ported hav­ing re­cent fe­male sex part­ners sug­gests that nondis­clos­ing MSM might have an im­por­tant role in HIV/STD trans­mis­sion to women. This might be par­tic­u­larly true for black nondis­clos­ing MSM, of whom ap­prox­i­mately one in five was in­fected with HBV and one in seven was in­fected with HIV."[24]
The CDC cited three find­ings that re­late to African-Amer­i­can men who op­er­ate on the down-low (en­gage in MSM ac­tiv­ity but don't dis­close to oth­ers):
In Be­yond the Down Low, Keith Boykin de­nied this con­nec­tion, at­tribut­ing the media claim to sex­ism, racism, ho­mo­pho­bia and clas­sism.[26] Boykin stated that de­spite the nu­mer­ous media ac­counts link­ing the down-low to the oc­cur­rence of AIDS in the African-Amer­i­can com­mu­nity, the U.S. Cen­ters for Dis­ease Con­trol and Pre­ven­tion has never cited men on the down-low as a factor.[15] Boykin claimed that no ex­ten­sive re­search has ever been pub­lished about men on the down-low, in part be­cause of the dif­fi­culty of iden­ti­fy­ing the tar­geted population.[15] In his book, Be­yond The Down Low: Sex, Lies and De­nial in Black America, he wrote that men on the 'down-low' are not the cause of the HIV/AIDS epi­demic in black America.[13] Boykin ar­gued that the down-low de­bate de­mo­nizes black men, stig­ma­tizes black women, and en­cour­ages an un­healthy "bat­tle of the sexes" that dis­tracts the com­mu­nity's at­ten­tion from the is­sues of HIV pre­ven­tion, per­sonal re­spon­si­bil­ity and con­dom use.
The au­thors of a study of the down-low on Craigslist.​org also argue that the dis­course about the down-low is about pathol­o­giz­ing black sexualities.[27] These au­thors found that white men also claim to be on the down-low as much as black men; how­ever, so­ci­ety and the media still only at­trib­utes the down-low to black peo­ple and their sex­ual be­hav­iors. The au­thors main­tain that by only fo­cus­ing on black peo­ple's sex­ual be­hav­iors, larger struc­tural is­sues such as poverty and drug use are ig­nored in the dis­cus­sion about ris­ing HIV rates in cer­tain black com­mu­ni­ties.
A cross-study analy­sis that re­viewed 24 ar­ti­cles (and pub­lished in the Jour­nal of the Na­tional Med­ical As­so­ci­a­tion) found that "black MSM are more likely than MSM of other racial or eth­nic groups to be bi­sex­u­ally ac­tive or iden­ti­fied; and, com­pared with white MSM, are less likely to dis­close their bi­sex­ual or ho­mo­sex­ual ac­tiv­i­ties to oth­ers." The au­thors con­cluded that:
"The high preva­lence of HIV in the black com­mu­nity and the greater like­li­hood of bi­sex­u­al­ity among black men place het­ero­sex­ual black women at risk for HIV in­fec­tion. How­ever, the con­tri­bu­tion of high-risk het­ero­sex­ual black men to the ris­ing HIV case­load among black women has been largely ig­nored. Fu­ture re­search must eval­u­ate the rel­a­tive con­tri­bu­tions of bi­sex­ual men and ex­clu­sively het­ero­sex­ual black men to HIV cases among black women."[28]
Ad­di­tion­ally, a qual­i­ta­tive study, pub­lished in the Med­ical An­thro­po­log­i­cal Quar­terly, con­cluded that:
"... covert and un­pro­tected sex among bi­sex­u­ally ac­tive black men was com­mon­place for rea­sons that in­cluded pros­ti­tu­tion, ha­bit­u­a­tion to same-sex re­la­tions dur­ing in­car­cer­a­tion, and the de­sire to main­tain a fa­cade of het­ero­sex­u­al­ity in ho­mo­pho­bic com­mu­ni­ties. It was con­cluded that bi­sex­ual ac­tiv­ity is highly cor­re­lated with se­crecy and un­pro­tected sex. The risks of bi­sex­u­al­ity among black men are ex­ac­er­bated by in­car­cer­a­tion, ho­mo­pho­bia, drug use, and the prison and pub­lic health focus on sur­veil­lance rather than prevention."[29]
In No­body Is Sup­posed to Know: Black Sex­u­al­ity on the Down Low (2014), scholar C. Riley Snor­ton con­tends that black sex­u­al­ity op­er­ates within the glass closet, a space "marked by hy­per­vis­i­bil­ity and con­fine­ment, spec­ta­cle, and speculation."[30] Down-low men have been sub­jected to de­mo­niza­tion and crim­i­nal­iza­tion by the media, health of­fi­cials, as well as the gen­eral pub­lic, es­pe­cially dur­ing the early to mid-2000s. This type of hy­per­vis­i­bil­ity re­in­forces the con­fin­ing space of the glass closet, and con­tin­ues to po­si­tion black men as sub­jects of reg­u­la­tion and sur­veil­lance. There­fore black mas­culin­ity is per­ceived as "dan­ger­ous, prone to trick­ery, promis­cu­ous, and con­t­a­m­i­nated while also fram­ing white mas­culin­ity and sex­u­al­ity as less sus­cep­ti­ble to such problems."[31] The glass closet rep­re­sents the im­mo­bil­ity of black bod­ies and sex­u­al­ity. Down-low men are racial­ized, sex­u­al­ized, gen­dered, and classed.
The (meta)physics of the glass closet are like the phys­i­cal prop­er­ties of glass, some­times liq­uid and some­times solid, lo­cated in the slip­pages of cat­e­go­riza­tion. If we un­der­stand the closet as a racial­ized metaphor, then we must fully con­sider what it means when black bod­ies enter the il­lu­mi­nat­ing space of the closet. It re­sem­bles the phe­nom­e­non of peer­ing into a lit win­dow at night—the con­tents in­side cap­tured by the glass frame.[32]
De­spite the hy­per­vis­i­bil­ity of the glass closet, there is still po­ten­tial for the per­for­ma­tive tac­tic which Snor­ton calls "ig­no­rance". This ig­no­rance "re­lies on the sub­ver­sion of knowl­edge and a deft ma­nip­u­la­tion of spectacle."[33] Thus, the glass closet can also func­tion as a space of will­ful in­vis­i­bil­ity for down-low black men.
^ Green, Jonathon (2006). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang. Sterling Publishing. p. 893. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1. Retrieved 2008-03-19. down low n. [1990s+] (US Black) a state of secrecy. down low adj. [1990s+] (US Black) covert, secret (i.e. keeping a low profile)
^ a b King, J.L.; Courtney Carreras (April 25, 2006). "Coming Up from the Down Low: The Journey to Acceptance, Healing and Honest Love". Three Rivers Press. p. 36. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
^ a b Johnson, Jason (1 May 2005). "Secret gay encounters of black men could be raising women's infection rate". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
^ Mutua, Athena (September 28, 2006). Progressive Black Masculinities. Routledge. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-415-97687-9. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
^ a b Bennett, Jessica (May 19, 2008). "Outing Hip-Hop". Newsweek. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
^ Wolitski, Richard J.; Jones, Kenneth T.; Wasserman, Jill L.; Smith, Jennifer C. (12 May 2006). "Self-Identification as 'Down Low' Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) from 12 US Cities". AIDS and Behavior. 10 (5): 519–529. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9095-5. PMID 16691462. S2CID 36992684.
^ Fields, Errol Lamont (2009). Racial identity, masculinity and homosexuality in the lives of young Black men who have sex with men: Implications for HIV risk (Thesis). p. 203. ProQuest 304913731.
^ "CDC > African American > Resoucers > Q&A: Men on the Down Low". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ Heath, Jessie; Kathy Goggin (January 2009). "Attitudes Towards Male Homosexuality, Bisexuality, and the Down Low Lifestyle: Demographic Differences and HIV Implications". Journal of Bisexuality. 9 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1080/15299710802659997. S2CID 143995029.
^ a b c Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (August 3, 2003). "Double Lives On The Down Low". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
^ Wright, Kaimeans (June 5, 2001). "The Great Down-Low Debate: A New Black Sexual Identity May Be an Incubator for AIDS". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
^ "Sex, lies and the "down low"". Salon.com. August 16, 2004. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
^ a b c Boykin, Keith (2006). Beyond the Down Low: Sex, Lies, and Denial in Black America. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7867-1704-0. Retrieved 2008-03-12. down-low all races.
^ Fiske, John (1993). Power Plays, Power Works. Verso. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-86091-616-1. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
^ a b c d Boykin, Keith (2006). Beyond the Down Low: Sex, Lies, and Denial in Black Ame
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