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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. The main methamphetamine production sites in the EU are located in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Czechia and neighbouring countries see Figure Location of sites related to methamphetamine production in the EU, Overall, nine EU Member States reported the dismantling of methamphetamine laboratories in This included large-scale facilities in Belgium 5 and the Netherlands 32 , sometimes involving suspects from Latin America including Mexicans , pointing to an injection of external expertise in EU-based methamphetamine production. In Czechia, where the laboratories dismantled are on a smaller scale, illicit methamphetamine laboratories were detected in compared with in , around two thirds of which had a production capacity of up to 50 grams. The reduction in the number of laboratories detected in Czechia in is thought to be driven by COVIDrelated shortages of medicines containing pseudoephedrine and other substances necessary for production in some regions. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. In , EU Member States reported 6 seizures of methamphetamine amounting to 3. In , there was a reduction of both individual seizures totalling 6 and the overall quantity seized 2. Interpreting seizure data is complicated by the various sources of methamphetamine that exist, including production in Europe mainly Czechia or Belgium and the Netherlands and importation from abroad. In addition, the collection of seizure data for most drugs was disrupted in due to the COVID pandemic. Among the EU Member States seizing methamphetamine in , Slovakia reported the largest amount including a seizure of 1. Recent seizures also suggest that European countries, particularly Spain, may be used as onward distribution points for methamphetamine produced in Mexico, likely for transport to Asia and Oceania, potentially via other EU Member States. In addition, partial information is available from reports of dismantled laboratories and from open sources. For example, in , over 2. Meanwhile, Turkey witnessed a significant increase in the amount of methamphetamine seized in , reaching almost 4. Most methamphetamine seized in Turkey enters the east of the country via the Iranian border, where smuggling of the drug in liquid form has been noted Turkish National Focal Point, Source: The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. The production of methamphetamine in the Netherlands appears to have increased sharply in recent years, with the number of large-scale production facilities dismantled rising from 5 in to 32 in , according to the Dutch police see Figure Methamphetamine laboratories dismantled in the Netherlands. Source: Dutch National Police. There is evidence indicating that Dutch criminal networks are switching to the production of methamphetamine because profits are higher than for amphetamine and MDMA. The Dutch police reported to the EMCDDA that Mexicans or other Latin Americans were arrested in connection with three methamphetamine production laboratories in , while Mexican involvement is suspected in two other cases that year. In several such laboratories, the production methods are very specific and, according to Dutch law enforcement, the imported methods present new hazards compared with the other illicit synthetic drug laboratories dismantled in the Netherlands see Main production methods used in Europe. In , Mexican and other Latin American cooks were reported to be involved in nine dismantled illicit methamphetamine production facilities. Other Latin American nationals arrested in connection with methamphetamine production in the Netherlands include Colombians and Dominicans Aalbers, ; Cerberus, ; Meuleman, ; Voskuil, ; see video by Politie Landelijke Eenheid. The Dutch-Mexican partnerships are reported to be mutually profitable. The Dutch ensure, under the guidance of the Mexicans, that a suitable production facility is set up, with adequate supplies of drug precursors and other chemicals, hardware and waste disposal, while the Mexicans supply the cooks. The end product is then either shared between the Dutch and Mexican criminal networks or the Mexicans are paid per kilogram of end product. In addition, Dutch and Mexican criminal networks are reported to be collaborating in order to establish methamphetamine smuggling routes from Mexico to Europe. In such cases, methamphetamine made in Mexico is trafficked to European ports, from where it may be moved overland before being distributed to destinations in Asia and Oceania, with some potentially being kept for an expanding European market see Box Operation PONTON. In addition to the implications described above impact on production methods and importation of methamphetamine into the EU , the collaboration may be concerning from other perspectives. Mexican synthetic drug producers are focused on methamphetamine and fentanyl for the US market. Any signals in this direction in Europe must be carefully monitored, and indeed some have already been noted see Box Signals of fentanyl production detected in the Netherlands and Belgium. Despite these recent developments, there is no indication that Mexican cartels are setting up a base in the EU with the intention of competing for control of drug markets. Additional insight into Mexican involvement in methamphetamine production and trafficking in Europe can be gained from the seizures in Europe. In , Spain reported seizing 1. Such cases suggest that European countries may be used as onward distribution points for methamphetamine produced in Mexico. Analysis of darknet markets also provides evidence of connections to Mexican methamphetamine in Europe. Such connections are typically captured in the drug listing, and this can be a direct claim of a link describing Mexican methamphetamine or quality comparisons. References to Mexican methamphetamine began to appear in the second half of and were evident across a number of darknet markets, though particularly prominent on Dream, the dominant market at that time, which hosted about two thirds of all listings where a link could be identified The activity in was greatly reduced 24 , probably due to disruption of the darknet market ecosystem, including the shutdown of Dream in April It remained relatively low in at just over relevant listings, but listings pointing to links were identified in the first six months of An important development has been noted in Afghanistan, where since around methamphetamine production has been increasing, initially as a result of the relocation of some Iranian producers to Afghan territory, perhaps driven by a lack of access to precursors. In Afghanistan, the method used was initially based on the extraction of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine from medicines. However, since , a new method has emerged, with producers using ephedrine extracted from ephedra plants that grow wild in mountainous regions of the country Mansfield and Soderholm, The rapid development of the production of what appears to be a comparatively cheap form of pure methamphetamine in Afghanistan is a cause for concern, particularly as the country is the origin of most of the heroin on the European market. Since , record amounts of methamphetamine believed to be of Afghan origin have been seized along the Balkan and southern trafficking routes for heroin. This includes a large number of seizures made in Iran and Pakistan. Also, seizures have been made as far away as Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Australia. In Australia, chemical profiling of several seizures has confirmed that the methamphetamine was produced from ephedrine obtained from plants which may suggest they originated from Afghanistan or perhaps China. Of concern for Europe, Turkey has seen a large increase in the quantity of methamphetamine seized in recent years, exceeding 4 tonnes in up from 1 tonne in These seizures often involve Iranian nationals operating on the Balkan trafficking route, take place in the Turkish provinces bordering Iran, and sometimes also include heroin. In one incident in December , a seizure of It is unknown whether any of the methamphetamine seized in Turkey was destined for the European market, and without forensic confirmation, the origin remains undetermined. There is, however, a risk that Afghan methamphetamine may in the future be trafficked to the EU using the Balkan and southern routes. Notably, large methamphetamine and heroin seizures have also been reported along the southern route, particularly in operations undertaken by the Combined Maritime Force CMF around the Arabian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. By the beginning of December , the CMF had already seized more methamphetamine in these areas 4 kilograms than in any previous year CMF, The developments in Afghan methamphetamine production are particularly threatening for the EU given the transnational nature of the Afghan drugs trade and its potential impact on transit and destination countries EMCDDA, b. Should traffickers along the Balkan and southern routes seek to move Afghan methamphetamine into Europe, either for consumption or in transit to other global markets, this may lead to tensions or collaboration with European drug producers and distribution networks. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. On this page. Last update: 6 May Methamphetamine production facilities dismantled in the EU The main methamphetamine production sites in the EU are located in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Czechia and neighbouring countries see Figure Location of sites related to methamphetamine production in the EU, Location of sites related to methamphetamine production in the EU,

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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. People who inject drugs are at risk of contracting infections through the sharing of drug use paraphernalia. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of drug-related infectious diseases in Europe, including key data on infections with HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. New psychoactive substances. Other drugs. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. People who inject drugs are at risk of contracting infections such as viral hepatitis B and C HBV and HCV, respectively and the human immunodeficiency virus HIV through the sharing of drug use paraphernalia. These infections can cause chronic diseases that may result in severe health-related harms, including death. While long-term trends in new HIV infections associated with drug injection have been falling in Europe, the risk of HIV transmission among people who inject drugs remains higher than for the general population, and transmission rates attributable to injecting are also still elevated in some countries. Concern exists that the low number of new HIV infections observed in may reflect, in part at least, a delay in diagnosis due to a disruption of testing caused by the pandemic, rather than a decline in transmission see the figure New HIV notifications linked to injecting drug use in the European Union, to , below. Local HIV outbreaks associated with stimulant injecting have been a recurrent problem in Europe in the last decade, with city-level outbreaks in Luxembourg —16 , Dublin —15 , Munich , Cologne , Thessaloniki and Helsinki highlighting the need for adequate treatment and harm reduction coverage see the figure Most-recent HIV outbreaks in Europe among people who inject drugs: number of cases and the associated injected substance, to Most-recent HIV outbreaks in Europe among people who inject drugs: number of cases and the associated injected substance, to This is a concern, as those with a late HIV diagnosis are at increased risk of HIV-related morbidity and mortality and may have a poorer response to antiretroviral treatment. Harm reduction approaches, particularly the provision of sterile injecting equipment, are now regarded as an important component of reducing HIV transmission among people who inject drugs. However, coverage and access to needle and syringe provision remain insufficient in many countries, with only 5 of the 17 EU countries with available data achieving the WHO service provision targets in see the figure Number of sterile syringes distributed per person who injects drugs per year, or latest data. Obtaining secure funding for harm reduction services working with people who inject drugs can be challenging in some countries. NGOs in Bulgaria and Romania, for example, have experienced funding and procurement difficulties over the last few years that led to a reduction in provision. In Europe, people injecting substances also have a high burden of viral hepatitis, and injecting drugs remains the most common risk factor for new HCV diagnoses. There is also evidence that harm reduction services, such as needle and syringe programmes, as well as the provision of opioid agonist treatment, can reduce the risk of HCV transmission. As noted earlier, the coverage of and access to these interventions vary considerably between European countries see the figure Availability of needle and syringe programmes in Europe at the regional level, or the most recent year available , below. In addressing the harms associated with HCV infection, it is particularly important to identify individuals who remain chronically infected with the virus, as they are at risk of cirrhosis and cancer, and can transmit the virus to others through the sharing of any injecting paraphernalia that has been in contact with their blood. However, barriers to the uptake of HCV testing and treatment exist in many countries, and this can mean many HCV infections go undiagnosed and untreated. Positively, more European countries are now making efforts to gather data about HCV linked to injecting, whether through ad hoc studies or routine surveillance systems. This information, together with the establishment of effective referral pathways to specialist health services, can contribute to a more systematic approach to providing the continuum of care needed for people who inject drugs and have acquired HCV infection. Not available Available No information. Data are at NUTS levels 2 or 3. The lack of data at NUTS levels 2 or 3 does not mean that the intervention is not available within a country. European policymakers have made a commitment to the WHO global health sector strategies to end AIDS and the epidemics of viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections by Achieving these objectives, however, still requires greater investment to enhance harm reduction services, testing and linkage to treatment, as the provision in many countries remains insufficient. Greater efforts therefore are still needed to prevent future outbreaks and reduce transmission and thereby reduce the burden of disease linked to HIV, HCV and other infections among people who inject drugs. Low evidence Moderate evidence. Show source tables. Back to list of tables. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. A more recent version of this page exists: Drug-related infectious diseases — the current situation in Europe European Drug Report Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. List of tables Table 1 new HIV notifications linked to injecting drug use in the European Union, to Table 2 most-recent HIV outbreaks in Europe among people who inject drugs: number of cases and the associated injected substance, to Table 3 number of sterile syringes distributed per person who injects drugs per year, or latest data Table 4 availability of needle and syringe programmes in Europe at the regional level, or the most recent year available Table 5 drug-related infectious diseases Table 6 prevalence of active HCV infection among people who inject drugs, by country, or latest available data Table 1. New HIV notifications linked to injecting drug use in the European Union, to Year Notifications per million population 3. Table 2. Most-recent HIV outbreaks in Europe among people who inject drugs: number of cases and the associated injected substance, to City Country Associated drug lat,lon Dublin Ireland Synthetic cathinones Table 3. Number of sterile syringes distributed per person who injects drugs per year, or latest data Country Lower estimate Central estimate Upper estimate Belgium Table 4. Antwerpen Prov. Limburg BE Prov. Oost-Vlaanderen Prov. Vlaams-Brabant Prov. West-Vlaanderen Prov. Brabant Wallon Prov. Hainaut Prov. Luxembourg BE Prov. Namur Prov. Aisch-Bad Windsheim Neustadt a. Gallen St. Neumarkt i. Waldnaab Neustadt a. Fichtelgebirge Wunsiedel i. Ilm Pfaffenhofen a. Opf, Kreisfreie Stadt Weiden i. Brussel-Hoofdstad Arr. Antwerpen Arr. Mechelen Arr. Turnhout Arr. Hasselt Arr. Maaseik Arr. Tongeren Arr. Aalst Arr. Dendermonde Arr. Eeklo Arr. Gent Arr. Oudenaarde Arr. Sint-Niklaas Arr. Halle-Vilvoorde Arr. Leuven Arr. Brugge Arr. Diksmuide Arr. Ieper Arr. Kortrijk Arr. Oostende Arr. Roeselare Arr. Tielt Arr. Veurne Arr. Nivelles Arr. Ath Arr. Charleroi Arr. Mons Arr. Tournai-Mouscron Arr. Soignies Arr. Thuin Arr. Huy Arr. Waremme Arr. Verviers — communes francophones Arr. Arlon Arr. Bastogne Arr. Marche-en-Famenne Arr. Virton Arr. Dinant Arr. Namur Arr. Philippeville Arr. Wendel St. Donau Dillingen a. Table 5. Table 5c. Trends in drug-related HIV: EU and selected countries cases per million population Country Bulgaria 5. Table 5d. Table 6. Prevalence of active HCV infection among people who inject drugs, by country, or latest available data Country Prevalence percent Level of evidence Colour coding for chart Austria Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page.

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