Don Quijote
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Don Quijote
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Alternate titles: “El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha”
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What are some notable adaptations of Don Quixote ?
Why is Don Quixote considered a prototype of the modern novel?
Don Quixote (left) and Sancho Panza, bronze statues in Madrid.
First edition of volume one of Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote (1605).
Don Quixote (right) and his squire, Sancho Panza; illustration from a 19th-century edition of Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes.
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Miguel de Cervantes, engraving by E. Mackenzie after Gregorio Ferro and Fernando Selma; from The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography (1863).
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Don Quixote was originally written as a parody of the chivalric romances that were popular at the time of its publication, in the early 1600s. It realistically describes what happens to an aging knight who has been misled by the romances he has read; the titular Don Quixote sets out on his old horse to seek adventure, along with his squire Sancho Panza .
Don Quixote ’s sidekick is his squire Sancho Panza . Sancho Panza is a short, pot-bellied peasant whose appetite, common sense, and vulgar wit serve as a foil to the idealism of his master. He is notable for his many pertinent proverbs.
Don Quixote dies at the end of Part 2 of the novel. After Don Quixote and Sancho Panza return home to their village of La Mancha, Spain, Don Quixote falls ill, renounces chivalry and foolish fiction, and dies.
Notable adaptations of Don Quixote include an 1869 ballet, the 1965 musical play Man of La Mancha , and a 1972 film version directed by Arthur Hiller and starring Peter O’Toole , Sophia Loren , and James Coco. Another notable film adaptation is The Man Who Killed Don Quixote (2018), a loose retelling of Cervantes’s novel by the director Terry Gilliam .
Don Quixote is considered a prototype of the modern novel in part because its author, Miguel de Cervantes , gave voice to a vibrant assortment of characters with diverse beliefs and perspectives. This inclusion of many differing viewpoints is an early instance of heteroglossia (“multiple voices”), a quality defined by literary critic Mikhail Bakhtin as being essential to the development of the modern novel.
Don Quixote , Spanish in full, Part 1 El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha (“The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha”) and Part 2 Segunda parte del ingenioso caballero don Quijote de la Mancha (“Second Part of the Ingenious Knight Don Quixote of La Mancha”) , novel published in two parts (part 1, 1605, and part 2, 1615) by Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes , one of the most widely read classics of Western literature . Originally conceived as a parody of the chivalric romances that had long been in literary vogue, it describes realistically what befalls an aging knight who, his head bemused by reading such romances, sets out on his old horse Rocinante , with his pragmatic squire, Sancho Panza , to seek adventure. Widely and immediately translated (first English translation 1612), the novel was a great and continuing success and is considered a prototype of the modern novel.
The work opens in a village of La Mancha , Spain , where a country gentleman’s infatuation with books of chivalry leads him to decide to become a knight-errant, and he assumes the name Don Quixote . He finds an antique suit of armour and attaches a visor made of pasteboard to an old helmet. He then declares that his old nag is the noble steed Rocinante. According to Don Quixote, a knight-errant also needs a lady to love, and he selects a peasant girl from a nearby town, christening her Dulcinea del Toboso . Thus accoutred, he heads out to perform deeds of heroism in her name. He arrives at an inn, which he believes is a castle , and insists that the innkeeper knight him. After being told that he must carry money and extra clothes, Don Quixote decides to go home. On his way, he picks a fight with a group of merchants, and they beat him. When he recovers, he persuades the peasant Sancho Panza to act as his squire with the promise that Sancho will one day get an island to rule.
Don Quixote and Sancho, mounted on a donkey, set out. In their first adventure, Don Quixote mistakes a field of windmills for giants and attempts to fight them but finally concludes that a magician must have turned the giants into windmills. He later attacks a group of monks, thinking that they have imprisoned a princess, and also does battle with a herd of sheep, among other adventures, almost all of which end with Don Quixote, Sancho, or both being beaten. Eventually, Don Quixote acquires a metal washbasin from a barber, which he believes is a helmet once worn by a famous knight, and he later frees a group of convicted criminals.
Don Quixote subsequently encounters Cardenio, who lives like a wild man in the woods because he believes that Luscinda, the woman he loves, betrayed him. Don Quixote decides to emulate him to prove his great love for Dulcinea, and he sends Sancho to deliver a letter to her. When Sancho stops at an inn, he finds two of Don Quixote’s old friends, a priest and a barber, looking for him. They decide that one of them should pose as a damsel in distress to try to lure Don Quixote home. En route, they come across a young woman, Dorotea, who was betrayed by Don Fernando, who married Luscinda. Dorotea agrees to pretend to be a princess whose kingdom has been seized by a giant, and Don Quixote is persuaded to help her. They stop at the inn, where Don Fernando and Luscinda soon arrive. Luscinda is reunited with Cardenio, and Don Fernando promises to marry Dorotea. Later, the priest and the barber put Don Quixote in a wooden cage and persuade him that he is under an enchantment that will take him to Dulcinea. Eventually, they return him home.
Part 2 begins a month after the end of part 1, but many of the characters have already read that book and so know about Don Quixote. He becomes convinced that Dulcinea is under an enchantment that has turned her into an ordinary peasant girl. Don Quixote and Sancho meet a duke and duchess who are prone to pranks. In one such ruse, they persuade the two men that Sancho must give himself 3,300 lashes to break the curse on Dulcinea. The duke later makes Sancho the governor of a town that he tells Sancho is the isle of Barataria. There Sancho is presented with various disputes, and he shows wisdom in his decisions. However, after a week in office and being subjected to other pranks, he decides to give up the governorship. In the meantime, the duke and duchess play other tricks on Don Quixote.
Eventually, Don Quixote and Sancho leave. After learning that a false sequel to the book about him says that he traveled to Zaragoza , Don Quixote decides to avoid that city and go instead to Barcelona . Following various adventures there, Don Quixote is challenged by the Knight of the White Moon (a student from La Mancha in disguise), and he is defeated. According to the terms of the battle, Don Quixote is required to return home. Along the way, Sancho pretends to administer the required lashings to himself, and they meet a character from the false sequel. After they arrive home, Don Quixote falls ill, renounces chivalry as foolish fiction, and dies.
Cervantes’s strikingly modern narrative gives voice to a dazzling assortment of characters with diverse beliefs and perspectives, and it exhibits nuanced irony , a humanistic outlook, and a pronounced comic edge. The popularity of the first volume led to the publication in 1614 of a spurious sequel by someone calling himself Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda , a circumstance that Cervantes addressed in his own second volume.
In addition to spawning countless works of critical discussion, Don Quixote inspired artists in every medium. Notable adaptations included a classic 1869 ballet; the 1965 musical play Man of La Mancha , which first opened on Broadway in 1968; and a 1972 film version directed by Arthur Hiller and starring Peter O’Toole , Sophia Loren , and James Coco. Another notable film adaptation was The Man Who Killed Don Quixote (2018), a loose retelling of Cervantes’s novel by the director Terry Gilliam , whose attempts to make the film over the course of nearly three decades were beset by various complications, delays, and cancellations, turning Gilliam into a quixotic figure himself, as detailed in the documentary Lost in La Mancha (2002).
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De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
«Quijote» y «Don Quijote» redirigen aquí. Para otras acepciones, véanse Quijote (desambiguación) y Don Quijote (desambiguación) .
En efecto, rematado ya su juicio, vino a dar en el más extraño pensamiento que jamás dio loco en el mundo, y fue que le pareció convenible y necesario, así para el aumento de su honra como para el servicio de su república, hacerse caballero andante...(cap 1)
En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme, no ha mucho tiempo que vivía un hidalgo de los de lanza en astillero, adarga antigua, rocín flaco y galgo corredor.
El zar, partiendo hacia Dunkerque, al ver un montón de molinos se rió y dijo a Pavel Yaguzinski: «Si estuviera aquí don Quijote, tendría mucho trabajo».
Vosotros, indolentes flemáticos, que no vivís, sino que dormís y lloráis de ganas de bostezar, sin duda nunca soñasteis así en vuestra infancia. Y vosotros tampoco, egoístas juiciosos, que no os encariñáis con los hombres, sino que os agarráis a ellos por prudencia mientras esta relación sea útil para vosotros, y, sin duda, apartáis la mano si los hombres se convierten en un obstáculo.
En todo el mundo no hay obra de ficción más profunda y fuerte que esa. Hasta ahora representa la suprema y máxima expresión del pensamiento humano, la más amarga ironía que pueda formular el hombre y, si se acabase el mundo y alguien preguntase a los hombres: «Veamos, ¿qué habéis sacado en limpio de vuestra vida y qué conclusión definitiva habéis deducido de ella?», podrían los hombres mostrar en silencio el Quijote y decir luego: «Esta es mi conclusión sobre la vida y... ¿podríais condenarme por ella?»
¡Ah, Sancho!, el daño causado por su acero es insignificante. Tampoco me desfiguró el alma con sus golpes. Pero me da miedo pensar que me curó el alma y, al curarla, le retiró sin cambiarme por otro. ¡Me quitó la dádiva más preciosa de cuantas está dotado el hombre, me quitó la libertad! Sancho, el mundo está lleno de mal, pero lo peor de todo es el cautiverio! ¡Él me encadenó, Sancho! Mira: el sol está cortado por la mitad, la tierra sube y sube y lo devora. ¡La tierra se aproxima al cautivo!. ¡Me absorberá, Sancho!
↑ En la editio princeps (primera edición) de la novela, publicada a principios de 1605, el título que aparece en la portada es EL INGENIOSO HIDALGO DON QVIXOTE DE LA MANCHA . En cuanto a los aspectos ortográficos, la grafía V era la habitual en la época para representar en letra mayúscula al fonema vocálico /u/; en cuanto a la X, representaría en este caso, muy probablemente, el fonema fricativo alveolar /ʃ/ (pronunciado como la sh inglesa), algo que seguiría haciendo (al lado de las grafías «j» e «i») tanto en letra mayúscula como en minúscula, hasta el siglo xviii . En cuanto al título original, se ha postulado que fuera El ingenioso hidalgo de la Mancha , según aparece en la «tasa» y el «privilegio real» de los preliminares de la primera parte de 1605, aunque no se ha podido discernir si esta formulación responde a la intención de Cervantes o a un descuido al tramitar la publicación de la novela, es una abreviación de El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha o procede de un error administrativo. Cfr. nota 2 de la tasa en la ed. de F. Rico publicada por el CVC.
↑ Título original: Segunda parte del ingenioso cavallero Don Qvixote de la Mancha .
↑ Pérez de Antón, Francisco (miembro de número de la Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua, corresponsal de la Real Academia Española) (diciembre de 2004). «La lección moral de Cervantes» . Archivado desde el original el 13 de octubre de 2017 . Consultado el 10 de diciembre de 2014 .
↑ «The most popular books of all time» . Lovereading.co.uk (en inglés) . agosto de 2014 . Consultado el 28 de enero de 2016 .
↑ «Primera parte del ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha» . IES Adaja . Archivado desde el original el 22 de diciembre de 2015 . Consultado el 26 de enero de 2016 .
↑ (en inglés) «The top 100 books of all time.» The Guardian . Consultado el 14 de enero de 2013.
↑ Saltar a: a b Rico, 1998 , p. cxcv.
↑ Rico, 1998 , p. cxcii.
↑ Rico, 1998 , p. cxciii.
↑ Rico, 1998 , pp. cxcii-cxciii.
↑ Rico, 1998 , p. cxciv.
↑ Rico, 1998 , p. cxcvi.
↑ Stagg, 1959 , pp. 347-366.
↑ Casasayas, 1995 .
↑ Stagg, 2002 , pp. 129-150.
↑ Véase, por ejemplo, Graf (2007, capítulo 2) , o su ensayo "Cómo leer a Don Quijote como un gran libro sobre el alma y la política"
↑ Ortés, Federico. «Don Quijote Liberado.» . Archivado desde el original el 12 de agosto de 2015.
↑ Probable fuente de inspiración para Cervantes, de este ingenioso recurso literario (en Wikisource).
↑ Calvo López, Mariano (1992). «El Alcaná (génesis de El Quijote). Ruta de Cervantes, en Rutas literarias de Toledo . Toledo: Cuarto Centenario, pp. 110. ISBN 978-84-940811-2-5 . . Miguel de Cervantes -narrador dice haber hallado el manuscrito de Cide Hamete Benengeli donde se relata la historia de Don Quijote: “Estando yo un dia en el Alcaná de Toledo , llegó un muchacho a vender unos cartapacios y papeles viejos de sedero; […] tomé un cartapacio de los que
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