Double Throat Penetration

Double Throat Penetration
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A weld with a poor reentrant angle on the bottom toe. This weld also exhibits solidification cracking aided by the weld nugget being deeper than it is wide.

Using a double-sided joint configuration — such as a double v groove as opposed to a single v groove — can significantly reduce the amount of time and filler metal required to complete a weld, especially on thicker material. However, these joint configurations do require welding from both sides, which may not be possible, practical or cost-effective in all applications.

Left: Single-V groove with 60° included angle. Cross-sectional area = 1.49 in 2 Middle: Single-V groove with 45° included angle. Cross-sectional area = 1.12 in 2 (24% reduction) Right: Double-V groove with 60° included angle. Cross-sectional area = 0.84 in 2 (43% reduction)
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Home > News > The Groove Weld: A Lesson in Weld Anatomy and Geometry
The anatomy of a weld is the structure of the weld itself, described in terms of weld legs, toes, throat and face. Each part not only contributes to the integrity of the weld, but also has an impact on other factors in the welding operation.
Joint geometry is similar but refers to the dimensions of the weld joint itself, as opposed to the completed weld. When describing the weld joint geometry of a groove weld, for example, it is done so in terms of joint type, included angle, depth of preparation, root face and root opening.
So why is it important to care about weld anatomy and joint geometry?
Both can impact costs. Welds that are designed and/or welded to be larger than they need to be (overwelded) can be a significant waste of time and money, particularly as material thickness increases. Both can impact quality. Welds with improper dimensions may have inconsistent quality or increased crack sensitivity. There are many different ways to design welds to strike the best balance between weld quality and productivity.
Understand weld anatomy to optimize costs A larger weld joint cross-sectional area equates to greater weld volume and weight. A larger weld cross-sectional area requires an increase in filler metal consumption , resulting in higher weld costs. More important to the bottom line, a weld with a larger cross-sectional area takes longer to complete. While filler metal is roughly 10 to 15% of weld cost, labor and overhead is significantly greater, accounting for approximately 85% of the total cost.
The size of the fillet weld is determined by the length of the fillet weld legs, but an increase in leg size does not lead to a 1:1 linear increase in cross-sectional area. Instead, the relationship between leg size and cross-sectional area is parabolic. What this means is that the effects of overwelding may seem insignificant when leg sizes are very small but can cause a significant contribution to weld cost as leg size increases.
Using a double-sided joint configuration — such as a double v groove as opposed to a single v groove — can significantly reduce the amount of time and filler metal required to complete a weld, especially on thicker material. However, these joint configurations do require welding from both sides, which may not be possible, practical or cost-effective in all applications.
Selection of bevel/included angle also has significant influence on weld cross-sectional area, cost and quality. For many joint designs, bevel angle and included angle are not interchangeable terms. Bevel angle is the angle at which a single plate is prepared, while included angle is the total angle formed by the preparation of both plates. For a single-bevel groove weld, the bevel angle is equal to the included angle, but for a single-v groove weld, this is not the case. If both plates were beveled at 30-degree angles, the included angle would be 60 degrees.
Be aware that larger bevel/included angles equate to higher weld cross-sectional area, weight and cost, so it is advantageous to keep them as small as practical, ensuring that weld quality can be maintained consistently.
The included angle selected should allow for obtaining good fusion throughout, depending on the welding process and parameters chosen. Be aware, however, that further increasing bevel/included angle beyond this point provides virtually no increase in component strength despite the increase in cross-sectional area. In many cases, increasing bevel/included angle can result in increased distortion and/or residual stress. Included angles that are too narrow will make consistently achieving good fusion throughout the cross-section difficult. Excessive dilution can also result from an excessively small included angle, which can lead to crack sensitivity when welding certain alloys, such as 6xxx series aluminum alloys. Determining the optimal included angle requires striking a balance between ease of welding and welding economics.
The strength of a fillet weld is determined by the effective throat size, which is different than the theoretical throat. The theoretical throat is the distance from where the two plates come together [the theoretical root] to where the face of a flat fillet weld would be. The effective throat is defined as “the minimum distance from the fillet weld face, minus any convexity, and the [actual] weld root.” [1] This definition reinforces that convex welds are wasteful and should be avoided, as the additional weld material does nothing to help improve weld strength. Conversely, it is often critical to avoid concave welds, since these welds have smaller effective throats; these concave welds will not be as strong as the design intends.
For fillet welds with a flat contour, the effective throat tends to be larger than the theoretical root due to the penetration of the welding process used. Welding processes providing deep penetration may achieve the intended weld strength with smaller weld leg sizes due to the effective throat being the same as a weld having less penetration into the weld root.
It’s important to consider aspect ratio in order to help prevent solidification cracking. Aspect ratio, similar to that of a TV or computer screen, is a comparison between depth and width of a weld pass. A weld pass that’s deeper than it is wide increases the risk for solidification cracking, also known as hot cracking. A weld pass that is twice as deep as it is wide is particularly susceptible.
It’s also important to consider the reentrant angle when attempting to maximize the fatigue life of welded components. A high reentrant angle does not transmit stress through the weld as effectively as one with a lower reentrant angle. As a result, the shape of the weld toes can influence the weld’s fatigue life. The most cost-effective way to improve fatigue life is to adjust work and travel angles, welding parameters and technique to produce a weld with the optimal contour the first time.
Remember, like any aspect of the welding operation, understanding weld anatomy and joint geometry can be helpful in maintaining appropriate weld quality, productivity and profitability.
Additional information: standard vs. nonstandard terms There is a lot of terminology, both standard and nonstandard, that can describe weld anatomy and weld joint geometry. It’s important to be familiar with both sets of terms in order to communicate about a weld more effectively and prevent misunderstandings.
The American Welding Society (AWS) “A3.0M/A3.0: Standard Welding Terms and Definitions” book includes a collection of over 1,400 standard and nonstandard terms. Standard terms are preferred by the AWS over nonstandard terms, although the latter are not necessarily incorrect. In some cases, nonstandard terms are the most common in industry, but it’s important to be familiar with both to maintain effective communication with whomever you may come across. For example, root opening is a standard term and gap is a nonstandard term, but both mean the same thing.
Common weld joint designs are best described with letters.
Standard terms: “V,” “U,” and “J” weld joints.
Nonstandard terms: “K,” weld joint (a double-bevel groove weld) and “X” (a double-v groove weld).
Being familiar with weld symbols can be an effective method of communicating (beyond standard or nonstandard terms) the desired geometry of the completed weld and its preparation. Weld symbols can be found in “AWS 2.4: Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination.”
[1] American Welding Society, A3.0M/A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions 12 th Ed. (Miami, FL: AWS, 2010)
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by Korin Miller Published: Mar 27, 2015
This content is imported from Giphy. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site.
This content is imported from Giphy. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site.
This content is imported from Giphy. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site.
This content is imported from Giphy. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site.
Korin Miller is a freelance writer specializing in general wellness, sexual health and relationships, and lifestyle trends, with work appearing in Men’s Health, Women’s Health, Self, Glamour, and more. She has a master’s degree from American University, lives by the beach, and hopes to own a teacup pig and taco truck one day.
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At least now you know you're not the only one who checks his e-mail when he's not around.
I have a confession to make: When my husband Chris is out of town, I tend to act a little...differently.
I'll wait hours to shower after going for a run, lounge around the house in my grody workout gear, and eat ice cream straight from the tub. I also always go to bed in my comfiest and most unsexy pajamas (a onesie with a butt flap, thank you very much).
I spend so much time bringing my A-game when he's around that it feels a- freaking -mazing to do the complete opposite when I'm left to my own devices.
Of course, one time he came home early and caught me in the act. I was standing in the kitchen, eating ice cream with a fork, while working my holey, '80s-cut running underwear, a sports bra, and greasy hair. It was heaven...until he walked in.
While I was mortified, it still hasn't stopped me from doing the same thing every time he's out of town. And I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who has little habits that I keep from my other half. Just to be positive (because I really, really don’t want to give up my onesie), I took a survey of my married girlfriends. Here's what I discovered (the names have been changed to protect the not-so-innocent):
"My husband never logs out of his e-mail when he's done and sometimes even leaves it up on our computer. So of course I'm going to look at it. I've never found anything even remotely off, but that doesn't stop me from looking around his inbox and sent folder every once in a while." — Sarah
"Sometimes, I'll check out my husband on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter and spend time looking at what he posted. It's kind of weird, but I guess I'm just curious to see what he's talking about and who he's talking with when he's not with me." — Katie
"I've never farted in front of my husband—at least that I'll admit—but sometimes I have a gas problem, especially when I order this one dish I love from a Mexican takeout place near my house that's loaded with onions. I only order it when my husband isn't going to be around for 24 hours so I can fart in peace." — Laney
"Every once in a while, I'll look at my husband's texts. I'm paranoid he has one of those apps that tell you when someone's been on your phone—but apparently not paranoid enough." — Amy
"My husband is big on recapping his workday in detail when he gets home. It's so boring, so I usually tune him out. I discovered that I can say the right things at the right time by reading his facial expressions. If he looks upset, I'll just say something like, 'I'm sorry,' when he stops talking. He thinks I was listening the whole time." — Erin
Here are a few other things many married women do but would never own up to:
Throw out your husband’s ratty Homer Simpson boxers when he’s not around and then pretend to help look for them when he starts panicking about not being able to find them.
Watch the next episode of The Walking Dead without your man, but pretend to be shocked at the twists and turns when you watch again with him.
“Forget” to unload the dishwasher, take out the trash, or make the bed, so he has to do it.
Polish off the leftovers from the night before and then play dumb about their whereabouts.
Talk for ages about how “stressed” and “overwhelmed” you are, so he volunte
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