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Source: Michel Montaigne. The Essays of Michael Lord of Montaigne,
1580,
1597. Translated by John Florio, 1603. World's Classics edition. 3 volumes,
Vol. 3. London: Frowde, 1904. Before
using any portion of this text in any theme, essay, research paper, thesis,
or dissertation, please read the disclaimer .
Transcription conventions: Volume I p age
numbers in angle brackets refer to the edition cited as the source. Words
or phrases singled out for indexing are marked by plus signs. In the index,
numbers in parentheses indicate how many times the item appears. A slash
followed by a small letter or a number indicates a footnote at the bottom
of the page. Only notes of historical, philosophical, or literary interest
to a general reader have been included. I have allowed Greek passages to
stand as the scanner read them, in unintelligible strings of characters.
Archaic spellings: If you are puzzled by the spelling of a word,
try these remedies.
CHAPTER 3.I+ OF PROFIT AND HONESTY +
No man living is free from speaking foolish things; the ill lucke is
to speake them curiously:
This fellow sure with much a doe,
Will tell great tales and trifles too.
who onely empeached the encrease of his domination in that country.
His answer was, that the people of Rome were accustomed to be revenged
on their enemies by open courses, with weapons in hand; not by subtill
sleights, nor in hugger mugger: thus left he the profitable for the honest.
He was (you will say) a cosener. I beleive it; that's no wonder in
men of his profession. But the confession of virtue is of no less
consequence in his mouth that hateth the same, forsomuch as truth by force
doth wrest it from him, and if he will not admire it in him, at least,
to adorne himselfe he will put it on. Our composition, both publike
and private, is full of imperfection; yet is there nothing in nature unserviceable,
no not inutility it selfe; nothing thereof hath beene insinuated in this
huge universe but holdeth some fit place therein. Our essence is
cymented with crased qualities; ambition, jealosie, envy, revenge, superstition,
dispaire, lodge in us, with so naturall a possession, as their image is
also discerned in beasts: yea and cruelty, so unnatumll a vice: for in
the middest of compassion, we inwardly feele a kinde of bitter-sweet-pricking
of malicious delight to see others suffer; and children feele it also:
'Tis sweet on graund seas, when windes waves turmoyle,
From land to see an others greevous toyle.
honours and consciences, as those of old, their lives, for their Countries
availe and safety. We that are more weake had best assume taskes
of more ease and lesse hazard. The Common-wealth requireth some to
betray, some to lie, and some to massaker: leave we that commission to
people more obedient and more pliable. Truly, I have often beene
vexed to see our judges, by fraude or false hopes of favour or pardon,
draw on a malefactor, to bewray his offence; employing therein both cousenage
and impudencie. It were fit for justice, and Plato himselfe, who
favoureth this custome, to furnish me with meanes more sutable to my humour.
'Tis a malicious justice, and in my conceit no lesse wounded by it selfe
then by others. I answered not long since, that hardly could I betray
my Prince for a particular man, who should be very sory to betray a particular
man for my Prince. And loath not onely to deceive, but that any be
deceived in me; whereto I will neither furnish matter nor occasion.
In that little busines I have managed betweene our Princes, amid the divisions
and subdivisions which at this day so teare and turmoile us, I have curiously
heeded, that they mistake me not, nor muffled themselves in my maske.
The professors of that trade hold themselves most covert; pretending and
counterfeiting the greatest indifference and neernes to the cause they
can. As for me, I offer my selfe in my liveliest reasons, in a forme
most mine owne: A tender and young Negotiator, and who had rather
faile in my businesses then in my selfe. Yet hath this been hitherto
with so good hap (for surely fortune is in these matters a principal actor)
that few have dealt betwene party and party with lesse suspition and more
inward favour. I have in all my proceedings an open fashion, easie
to insinuate and give itselfe credit at first acquaintance. Sincerity,
plainenesse, and naked truth, in what age soever, finde also their opportunitie
and employment. {PlainDealer+ !!}
Besides, their liberty is little called in question, or subject to hate,
who deale without respect of their owne interest. And they may truely
use the answer of Hyperides unto the Athenians, complaining of his bitter
invectives and sharpenesse of his speech: Consider not, my masters
whether I am free, but whether I be so, without taking ought, or bettering
my state by it. My liberty also hath easily discharged me from all
suspition of faintnesse, by it's vigor (for forbearing to speake any thing,
though it bit or stung them; I could not have said worse in their absence)
and because it carrieth an apparant show of
simplicity+ and
carelesnesse+ . I pretend no other fruit by negotiating then
to negotiate; and annex no long pursuites or propositions to it.
Every action makes his particular game, win he if he can. Nor am
I urged with the passion of love or hate unto great men; nor is my wil
shackled with anger+ ,
or particular respect. I regard our Kings with an affection simply
lawfull and meerely civil, neither mooved nor unmoov'd by private interest:
for which I like my selfe the better. The generall and just cause bindes
me no more then moderately, and without violent fits. I am not subject
to these piercing pledges and inward gages. Choller and hate are beyond
the duty of justice, and are passions fitting only those whose reason is
not sufficient to hold them to their duty, Utatur motu animi, qui uti ratione
non potest: 'Let him use the motion of his minde that cannot use reason.'
All lawfull intentions are of themselves temperate: if not, they are altered
into sedicious and unlawful. It is that makes me march every where
with my head aloft, my face and heart open. Verily (and I feare not to
avouch it) I could easily for a neede bring a candle to Saint Michaell,
and another to his Dragon, as the good old woman. I will follow the
best side to the fire, but not into it, if I can choose. If neede
require, let Montaigne my Mannor-house be swallowed up in publike ruine:
but if there be no such necessity, I will acknowledge my selfe beholding
unto fortune if she please to save it; and for it's safety employ as much
scope as my endevours can affoord me. Was it not Atticus, who, cleaving
to the right (but losing
side), saved himself by his moderation, in that generall Shipwracke
of the world, amidst so many changes and divers alterations? To private
men, such as he was, it is more easie. And in such kinde of businesse
I think one dealeth justly not to be too forward to insinuate or invite
himselfe. To hold a staggering or middle course, to beare an unmooved affection,
and without inclination in the troubles of his country and publike divisions,
I deeme neither seemely nor honest: Ea non media, sed nulla via est,
velut eventum expectantium, quo fortunae consilia sua applicant: 'That
is not the mid-way, but a mad way, or no way, as of those that expect the
event with intent to apply their dessignes as fortune shall fall out.'
That may be permitted in the affaires of neighbours. So did Gelon,
the tyrant of Siracusa, suspend his inclination in the Barbarian wars against
the Greeks, keeping Ambasdours at Delphos, with presents, to watch on what
side the victory would light, and to apprehend the fittest occasion of
reconcilement with the victors. It were a kind of treason to do so
in our owne affaires and domesticall matters, wherein of necessity one
must resolve and take a side; but for a man that hath neither charge nor
expresse commandement to urge him, not to busie or entermedle himselfe
therein, I holde it more excusable: (Yet frame I do not this excuse for
my selfe), then in forraine and strangers wars, wherewith, according to
our laws, no man is troubled against his will. Neverthelesse, those
who wholly ingage themselves into them, may carry such an order and temper,
as the storme (without offending them) may glide over their head.
Had wee not reason to hope as much of the deceased Bishop of Orleans, Lord
of Morvilliers? And I know some who at this present worthily bestirre
themselves, in so even a fashion or pleasing a manner, that they are likely
to continue on foote, whatsoever iniurious alteration or fall the heavens
may prepare against us. I holde it onely fit for Kings to to be angry
with Kings: And mocke at those rash spirits, who from the braverie
of their hearts offer themselves to so unproportionate quarrels.
For one undertaketh against a Prince, in marching couragiously for his
honour, and according to his duty: I hee love not such a man, hee
doth better: at least he esteemeth him. And the cause of lawes esoecially,
and defence of the auncient state, hath ever found this priviledge, that
such as for their owne interest disturbe the same, excuse (if they honour
not) their defenders. But wee ought not terme duty (as now a dayes
wee do) a sower rigour and intestine carbbednesse, proceeding of private
interest and passion: nor courage a treacherous and malicious proceeding.
Their disposition to frowardnesse and mischiefs, they entitle Zeale:
That's not the cause doth heate them, 'tis their owne interest: They
kindle a warre, not because it is just, but because it is warre.
Why may not a man beare himselfe betweene enemies featly and faithfully?
Doe it, if not altogether with an equall (for it may admit different measure
at least with a sober affection, which may not so much engage you to the
one, that he looke for al at your bands. Content your selfe with a moderate
proportion of their favour, and to glide in troubled waters without fishing
in them. Th' other manner of offering ones uttermost endevours to
both sides, implyeth lesse discretion then conscience. What knows
he to whom you betray another, as much your friend as himselfe, but you
will do the like for him, when his turne shall come. He takes you for a
villaine: whilst that hee heares you, and gathers out of you, and makes
his best use of your disloyalty. For double fellowes are onely beneficiall
in what they bring, but we must looke they carry away as little as may
be. I carry nothing to the one which I may not (having opportunity)
say unto the other, the accent only changed a little: and report either
but indifferent or knowne or common things. No benefit can induce
mee to lye unto them: what is entrusted to my silence I conceale religiously,
but take as little in trust as I can. Princes secrets are
a troublesome charge to such as have nought to do with them. I
ever by my good will capitulate with them, that they trust mee with very
little: but let them assuredly trust what I disclose unto them. I
alwayes knew more than I womd. {Kent+ !!!}
An open speach opens the way to another, and draws all out, even as Wine
and Love. {trust+ }
Philippedes, in my minde, answered King Lysimachus wisely when hee demaunded
of him, what of his wealth or state hee should empart unto him: Which
and what you please (quoth hee) so it be not your secrets.
I see every one mutinie, if another conceale the deapth or mysterie
of the affaires from him, wherein he pleaseth to employ him, or have but
purloyned any circumstance from him. For my part, I am content one
tell me no more of his businesse then he will have me know or deale in;
nor desire I that my knowledge exceede or straine my word. If I must
needs be the instrument of cozinage it shall at least be with safety of
my conscience. I will not be esteemed a servant, nor so affectionate, nor
yet so faithfull, that I be judged fit to betray any man. {Oswald+ }
Who is unfaithfull to himselfe may be excused if hee be faithlesse to his
Master. But Princes entertaine not men by halfes, and despise bounded
and conditionall service. What remedy? I freely tell them my limits;
for a slave I must not be but unto reason, which yet I cannot compasse;
And they are to blame, to exact from a free man the like subjection unto
their service, and the same obligation, which they may from those they
have made and bought, and whose fortune dependeth particularly and expresly
on theirs. The lawes have delivered mee from much trouble; they have
chosen mee a side to followe, and appointed mee a maister to obey; all
other superiority and duty ought to bee relative unto that, and bee restrained.
Yet, may it not be concluded, that if my affection should otherwise transport
mee, I would presently afforde my helping band unto it. Will and
desires are a lawe to themselves, actions are to receive it of publike
institutions: All these procedings of mine are
somewhat dissonant from our formes. They should produce no great
effects, nor holde out long among us. Innocencie itselfe could not
in these times nor negotiate without dissimulation, nor trafficke without
lying. Neither are publike functions of my diet; what my profession
requires thereto, I furnish in the most private manner I can. Being
a childe, I was plunged into them up to the eares, and had good successe;
but I got loose in good time. I have often since shunned medling
with them, seldome accepted, and never required; ever holding my back toward
ambition; but if not as rowers, who goe forward as it were backeward:
Yet so, as I am lesse beholding to resolution, then to my good fortune,
that I was not wholly embarked in them. For there are courses lesse
against my taste, and more comfortable to my carriage, by which, if heretofore
it had called mee to the service of the common-wealth, and my advancement
unto credit in the world: I know that in following the same I had
exceeded the reason of my conceite. Those which commonly say against
my profession that what I terme liberty,
simplicity+ and plainenesse+
in my behaviour, is arte, {Cornwall+ }
cunning and subtilty; and rather discretion then goodnesse, industry then
nature, good wit then good hap, doe mee more honour then shame. But
truely they make my cunning overcunning. And whosoever hath traced
mee and nearely looked into my humours, Ile loose a good wager if hee confesse
not that there is no rule in their schoole, could, a midde such crooked
pathes and divers windings, square and report this naturall motion, and
maintaine an apparance of liberty and licence so equall and inflexible:
and that all the attention and wit is not of power to bring them to it.
The way to trueth is but one and simple, that of particular profit and
benefit of affaires a man hath in charge, double, uneven and accidentall.
I have often seene these counterfet and artificiall liberties in practise,
but most commonly without successe. They favour of Aesopes Asse, who in
emulation of the dogge, layde his two fore-feete very jocondly upon his
masters shoulders
but looke how many blandishments the prety dogge received, under one,
so many bastinadoes were redoubled upon the poore Asses backe. Id maxime
quemque decet : quod est cuiusque suum maxime:/1 'That
becomes every man especially which is his owne especially.' I will
not deprive cousinage of her ranke, that were to understand the world but
ill: I know it hath often done profitable service, it supporteth,
yea and nourisheth the greatest part of mens vacations. There are
some lawfull vices: as many actions, or good or excusable, unlawfull.
Iustice in it selfe naturall and universall is otherwise ordered, and more
nobly distributed, then this other especiall and nationall justice, restrained
and suted to the neede of our pollicie: Veri juris germanaeque iustitiae
solidam et excess effigiem nullam tenemus : umbra et imaginibus utimur:/2
'Wee
have no lively nor life-like portraiture of upright law and naturall justice:
wee use but the shaddowes and colours of them.' So that wise Dandamys,
hearing the lives of Socrates, Pythagoras and Diogenes repeated, in other
things judged them great and worth men, but overmuch subjected to the reverence
of the lawes: which to auth
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