Dominate The Three Exclusive Worlds

Dominate The Three Exclusive Worlds

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Approach emphasizing the world-system as the primary unit of social analysis
Block C & with dashed lines indicates colonies of Block C countries

^ Snyder, David; Kick, Edward L. (1979-03-01). "Structural Position in the World System and Economic Growth, 1955-1970: A Multiple-Network Analysis of Transnational Interactions" . American Journal of Sociology . 84 (5): 1096–1126. doi : 10.1086/226902 . ISSN 0002-9602 . S2CID 144895613 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Immanuel Wallerstein, (2004), "World-systems Analysis." In World System History , ed. George Modelski, in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Barfield, Thomas, ed. (1998). The dictionary of anthropology . Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 498–499. ISBN 1-57718-057-7 . Archived from the original on 2021-07-26 . Retrieved 2016-03-15 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Frank Lechner, Globalization theories: World-System Theory Archived 2013-04-29 at the Wayback Machine , 2001

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice (2004). World-systems analysis: An introduction . Duke University Press. pp. 23 –24.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Flint, C.; Taylor, P. J. (2018). Political Geography: world-economy, nation-state, and locality (7 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781138058262 .

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974). The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Paul Halsall Modern History Sourcebook: Summary of Wallerstein on World System Theory Archived 2007-10-26 at the Wayback Machine , August 1997

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel (1992). "The West, Capitalism, and the Modern World-System", Review 15 (4), 561-619; also Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I, chapter one; Moore, Jason W. (2003) " The Modern World-System as Environmental History? Archived 2014-07-22 at the Wayback Machine Ecology and the rise of Capitalism," Theory & Society 32(3), 307–377.

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2004. The Uncertainties of Knowledge . Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

^ So, Alvin Y. (1990). Social Change and Development: Modernization, Dependency, and World-Systems Theory . Newbury Park, London and New Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 169–199.

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2004. 2004a. "World-Systems Analysis." In World System History: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems , edited by George Modelski. Oxford: UNESCO/EOLSS Publishers, http://www.eolss.net Archived 2010-08-24 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Wallerstein, The Uncertainties of Knowledge , p. 62.

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1991. "Beyond Annales," Radical History Review , no. 49, p. 14.

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1995. "What Are We Bounding, and Whom, When We Bound Social Research?" Social Research 62(4):839–856.

^ Moore, Jason W. 2011. 2011. "Ecology, Capital, and the Nature of Our Times: Accumulation & Crisis in the Capitalist World-Ecology," Journal of World-Systems Analysis 17(1), 108-147, "Essays" . Archived from the original on 2011-05-10 . Retrieved 2011-02-11 . .

^ Carlos A. Martínez-Vela, World Systems Theory Archived 2009-07-11 at the Wayback Machine , paper prepared for the Research Seminar in Engineering Systems Archived 2018-06-19 at the Wayback Machine , November 2003

^ Kondratieff Waves in the World System Perspective. Kondratieff Waves. Dimensions and Perspectives at the Dawn of the 21st Century Archived 2014-04-29 at the Wayback Machine / Ed. by Leonid E. Grinin, Tessaleno C. Devezas, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Volgograd: Uchitel, 2012. P. 23–64.

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel (1983). Historical Capitalism. London: Verso.

^ Hopkins, Terence K. , and Immanuel Wallerstein, coordinators (1996). The Age of Transition . London: Zed Books.

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel (1989). The Modern World-System III. San Diego: Academic Press

^ Cardoso, F. H. (1979). Development under Fire. Mexico D.F.: Instituto Latinoamericano de Estudios Transnacionales, DEE/D/24 i, Mayo (Mexico 20 D.F., Apartado 85 - 025). Cited after Arno Tausch, Almas Heshmati, Re-Orient? MNC Penetration and Contemporary Shifts in the Global Political Economy Archived 2018-11-03 at the Wayback Machine , September 2009, IZA Discussion Paper No. 4393

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel (Sep 1974). "Wallerstein. 1974. "The Rise and Future Demise of the World-Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis" (PDF) . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 16 (4): 390. doi : 10.1017/S0010417500007520 . S2CID 144170935 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-04-17 . Retrieved 2014-06-23 . Cited after [1] Archived 2013-04-29 at the Wayback Machine

^ Immanuel Wallerstein (1974) The Modern World-System , New York, Academic Press, pp. 347-57.

^ Jump up to: a b c Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice. "The Modern World System as a Capitalist World-Economy." World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham: Duke UP, 2004. 23-30. Print.

^ Gowan, Peter (26 August 2004). "Contemporary Intra-Core Relations and World Systems Theory" . Journal of World-Systems Research . 10 (2): 471–500. doi : 10.5195/jwsr.2004.291 .

^ Chase-Dunn, C. (2001). World-Systems Theorizing. Handbook of Sociological Theory. https://irows.ucr.edu/cd/theory/wst1.htm Archived 2020-09-27 at the Wayback Machine

^ Balkiliç, Özgür (27 September 2018). "Historicisizing World System Theory: Labor, Sugar, and Coffee in Caribbean and in Chiapas" . Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences . 17 (4): 1298–1310. doi : 10.21547/jss.380759 .

^ Hochstetler, Kathryn Ann (2012). "The G-77, BASIC, and global climate governance: a new era in multilateral environmental negotiations" . Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional . 55 (spe): 53–69. doi : 10.1590/S0034-73292012000300004 .

^ Roberts, J. Timmons; Grimes, Peter E.; Manale, Jodie L. (26 August 2003). "Social Roots of Global Environmental Change: A World-Systems Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emissions" . Journal of World-Systems Research . 9 (2): 277–315. doi : 10.5195/jwsr.2003.238 .

^ Fox, A., Feng, W., & Asal, V. (2019). What is driving global obesity trends? Globalization or “modernization”? Globalization & Health, 15(1), N.PAG.

^ Cartwright, Madison. (2018). Rethinking World Systems Theory and Hegemony: Towards a Marxist-Realist Synthesis. https://www.e-ir.info/2018/10/18/rethinking-world-systems-theory-and-hegemony-towards-a-marxist-realist-synthesis/ Archived 2020-02-23 at the Wayback Machine

^ Martínez-Vela, Carlos A. (2001). World Systems Theory. https://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/notebook/WorldSystem.pdf Archived 2020-02-27 at the Wayback Machine

^ Thompson, K. (2015). World Systems Theory. https://revisesociology.com/2015/12/05/world-systems-theory/ Archived 2020-02-23 at the Wayback Machine

^ Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press, 1976, pp. 229-233. https://www.csub.edu/~gsantos/WORLDSYS.HTML Archived 2020-02-23 at the Wayback Machine

^ Jump up to: a b c Chirot, Daniel. 1986. Social Change in the Modern Era. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

^ Jump up to: a b Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1980. The Modern World System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750. New York: Academic Press.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kennedy, Paul. 1987. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000. New York: Random House.

^ Jump up to: a b Chirot, Daniel. 1977. Social Change in the Twentieth Century. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

^ Morales Ruvalcaba, Daniel Efrén (11 September 2013). "INSIDE THE BRIC: ANALYSIS OF THE SEMIPERIPHERAL NATURE OF BRAZIL, RUSSIA, INDIA AND CHINA" . Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations (in Spanish). 2 (4). ISSN 2238-6912 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2020 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 .

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel (December 1984). The Politics of the World-Economy: The States, the Movements and the Civilizations (Studies in Modern Capitalism) (First ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–179. ISBN 9780521277600 .

^ Wallerstein. The Politics of the World-Economy . p. 30.

^ Wallerstein. The Politics of the World-Economy . pp. 30–31.

^ Wallerstein. The Politics of the World-Economy . pp. 33–34.

^ Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the 16th Century. New York: Academic Press.

^ Jump up to: a b c Robinson, William I. (2011-11-01). "Globalization and the sociology of Immanuel Wallerstein: A critical appraisal" . International Sociology . 26 (6): 723–745. doi : 10.1177/0268580910393372 . ISSN 0268-5809 . S2CID 5904746 . Archived from the original on 2020-10-28 . Retrieved 2020-09-08 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Jan Nederveen Pieterse, A Critique of World System Theory, in International Sociology, Volume 3, Issue no. 3, 1988.

^ "Quijano, 2000, Nepantla, Coloniality of power, eurocentrism and Latin America" (PDF) . unc.edu . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-12 . Retrieved 2016-11-16 .

^ Ramon Grosfogel, "the epistemic decolonial turn", 2007

^ "M. Lugones, coloniality of gender, 2008" (PDF) . duke.edu . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-09 . Retrieved 2016-11-16 .

^ Abu-Lugod, Janet (1989), "Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350"

^ André Gunder Frank, Barry K. Gills, The world system: five hundred years or five thousand?, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-15089-2 , Google Print, p.3 Archived 2014-04-29 at the Wayback Machine

^ Korotayev A. A Compact Macromodel of World System Evolution // Journal of World-Systems Research 11 (2005): 79–93 Archived 2009-07-06 at the Wayback Machine ; Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. (2006). Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth Archived 2019-07-09 at the Wayback Machine . Moscow: KomKniga. ISBN 5-484-00414-4 ; Korotayev A. The World System urbanization dynamics Archived 2021-07-26 at the Wayback Machine . History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies . Edited by Peter Turchin , Leonid Grinin , Andrey Korotayev, and Victor C. de Munck. Moscow: KomKniga, 2006. ISBN 5-484-01002-0 . P. 44-62. For a detailed mathematical analysis of the issue, see A Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth Archived 2019-02-17 at the Wayback Machine .

Wikimedia Commons has media related to World-systems theory .
World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the world-systems perspective ) [2] is a multidisciplinary approach to world history and social change which emphasizes the world-system (and not nation states ) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis . [2]

"World-system" refers to the inter-regional and transnational division of labor , which divides the world into core countries , semi-periphery countries , and the periphery countries . [3] Core countries focus on higher-skill, capital -intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials . [4] This constantly reinforces the dominance of the core countries. [4] Nonetheless, the system has dynamic characteristics, in part as a result of revolutions in transport technology, and individual states can gain or lose their core (semi-periphery, periphery) status over time. [4] This structure is unified by the division of labour. It is a world-economy rooted in a capitalist economy. [5] For a time, certain countries become the world hegemon ; during the last few centuries, as the world-system has extended geographically and intensified economically, this status has passed from the Netherlands , to the United Kingdom and (most recently) to the United States . [4]

Components of the world-systems analysis are longue durée by Fernand Braudel , "development of underdevelopment" by Gunder Frank, and the single-society assumption. [6] Longue durée is the concept of the gradual change through the day-to-day activities by which social systems are continually reproduced. [6] "Development of underdevelopment" described that the economic processes in the periphery are the opposite of the development in the core . Poorer countries are impoverished to enable a few countries to get richer. [6] Lastly, the single-society assumption opposes the multiple-society assumption and includes looking at the world as a whole. [6]

World-systems theory has been examined by many political theorists and sociologists to explain the reasons for the rise and fall of states, income inequality , social unrest , and imperialism .

Immanuel Wallerstein has developed the best-known version of world-systems analysis, beginning in the 1970s. [7] [8] Wallerstein traces the rise of the capitalist world-economy from the "long" 16th century (c. 1450–1640). The rise of capitalism, in his view, was an accidental outcome of the protracted crisis of feudalism (c. 1290–1450). [9] Europe ( the West ) used its advantages and gained control over most of the world economy and presided over the development and spread of industrialization and capitalist economy, indirectly resulting in unequal development . [3] [4] [8]

Though other commentators refer to Wallerstein's project as world-systems "theory", he consistently rejects that term. [10] For Wallerstein, world-systems analysis is a mode of analysis that aims to transcend the structures of knowledge inherited from the 19th century, especially the definition of capitalism, the divisions within the social sciences, and those between the social sciences and history. [11] For Wallerstein, then, world-systems analysis is a "knowledge movement" [12] that seeks to discern the "totality of what has been paraded under the labels of the... human sciences and indeed well beyond". [13] "We must invent a new language," Wallerstein insists, to transcend the illusions of the "three supposedly distinctive arenas" of society, economy and politics. [14] The trinitarian structure of knowledge is grounded in another, even grander, modernist architecture, the distinction of biophysical worlds (including those within bodies) from social ones: "One question, therefore, is whether we will be able to justify something called social science in the twenty-first century as a separate sphere of knowledge." [15] [16] Many other scholars have contributed significant work in this "knowledge movement". [3]

World-systems theory traces emerged in the 1970s. [2] Its roots can be found in sociology , but it has developed into a highly interdisciplinary field. [3]
World-systems theory was aiming to replace modernization theory , which Wallerstein criticised for three reasons: [3]

There are three major predecessors of world-systems theory: the Annales school, the Marxist tradition, and dependency theory. [3] [17] The Annales School tradition (represented most notably by Fernand Braudel ) influenced Wallerstein to focus on long-term processes and geo-ecological regions as units of analysis . Marxism added a stress on social conflict , a focus on the capital accumulation process and competitive class struggles , a focus on a relevant totality, the transitory nature of social forms and a dialectical sense of motion through conflict and contradiction.

World-systems theory was also significantly influenced by dependency theory , a neo-Marxist explanation of development processes.

Other influences on the world-systems theory come from scholars such as Karl Polanyi , Nikolai Kondratiev [18] and Joseph Schumpeter (particularly their research on business cycles and the concepts of three basic modes of economic organization: reciprocal, redistributive, and market modes, which Wallerstein reframed into a discussion of mini systems, world empires, and world economies).

Wallerstein sees the development of the capitalist world economy as detrimental to a large proportion of the world's population. [19] Wallerstein views the period since the 1970s as an "age of transition" that will give way to a future world system (or world systems) whose configuration cannot be determined in advance. [20]

World-systems analysis builds upon but also differs fundamentally from dependency theory . While accepting world inequality, the world market and imperialism as fundamental features of historical capitalism, Wallerstein broke with orthodox dependency theory's central proposition. For Wallerstein, core countries do not exploit poor countries for two basic reasons.

Firstly, core capitalists exploit workers in all zones of the capitalist world economy (not just the periphery) and therefore, the crucial redistribution between core and periphery is surplus value, not "wealth" or "resources" abstractly conceived. Secondly, core states do not exploit poor states, as dependency theory proposes, because capitalism is organised around an inter-regional and transnational division of labor rather than an international division of labour.

During the Industrial Revolution, for example, English capitalists exploited slaves (unfree workers) in the cotton zones of the American South, a peripheral region within a semiperipheral country, United States. [21]

From a largely Weberian perspective, Fernando Henrique Cardoso described the main tenets of dependency theory as follows:

Dependency and world system theory propose that the poverty and backwardness of poor countries are caused by their peripheral position in the international division of labor . Since the capitalist world system evolved, the distinction between the central and the peripheral states has grown and diverged. In recognizing a tripartite pattern in division of labor, world-systems analysis criticized dependency theory with its bimodal system of only cores and peripheries.

The best-known version of the world-systems approach was developed by Immanuel Wallerstein . [8] Wallerstein notes that world-systems analysis calls for a unidisciplinary historical social science and contends that the modern disciplines, pr
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